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| 8488928437 | Great Famine(1315-1322) | A lack of food due to the failed harvests and weather | 0 | |
| 8488949558 | GIovanni Boccaccio | Author of the Decameron, how disease was transmitted by interaction with people | 1 | |
| 8488975469 | Flagellants | Believed that god was punishing them for their sins, so they whipped themselves, among other things. | 2 | |
| 8488992233 | Hundred Years(1337-1453 France and England) | As a result of France's Seizure recongizied | 3 | |
| 8489387375 | Stoming of the Bastille | The Storming of the Bastille occurred in Paris, France, on the afternoon of 14 July 1789. Bastille was a medieval fortress, armory, and political prison and came to symbolize tranny. This dramatic action signaled the beginning of the French Revolution. | 4 | |
| 8489387376 | Marquis de Condercet | A French philosopher, mathematician, and early political scientist whose Condorcet method in voting tally selects the candidate who would beat each of the other candidates in a run-off election. | 5 | |
| 8489387377 | Declaration of Pillnitz | A statement issued on 27 August 1791 at Pillnitz Castle near Dresden by Frederick William II of Prussia and the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II who was Marie Antoinette's brother. | 6 | |
| 8489387378 | Declaration of Rights of Man | passed by France's National Constituent Assembly in August 1789, is an important document of the French Revolution and in the history of human and civil rights and proclaimed the basic rights of human beings and the limits of the government. | 7 | |
| 8489387379 | Brunswick Manifesto | A proclamation issued by Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, commander of the Allied Army, on 25 July 1792 to the population of Paris, France during the War of the First Coalition. | 8 | |
| 8489387380 | Olympe de Gouges | French social reformer and writer who challenged conventional views on a number of matters, especially the role of women as citizens. | 9 | |
| 8489387381 | Marseillaise | The national anthem of France. | 10 | |
| 8489387382 | Battle of Valmy | The first major victory by the army of France during the Revolutionary Wars that followed the French Revolution. | 11 | |
| 8489387383 | Conservative | A person opposed to changed & favors free enterprise, private ownership, & traditional values | 12 | |
| 8489387384 | Emigres | Frenchmen who fled France after the revolution of 1789 | 13 | |
| 8489387385 | Sans-Culottes | A lower-class parisian republican in the FR | 14 | |
| 8489387386 | Jacobin Club | A extreme political group with a belief in human equality & used violence | 15 | |
| 8489387387 | Jean Paul Marat | A French political physician know for his roles as a radical journalist and Jacobin leader | 16 | |
| 8489387388 | Georges Danton | A leading character in the FR as the first president of the Committee of Public Safety | 17 | |
| 8489387389 | Guillotine | A device made for executions via beheading | 18 | |
| 8489387390 | National Convention | The third government of the Fr that was to make a new constitution since the monarchy was no more | 19 | |
| 8489387391 | Maximilien Robespierre | A french lawyer & politician & a member of the Committee of the Public Safety | 20 | |
| 8489387392 | Committee of Public Safety | A political body that gained control during the reign of terror and its function was to oversee the government & protect France from enemies | 21 | |
| 8489387393 | Reign of Terror | The period of the FR after the First French Republic was made. It was called this because people who didn't support the FR were guillotined | 22 | |
| 8489387394 | Directory | The FR government set by the Constitution of the Year III | 23 | |
| 8489387395 | Thermidorian Reaction | The remaining period until the National Convention was superseded by the Directory. | 24 | |
| 8489387396 | Nouveau Riches | Description of those whose wealth has been acquired within their own generation, rather than by familial inheritance. | 25 | |
| 8489387397 | White Terror | The suppression of political dissidents following the February 28 Incident. | 26 | |
| 8489387398 | September Massacres | A wave of killings in Paris and other cities in late summer 1792. | 27 | |
| 8489387399 | Radicals | A person who advocates through complete political/social reform. | 28 | |
| 8489387400 | Moderates/Girondins | A radical political faction in the Legislative Assembly and the National Convention. | 29 | |
| 8489387401 | Legislative Assembly | Legislature of France from October 1, 1791 to September 20, 1792 during the years of the French Revolution. | 30 | |
| 8489387402 | Turgot | French economist who was in 1774, put in control of finances, but his proposals involved abolishing feudal privileges made him unpopular with wealthy leading to him being dismissed in 1776. | 31 | |
| 8489387403 | Necker | Swiss banker who controlled French Finances from 1777-1781. Even though he brought credit to the monarchy and put the finances on "sound footing", he was still fired. | 32 | |
| 8489387404 | Caloone | Royal minister who attempts to reform the country's finances in the late 1780s helped trigger the revolution. | 33 | |
| 8489387405 | Tricolor Cockade | Symbol that represented French Revolution. Worn by people to show their support. | 34 | |
