Terms : Hide Images
| 5387657746 | learning | the cognitive process of acquiring skill or knowledge | 0 | |
| 5387657747 | classical conditioning | a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events | 1 | |
| 5387657748 | stimulus | a change in an organism's surroundings that causes the organism to react | 2 | |
| 5387657749 | neutral stimulus | a stimulus that does not initially elicit a response | 3 | |
| 5387657750 | unconditioned stimulus | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response | 4 | |
| 5387657751 | unconditioned response | in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. | 5 | |
| 5387657752 | conditioned stimulus | in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response | 6 | |
| 5387657753 | acquisition | an ability that has been acquired by training (process) | 7 | |
| 5387657754 | extinction | a conditioning process in which the reinforcer is removed and a conditioned response becomes independent of the conditioned stimulus | 8 | |
| 5387657755 | spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response | 9 | |
| 5387657756 | generalization | (psychology) transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a similar stimulus | 10 | |
| 5387657757 | discrimination | in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus | 11 | |
| 5387657758 | higher-order conditioning | a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.) | 12 | |
| 5387657759 | aversive conditioning | A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol) | 13 | |
| 5387657761 | law of effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely | 14 | |
| 5387657762 | operant conditioning | A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher | 15 | |
| 5387657763 | positive reinforcement | any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response | 16 | |
| 5387657764 | primary reinforcer | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need | 17 | |
| 5387657765 | secondary reinforcer | stimulus such as money that becomes reinforcing through its link with a primary reinforcer | 18 | |
| 5387657768 | negative reinforcement | increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs | 19 | |
| 5387657769 | punishment | an event that decreases the behavior that it follows | 20 | |
| 5387657771 | shaping | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior | 21 | |
| 5387657772 | continuous reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs | 22 | |
| 5387657773 | partial reinforcement | occasional reinforcement of a particular behavior; produces response that is more resistant to extinction | 23 | |
| 5387657774 | fixed ratio | a schedule where reinforcement happens after a correct number of responses | 24 | |
| 5387657775 | fixed interval | reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed | 25 | |
| 5387657776 | variable ratio | a schedule where reinforcement happens after a varied number of responses | 26 | |
| 5387657777 | variable interval | a schedule where reinforcement happens after a varied length of time | 27 | |
| 5387657780 | token economy | an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats | 28 | |
| 5387657785 | latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it | 29 | |
| 5387657787 | observational learning | A type of learning that occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models. | 30 | |
| 5387704712 | behaviorism | An approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of the environment as a determinant of behavior | 31 | |
| 5387704713 | cognitive map | a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it. | 32 | |
| 5387704714 | extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment | 33 | |
| 5387706702 | intrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake | 34 | |
| 5387706703 | mirror neurons | Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy. | 35 | |
| 5387706704 | modeling | the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior | 36 | |
| 5387706705 | operant chamber | in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. | 37 | |
| 5387709066 | prosocial behavior | positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior. | 38 | |
| 5387710713 | respondent behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus | 39 | |
| 5387713557 | operant behavior | behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences | 40 |
