Terms : Hide Images
| 8087054602 | bedouin | nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats. |  | 0 |
| 8087054603 | shaykhs | leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually possessed large herds, several wives, and many children. |  | 1 |
| 8087054604 | Mecca | Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam. |  | 2 |
| 8087054605 | Umayyad | clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty. |  | 3 |
| 8087054606 | Quaraysh | tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca in the 7th century C.E. | 4 | |
| 8087054607 | Ka'ba | revered pre-Islamic shrine in Mecca; incorporated into Muslim worship. | 5 | |
| 8087054608 | Medina | town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar. |  | 6 |
| 8087054609 | Muhammad | (570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh. |  | 7 |
| 8087054610 | Abu Bakr | The first caliph or leader of the Muslim faithful elected after Muhammad's death in 632. Renown for his knowledge of the nomadic tribes who then dominated the Islamic community. | 8 | |
| 8087054611 | Khadijah | the wife of Muhammad. |  | 9 |
| 8087054612 | Qur'an | the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam. |  | 10 |
| 8087054613 | Ali | cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism. |  | 11 |
| 8087054614 | umma | community of the faithful within Islam. | 12 | |
| 8087054615 | zakat | tax for charity obligatory for all Muslims. |  | 13 |
| 8087054616 | five pillars | the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims: confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca). |  | 14 |
| 8087054617 | Ramadan | Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset. |  | 15 |
| 8087054618 | hajj | a Muslim's pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca to worship Allah at the Ka'ba. |  | 16 |
| 8087054619 | caliph | the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community. |  | 17 |
| 8087054620 | Ridda wars | wars following Muhammad's death; the defeat of rival prophets and opponents restored the unity of Islam. | 18 | |
| 8087054621 | jihads | Islamic holy war. | 19 | |
| 8087054622 | Copts, Nestorians | Christian sects of Syria and Egypt; gave their support to the Arabic Muslims. | 20 | |
| 8087054623 | Uthman | third caliph; his assassination set off a civil war within Islam between the Umayyads and Ali. | 21 | |
| 8087054624 | Battle of Siffin | battle fought in 657 between Ali and the Umayyads; led to negotiations that fragmented Ali's party. | 22 | |
| 8087054625 | Mu'awiya | first Umayyad caliph; his capital was Damascus. | 23 | |
| 8087054626 | Sunnis | followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads. |  | 24 |
| 8087054627 | Shi'a | followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam. | | 25 |
| 8087054628 | Karbala | site of the defeat and death of Husayn, the son of Ali. | 26 | |
| 8087054629 | Damascus | Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate. |  | 27 |
| 8087054630 | mawali | non-Arab converts to Islam. | 28 | |
| 8087054631 | jizya | head tax paid by all non-Muslims in Islamic lands. |  | 29 |
| 8087054632 | dhimmis | "the people of the book," Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus. |  | 30 |
| 8087054633 | hadiths | "traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an; form the essential writings of Islam. | 31 | |
| 8087054634 | Abbasid | dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad. |  | 32 |
| 8087054635 | Battle of the River Zab | 750; Abbasid victory over the Umayyads, near the Tigris. Led to Abbasid ascendancy. | 33 | |
| 8087054636 | Baghdad | Abbasid capital, close to the old Persian capital of Ctesiphon. |  | 34 |
| 8087054637 | wazir | chief administrative official under the Abbasids. | 35 | |
| 8087054638 | dhows | Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants. |  | 36 |
| 8087054639 | ayan | the wealthy, landed elite that emerged under the Abbasids. | 37 |