| 8489387406 | Civil Constitution of the Clergy | Law passed on July 12, 1790 that caused the immediate subordination of the Catholic Church in France to the French Government. | 35 | |
| 8489387407 | Active Citizen | Male citizens who annual taxes equalled the local wages paid for 3 days of labour and were allowed to elect electors. | 36 | |
| 8489387408 | Passive Citizen | Citizens with no property rights or voting rights. | 37 | |
| 8489387409 | v Napoleon Bonaparte | he was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814, and again briefly in 1815 (during the Hundred Days). | 38 | |
| 8489387410 | Coup d'etat | Simply known as a overthrow: the illegal and overt seizure of a state by military or other elites within the state. | 39 | |
| 8489387411 | Plebiscite | The direct vote of all the members of an electorate on an important public question such as a change in the constitution. | 40 | |
| 8489387412 | Lycees | A Lycée is a school that is part of the Agency for French Teaching Abroad network and teaches the curriculum from France. | 41 | |
| 8489387413 | Concordat of 1801 | A agreement between Napoleon Bonaparte and papal and clerical representatives in both Rome and Paris, defining the status of the Roman Catholic Church in France and ending the breach caused by the church reforms and confiscations enacted during the French Revolution. | 42 | |
| 8489387414 | Napoleonic Code | Napoleon Bonaparte gave this civil code to post-revolutionary France, its first coherent set of laws concerning property, colonial affairs, the family, and individual rights | 43 | |
| 8489387415 | Louisiana | Louis Juchereau de St. Denis, made the oldest permanent settlement in the american territories; Louisiana colony. | 44 | |
| 8489387416 | Battle of Trafalgar | British fleet under Admiral Lord Nelson defeated a combined French and Spanish fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar, fought off the coast of Spain. | 45 | |
| 8489387417 | Continental System | Napoleonic wars, the blockade designed by Napoleon to paralyze Great Britain through the destruction of British commerce. The decrees of Berlin and Milan proclaimed a blockade: neutrals and French allies were not to trade with the British. | 46 | |
| 8489387418 | Blockade | An act or means of sealing off a place to prevent goods or people from entering or leaving. | 47 | |
| 8489387419 | Peninsular War | The part of the Napoleonic Wars fought in the Iberian Peninsula, where the French were opposed by British, Spanish, and forces. | 48 | |
| 8489387420 | Guerrillas | Type of warfare where small group of combatants use warfare tactics like ambushes, raids, etc to fight a larger, traditional army. | 49 | |
| 8489387421 | Alexander I | Leader of Russia who at first befriend Napoleon during the Napoleonic Wars, but eventually helped form the coalition that defeated Napoleon. | 50 | |
| 8489387422 | Scorched-Earth policy | Military strategy where you destroy(burn) anything that may be useful to an enemy while it is invading | 51 | |
| 8489387423 | Battle of Borodino | Battle fought on September 7, 1812 which was a tactical victory for Napoleon where he forced the Russian army to retreat | 52 | |
| 8489387424 | Grand Armee | Army commanded by Napoleon during the Napoleonic Wars who scored a series of victories that ultimately allowed France to have an unprecedented grip on the European Continent. | 53 | |
| 8489387425 | Battle of Leipzig | A series of battles from October 16-19, 1813 which was a decisive defeat for Napoleon and resulted in the destruction of French power in Germany and Poland. | 54 | |
| 8489387426 | Louis XVIII | Monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as the King of France from 1814-1824 after taking over from Napoleon's dictatorship | 55 | |
| 8489387427 | Battle of Waterloo | Battle in Belgium on June 18, 1815 that marked the final defeat of French dictator Napoleon. | 56 | |
| 8489387428 | Hundred Days | Period from March 20, 1815 on which Napoleon arrived to Paris after exile to June 8, 1815, the date of the return of Louis XVIII. | 57 | |
| 8489387429 | Alexis de Tocqueville | A political scientist who traveled to the US to observe its prisons and returned with a wealth of observations in a book he wrote called Democracy in America which was the most influential books of the 19th century. | 58 | |
| 8489387430 | Toulon | Large city and military harbor on French coast that was sieged by Napoleon, winning him his first military reputation by forcing the withdrawal of the Anglo-Spanish fleet. | 59 | |
| 8489387431 | Treaty of Campo Formio | A peace settlement that was signed on October 18, 1797 between France and Austria. | 60 | |
| 8489387432 | Battle of the Nile | A major naval battle that took place from August 1, 1798 to August 2, 1798. It was a battle between the British Royal Navy and the Navy of the French Republic at Aboukir Bay. | 61 | |
| 8489387433 | Aboukir Bay | A bay on the Mediterranean Sea near Alexandria in Egypt. | 62 | |
| 8489387434 | Horatio Nelson | A British flag officer in the Royal Navy. | 63 | |
| 8489387435 | Brumaire Coup | Brought Napoleon to power as First Consul of France, and in most views, it ended the French Revolution. | 64 | |
| 8489387436 | Consulate | A council in France between the fall of the Coup of Brumaire and the start of the Napoleonic Empire. | 65 | |
| 8489387437 | First Consul | The title held by Napoleon Bonaparte, when he became Emperor of France. | 66 | |
| 8489387438 | Battle of Marengo | A war that occurred on June 14, 1800 between French forces under Napoleon and Austrian forces near the city of Alessandria. | 67 | |
| 8489387439 | Peace of Luneville | A treaty signed by the French Republic and the Holy Roman Emperor Francis II. It confirmed the cession of the Rhineland. | 68 | |
| 8489387440 | Peace of Amiens | It temporarily ended hostilities between the French Republic and Great Britain during the French Revolution. | 69 | |
| 8489387441 | Josephine | The first wife of Napoleon I. She was known for her magnificent rose garden, surrounding her Château de Malmaison, which was watched closely by her. | 70 | |
| 8489387442 | Battle of Austerlitz | One of Napoleon's greatest victory, resulting in the Treaty of Pressburg | 71 | |
| 8489387443 | Treaty of Pressburg | Austria and France's peace | 72 | |
| 8489387444 | German Confederation of the Rhine | 16 German states unified after the battle of austerlitz | 73 | |
| 8489387445 | Treaty of Tilsit | 2 treaties (France and Russia and France And Prussia). The first was put France and Russia in a secret alliance and the second gave half of Prussia's and to France | 74 | |
| 8489387446 | Berlin Decree | Stopped the import of British goods into France and France allied countries | 75 | |
| 8489387447 | Austrian War of Liberation | Known as the War of the Fifth Coalition and onset by Austria's want to destroy the treaty of pressburg, the french won | 76 | |
| 8489387448 | Nationalism | A strong feeling of patriotism | 77 | |
| 8489387449 | Metternich | A german diplomat who served as austria's foreign minister | 78 | |
| 8489387450 | Charter of 1814 | Demanded a constitution with Charles XVIII's restoration | 79 | |
| 8489387451 | 1st Treaty of Paris | Ended the seven years war in 1763 | 80 | |
| 8489387452 | 2nd Treaty of Paris | Recognized American independence from Britain | 81 | |
| 8489399916 | Republicanism 490 | a form of government there is no monarch and power rests in the rest of people as exercised through elected representatives | 82 | |
| 8489399917 | Millet System 489 | A system used by the Ottomans whereby subjects were divided into religious communities with each millet(nation) enjoying autonomous self-government under its religious leaders. | 83 | |
| 8489399918 | Fronde 470 | serious of violent uprising triggered by increasing gov control and taxes | 84 | |
| 8489399919 | Junkers 480 | 481 - nobility of prussia, reluctant allies of William in consolidation of prussian state | 85 | |
| 8489399920 | Mercantilism 474 | a system of economic regulations aimed at increasing power of the state based on belief that a nation's international power was based on its wealth(Spec. gold/silver) | 86 | |
| 8489399921 | Stadholder 497 | executive officer in each of the United Province of the Netherlands, a position often help by princes of Orange | 87 | |
| 8489399922 | Peace of Utrecht 476 | 477 - A series of treaties from 1713 - 1715, that ended War of Spanish Succession, ended French expansion in Europe, and marked the rise of British Empire | 88 | |
| 8489399923 | Cossacks 483 | free groups and outlaw armies originally comprising runaway peasants living on the borders of Russian territory from the 14th century onward. By end of 16th cent, had alliance with Russian State | 89 | |
| 8489399924 | Constitutionalism 489 | 497- A form of government in which power is limited by law and balanced between authority and power of government, on one hand, and the rights and liberties of subjects or citizens on the other hand; could include constitutional monarchies or republics. | 90 | |
| 8489399925 | Janissary Corps 489 | the core of the sultan's army, composed of slave conscripts from non-Muslim parts of the empire; after 1683, became a volunteer force. | 91 | |
| 8489399926 | Puritans 490 | Members of 16th/17th century reform movement within Church of England advocating purifying it of Roman Catholic elements. | 92 | |
| 8489399927 | Boyars 482 | highest ranking members of Russian nobility | 93 | |
| 8489399928 | Sultan 489 | ruler of ottoman empire, he owned all the agricultural land of the empire and was served by an army and bureaucracy composed of highly trained slaves. | 94 | |
| 8489399929 | Peace of Westphalia | results 466 - names of series of treaties that concluded 30 years war in 1648 and marked end of large-scale religious violence in Europe | 95 | |
| 8489399930 | Test Act 493 | Legislation, passed by the English Parliament in 1673, to secure the position of the Anglican church by stripping Puritans;/Catholicos of basic rights of citizenship | 96 | |
| 8489399931 | Consolidation of Serfdom in Eastern Europe 479 | Serfs in West europe were able to escape cause of Black death, but in East Europe, strict laws that bound serfs to land and had them punished for escaping kept them put. Landlords also took more serf land. | 97 | |
| 8489399932 | Louis XIV 469 | 478 - came into rule at the age of 9 but, his mother Anne of Austria for him till he came of age. He was the king of lavage he wanted everything he had servants and Nobles he thought he hated wait on him hand and foot, but they believe that that was a privilege, that was like God to them. He also did not care for the public people, against protestants | 98 | |
| 8489399933 | Baroque Art 498 | 99 - very dramatic and unrestrained pieces of arts. | 99 | |
| 8489399934 | Cardinal Richelieu | domestic policies-internal policies 466, 68, 70 - He was Catholic something, but he supported the enemies of the Habsburgs(Catholics) since he hates the Habsburgs | 100 | |
| 8489399935 | Thomas Hobbes 492 | offered a solution to the how England would be governed after Execution of Charles that society should be ruled by absolute rule of sovereign. | 101 | |
| 8489399936 | Count | Duke of Olivares 468, 78 - Advisers to king and enabler of state. God power and fortune from position, but were vulnerable to distrust and hostility from others at court. Didn't lack ideas, wanted to go back to imperial tradition. | 102 | |
| 8489399937 | Prince Francis Rakoczy's rebellion for Habsburg rule 479 | A revolt with Hungarian nobility led by Prince Francis Rakoczy against Habsburgs and thwarted Habsburgs plans of full absolutism. Even though Habsburgs defeated them, gave them traditional privileges of nobles. | 103 | |
| 8489399938 | Glorious Revolution 494, 495 | Replaced one king with another without any bloodshed | 104 | |
| 8489399939 | Fredrick William the Great Elector taxing the junkers 480 | 81 - William pursued them to agree to increased taxes, but in exchange, got reconfirmation of their privilages, including authority over surfs. | 105 | |
| 8489399940 | Fredrick William I's policies on agriculture 481 | 82 - Forced all men to undergo military training and to serve as reservists in the army allowing Fredrick the First to perse both agricultural production and army size. | 106 | |
| 8489399941 | Moscow leaders ruling an independent state 482 | Forced weaker Slavic principalities to render tribute previously painted to Mongols. Borrowed many Mongol traditions, who they had gained freedom from by Ivan III who defied them when Moscow had the power. | 107 | |
| 8489399942 | French classicism 474 | Artists/writers of late 17th century imitated the subject matter and style of classical antiquity, that their work resembled that of Renaissance Italy, and that it possessed classical qualities of discipline, balance, and restraint. | 108 | |
| 8489399943 | Peter the Great 485 | Tried to wage a secret war against Sweden with Denmark/Poland, but the king of Sweden surprised them by defeating Denmark. Increased measures to make army/gov more powerful/efficient. Eventually, won. | 109 | |
| 8489399944 | Poltava 486 | A significant battle in Russian history where Russia defeated army of Sweden | 110 | |
| 8489399945 | Ottoman government 489 | Top ranks of bureaucracy were staffed by sultan's slave crops. Since Muslim law prevented Muslims slaving other muslims, so they "taxed" Christian populations for 1-3k boys. Raised in Turkey as Muslims to fight. They could rise the ranks and build life for themselves. | 111 | |
| 8489399946 | English government in 1640 490 | Opted for Constitutional monarchy where people still had rights to elect members of Parliament, but there was a monarchy too. | 112 | |
| 8489399947 | Results of Absolutism/ Constitutionalism 489 | 90 - This settlement, which has endured to this day, retains a monarch as the head of government but vested sovereignty in an elected parliament. | 113 | |
| 8489399948 | Battle of Rocori/ Battle of Pyrenees 478 | Rocroi was a battle where the French dealt a crushing blow to the Spanish. Treaty of Pyrenees ended the French/Spanish conflict. | 114 | |
| 8489399949 | Charles II and Louis XIV 476/493 | 94 - Lousic paid Charles 2nd to spread Catholicism 200K euros. | 115 | |
| 8489399950 | Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate 492 | English military dictatorship established by Oliver Cromwell following execution of Charles I, but didn't last very long. | 116 | |
| 8489399951 | English Revolution of 1688 494 | Where James 2nd violated the Test Act by appointing Roman Catholics to positions and his supporters opened Catholic structures around. Lead to James's opposers, people in Parliament/Church of England, offer thrown to James's heir, Prot daughter Mary. Jame took his queen and infant and flend to France while William/Mary became King/Queen. | 117 | |
| 8489408649 | Natural Philosophy | An early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned; it encompassed what we would call "science" today. | 118 | |
| 8489408650 | Empiricism | A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reason and speculation. | 119 | |
| 8489408651 | Copernican Hypothesis | The idea that the sun, not the Earth, was the center of the universe. | 120 | |
| 8489408652 | Experimental method | The approach, pioneered by Galileo, that the proper way to explore the workings of the universe was through repeatable experiments, rather than speculation. | 121 | |
| 8489408653 | Law of Universal Gravitation | Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the objects' quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them, | 122 | |
| 8489408654 | Philosophes | A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment. | 123 | |
| 8489408655 | Rococo | A popular style in Europe in the eighteenth century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits, and the starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids. | 124 | |
| 8489408656 | Enlightened Absolutism | Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals rationalism, progress, and tolerance. | 125 | |
| 8489408657 | Cartesian Dualism | Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter. | 126 | |
| 8489408658 | Haskalah | Jewish Enlightenment of 2nd half of the late 18th century, led by Prussian Philosopher Moses Mendelssohn | 127 | |
| 8489408659 | Law of Inertia | A law formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, and that object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force. | 128 | |
| 8489408660 | Reading Revolution | The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal readings of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. | 129 | |
| 8489408661 | Cameralism | View that the monarchy was the best form of government, that all elements of society should serve the monarch, and that, in turn, the state should use its resources and authority to increase public good. | 130 | |
| 8489408662 | Public Sphere | An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economics, and politics. | 131 | |
| 8489408663 | Rationalism | A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was submitted to reason. | 132 | |
| 8489408664 | Salon | Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich parisians in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy. | 133 | |
| 8489408665 | Enlightenment | The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method and progress. | 134 | |
| 8489408666 | Religious perspectives to Copernicus | Catholic church hated him because he went against everything they said like Catholics said that Earth was center of universe, but Copernicus said that sun was center. Catholic Church declared copernicus's hypothesis to be false in 1616. | 135 | |
| 8489408667 | Kepler | Using observations of Brahe, Kepler was his assistant and his unorthodox brand of Lutheranism caused him to be outcast by both lutherans and catholics, proved 3 new laws of planetary movement: | 136 | |
| 8489408668 | Planet's movement around the sun was elliptical, not circular. | 137 | ||
| 8489408669 | Planets don't move in a uniform speed during their orbits. When a planet is closer to the sun, it moves more rapidly and slows down as it moves farther | 138 | ||
| 8489408670 | The time a planet takes to make its complete orbit is precisely related to its distance from the sun | 139 | ||
| 8489408671 | Galileo | Came up with the experimental method and the law of inertia. Was a devoted Catholic, so didn't support Copernican theory after it was publicize since it was too dangerous. | 140 | |
| 8489408672 | Newton | 141 | ||
| 8489408673 | Copernicus's theory of the universe | The sun is the center of the universe, not the Earth | 142 | |
| 8489408674 | Descartes Theory | Cartesian Dualism(everything can be reduced to mind or matter) | 143 | |
| 8489408675 | Bacon's empiricism | Theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reason and speculation | 144 | |
| 8489408676 | Governments response to science(529) | Governments in general response was of promotion and approval, especially of in England/France. Established academies, England had the Royal academy. | 145 | |
| 8489408677 | Gabriel | Emilie Le Tonnelier - she was a companion of voltaire, but she did do something scientific: she translated Newton's ideas into French | 146 | |
| 8489408678 | Historical and Critical Dictionary | Talks about how that human beliefs had been varied and very often mistaken, he concluded that nothing can be known beyond ll doubt, a view known as skepticisms. By Pierre Bayle | 147 | |
| 8489408679 | Catherine the Great | Russian Ruler who liked enlightenment ideas and absolute monarchies. Had 3 goals: | 148 | |
| 8489408680 | Worked hard to bring culture of West Europe to Russia(Continueing Peter the great's goal) | 149 | ||
| 8489408681 | Domestic Reform: restricted torture, religious toleration, improved education/local gov. She also increased noble's power over surfs | 150 | ||
| 8489408682 | Territorial Expansion | 151 | ||
| 8489408683 | Essay Concerning Human Understanding | John Locke - Insisted that all ideas should be derived from experience provided by systematic justification of bacon. Emphasis on importance of observation and experimentation, he insisted on sovereignty of elected parliament against authority of the crown. | 152 | |
| 8489408684 | Core concept of the Enlightenment | 153 | ||
| 8489408685 | Methods of natural could and should be used to examine and understand all aspects of life(reason) | 154 | ||
| 8489408686 | Scientific method was capable of discovering the laws of human society as well as those of nature | 155 | ||
| 8489408687 | Progress | It was possible for humans to create better societies and better people | 156 | |
| 8489408688 | Voltaire's attitude towards government | He thought that best humans could hope for was strong monarch since human beings are rarely worthy to govern themselves. | 157 | |
| 8489408689 | Rousseau | He was committed to individual freedom, but he attacked rationalism and civilization. Also called for gender roles to go back before. | 158 | |
| 8489408690 | Purpose of the Encyclopedia | The purpose of the encyclopedia was to share information on trends that would improve economics in imports, farming, and merchantry. | 159 | |
| 8489408691 | Madame du Chatelet | She is another long time companion of voltaire. Argued that reason why women weren't involved with science because they weren't as educated. | 160 | |
| 8489408692 | Concept of the General Will | It was Rousseau's concept of general will. Rousseau says that general will is not generally the will of the majority, just in the people's best interest(what the people who are incharge want). | 161 | |
| 8489408693 | Enlightenment Thinkers vs. Medieval and Renaissance thinkers | Enlightenment thinkers were questioning everything, using reason and mathematics and science on everything while medieval thinkers believed what the church told them without thinking. | 162 | |
| 8489408694 | Deist | God is a clock maker, creates the entire everything, but has no control over it or us. | 163 | |
| 8489408695 | Republic of Letters | cosmopolitan set of networks stretching from west europe into the americas to russia to east europe along trade and empire routes. | 164 | |
| 8489408696 | Fredrick the Great and policies toward the Enlightenment | Was a big fan of the Enlightenment and tried to improve the lives of his subjects. Allowed subjects to believe what they wanted in religious/political matters. | 165 | |
| 8489408697 | Catherine the Great of Russia's rise to power | Rose to power after her husband withdrew troops during 7 years war from Prussia alienating his subjects, so Catherine had her lover kill him. | 166 | |
| 8489408698 | Racism and the Enlightenment | Europeans were taught that they were biologically superior to Negroes. Scientific racialism helped legitimate and justify the tremendous growth of slavery that occurred during the 18th century. If one 'race" of humans was fundamentally different and inferior, its members could be seen as fit for enslavement. | 167 | |
| 8489408699 | Impact of Jews from the Haskalah Enlightenment movement | Every town, through the middle ages, had Jews, but they were isolated. Anti Semitic sentiment was prevalent through Europe's history, so they were isolated: separate communities inside communities. This actually opened up communications between Jews and Christians. | 168 | |
| 8489408700 | Maria Theresa and her policy towards peasants | She was trying to improve the rural economy, she was also trying to rally troops to fight the 7 years war. She had just given birth, so she held up her baby and it rallied the troops. She was also pretty good with the peasants. East europe was still fighting feudalism and serfdom and she was trying to improve rural economy(serfdom hurt economy because serfs were bound/stuck to land, so they are working the land and all the money goes to the lords), so she loosened reins of lords to give surfs more rights and stuff in life. | 169 | |
| 8489408701 | Galileo's trial | He was forced to turn himself into the Holy office because he supported copernicus, and he was italian and thought new Pope was science, but new pope wasn't. | 170 | |
| 8489592796 | Continental System | A blockade imposed by Napoleon to halt all trade between continental Europe and Britain, thereby weakening the British economy and military. | 171 | |
| 8489592797 | Estates General | A legislative body in pre revolutionary France made up of representatives of each of the tree classes, or estates. It was first called into session in 1789 for the first time since 1614. | 172 | |
| 8489592798 | National Assembly | The first French revolutionary legislature, made of primarily of representative of the third estate and a few from the nobility and clergy in session from 1789 to 1791 | 173 | |
| 8489592799 | 174 | |||
| 8489592800 | Great Fear | The fear of noble reprisals against peasant uprising that seized the French countryside and led to further revolt. | 175 | |
| 8489592801 | Jacobin Club | A political club in revolutionary France whose members were well-educated radical republicans. | 176 | |
| 8489592802 | Reign of Terror | The period from 1793-1794 during which Robespierre's Committee of Public Safety tried and executed thousands suspected of treason and a new revolutionary culture was imposed. | 177 | |
| 8489592803 | Second Revolution | From 1792 to 1795, the second phrase of the French Revolution during which the fall of the French monarchy introduced a rapid radicalization of policies. | 178 | |
| 8489592804 | Gironidists | A moderate group that fought for control of the French National Convention in 1793. | 179 | |
| 8489592805 | Sans | Culottes - THe laboring poor of Paris, so called because the men wore trousers instead of knee breeches of the aristocracy and middle class; the word came to refer to the militant radicals of the city. | 180 | |
| 8489592806 | Thermidorean Reaction | A reaction to the violence of the Reign of Terror in 1794, resulting in the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic controls. | 181 | |
| 8489592807 | Grand Empire | The empire over which Napoleon and his allies ruled, encompassing virtually all of Europe except Great Britain and Russia | 182 | |
| 8489592808 | Napoleonic code | French civil code promulgated in 1804 that reasserted the 1789 principles of equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property, as well as restricting rights according to women by previous revolutionary laws. | 183 | |
| 8489592809 | Estates | The three legal categories, or orders, of France's Inhabitants: the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else. | 184 | |
| 8489592810 | The Mountain | Led by Robespierre, the French National Convention's radical faction, which seized legislative power in 1793. | 185 | |
| 8489592811 | Vindication of the Rights of Man/ Woman | Both written by Mary Wollstonecraft. Man was written in 1790 while Woman was in 1792. Was written after Wollstonecraft was incensed by Burke's book, where he defended inherited privileges. | 186 | |
| 8489592812 | Hundred Days | A period where Napoleon along with a small group of followers marched on Paris which caused Louis XVIII fled causing Napoleon to once again be in command. Though, the allies were united against him, and at the end of the 100 days, his forces were crushed at Waterloo on June 18th, 1815 and he was imprisoned on the island of St Helena. | 187 | |
| 8489592813 | American Constitutional Convention/ slavery | proslavery delegates and anti slave delicates, how did they deal with this, for voting purposes the south has a lesser population than the north making the north more influential, so the comprimes makes the ⅗ compromise where a slave counted as ⅗ of a person for taxation and proportional representation in the House of Reps | 188 | |
| 8489592814 | 18th century liberal belief that representatives could defend liberty | They believed that people had sovereignty, meaning that people alone had the authority to make laws limiting an individual's freedom of action. That actually looked like legislators who represented the people were accountable to them. Monarchs might retain their thrones, but their rules was constrained by the will of the people | 189 | |
| 8489592815 | 190 | |||
| 8489592816 | How did Louis XV damage his sacred authority? | He had a common born mistress, and she had lots of control over people who didn't like being controlled, and he tried to raise taxes for the growing amount of debt. | 191 | |
| 8489592817 | Causes of American Revolution | Caused by the people believing that Britain had no right to control what was happening in America, thus taking away the liberties of the American people | 192 | |
| 8489592818 | France's debt problems | Participation of the American revolution | 193 | |
| 8489592819 | The Directory and their continued wars of conquest | It helped create jobs, large armies helped employ more men | 194 | |
| 8489592820 | The National Assembly | the french revolution legislature created by all of the third estate representatives along with a few priests refused to meet in the Estates General. Instead, they moved to a tennis court where they swore the Tennis Court Oath to not leave until they were recognized as a national assembly and had written a new constitution. | 195 | |
| 8489592821 | The storming of the Bastille | At the Bastille was stormed by mobs to obtain weapons for the city's defence. In response to this, Louis reinstated his finance minister and withdrew troops from Paris, allowing the National Assembly to continue its work. | 196 | |
| 8489592822 | How order was restored following the Great Fear | they abolished all old noble and church(clergy) privileges. | 197 | |
| 8489592823 | The forcing of the royal family to live in Paris | Women stormed Versii and forced them to move to Paris | 198 | |
| 8489592824 | Abbee Sieyes and her take on the third estate | Third estate is everything | 199 | |
| 8489592825 | The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen guaranteed | Equality before law, individual freedom, and a representative government for a sovereign people | 200 | |
| 8489592826 | Reaction of Kings/Nobles in continental Europe: | not involved about the states, how did the kings throughout europe thought about it, if they are still acting as a monarchy they are scared that the rebellion will spread into their areas | 201 | |
| 8489592827 | Legislative Assembly vs. Estates general in Oct. 1791 | The Estates General was made of an equal amount of representatives from each estate, but the Estates general had basically no power. Most of the power resided in the National Assembly with its humble beginnings. | 202 | |
| 8489592828 | How did French Armies treat conquered people? | The message was conveyed, they were supposed to be a liberator of France, releasing people, but they acted like foreign invaders, they were like "Hey we are here to free you now give us all materials we request" They were confusing people | 203 | |
| 8489592829 | Goals of Committee of Public Safety | Protecting the public against foreign attacks | 204 | |
| 8489592830 | French budget in 1780's | No central bank or paper currency | 205 | |
| 8489592831 | How was the Third Estate defined legally? Anyone who wasn't part of the nobility or clergy | 206 | ||
| 8489592832 | 5iu | 207 | ||
| 8489592833 | 1794 Central government vs. First Coalition | July 1794 the central government was winning, how was this happening | 208 | |
| 8489592834 | 209 | |||
| 8489592835 | Who represents Third Estate? | A large amount of the lower classes | 210 | |
| 8489592836 | How did the Jacobins view women? Rose after the women gained a number of rights, they thought that women being a part of political working it would distract them from their duties | 211 | ||
| 8489592837 | Reasons for abolition of slavery in Saint | Domingue in 1793 - The slaves were inspired by the French Revolution and rebelled | 212 | |
| 8489592838 | Robespierre on the Ninth of Thermidor | All of his people turned on him for being crazy in killing all the people to his right and to his left, they in turn killed him | 213 | |
| 8489592839 | Background of Napoleon Bonaparte | He was born in Corsica in 1769 to an impoverished noble family. He left the home and became a lieutenant in the army in 1785. He rose rapidly through the ranks and won victories for France. He learned that members of the legislature were plotting against the Directory, so he outst the Directors and became dictator. | 214 | |
| 8489592840 | Napoleonic Code | Equality all male citizens and security of wealth and private property | 215 | |
| 8489592841 | French victories in 1793 | 94 - Counter Rev forces won significant land and only the land around the Eastern Frontier were held by the central government. Defeat seemed imminent but | 216 | |
| 8489592842 | Girondists vs. the Mountain | The Mountain was usually in Control of the National Convention and were more radical, left wing, than the Girondists who fought for control of the National Convention. Both were determined to continue the war against tyranny. | 217 | |
| 8489592843 | National Assembly radicalized in summer of 1789? | Created by third estate representatives and took a Tennis Court Oath to not leave a tennis court until they were recognized as a law making branch and had written a constitution. | 218 | |
| 8489592844 | Catholicism during Napoleonic era? | The Catholics were giving some stuff back, under Napoleon's control, were able to practice freely but the first estate controlled them | 219 | |
| 8489592845 | Napoleon's consolidated rule | He has two groups of that are separated and has to bring them together and this is what happens | 220 | |
| 8489592846 | Declaration of Independence | Document adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4th, 1776. Proclaimed the natural rights of mankind and the sovereignty of the American states. | 221 | |
| 8489592847 | Napoleon's Continental System | What was it, what was the economic effect, which was britain blockaded France making the middle classes suffered because they couldn't make any money because of this | 222 | |
| 8489592848 | Olympe de Gouges | Wrote the Declaration of RIghts of Woman which said women were born free and had equal rights as man. | 223 | |
| 8489592849 | National Assembly's response of Saint | Domingues' different social groups - They were frustrated by the hopes of all these groups. They refused to extend French constitutional safeguards to the colonies. But, in May 1791, they granted political rights to free people of color who were born to free parents who had enough property. | 224 | |
| 8489592850 | Resolution of Haitian Independence | Jack saline overran the resistance, crushed the French and claimed their independence | 225 | |
| 8489592851 | Loyalists of American Revolution | People who were still Loyal to England, but swiftly moved to Canada after a coalition of farmers and artisans harassed them and confiscated their property to pay for the war | 226 | |
| 8489592852 | Antifederalists opposition of the Constitution | Believed that it gave the federal government too much power and had taken away most power from the individual states, so Federals wrote the first 10 amendments, also known as the bill of rights. | 227 | |
| 8489592853 | Reflections on the Revolution in France | Written by Edmund Burke in 1790 | 228 | |
| 8489592854 | Napoleon's Grand Empire | The empire over which Napoleon and his allies ruled, encompassing virtually all of Europe except Great Britain and Russia | 229 | |
| 8489605231 | Anticlericalism | against the clergy | 230 | |
| 8489605232 | Indulgence | piece of paper sold by churches/priests to apparently lessen time/penance in purgatory and widely believed to forgive all sins | 231 | |
| 8489605233 | Protestant | anyone who is christian, but not Catholic | 232 | |
| 8489605234 | Spanish Armada | sent to England by Philip 2 to bring back Catholicism and revenge for killing Mary(queen of Scots) | 233 | |
| 8489605235 | Institutes of Christian Religion | Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, later become theology for Protestantism. Believed in absolute power of God and weakness of humans | 234 | |
| 8489605236 | Predestination | belief that whether you're going to heaven or hell is predetermined by God, not based on your actions/beliefs | 235 | |
| 8489605237 | Holy Office | Catholic office against international heresy | 236 | |
| 8489605238 | Jesuits | international spreaders of Catholicism | 237 | |
| 8489605239 | Huguenots | French Calvinists | 238 | |
| 8489605240 | Politiques | moderate Catholics/Protestants who held the belief that only strong monarchy could save France from collapse | 239 | |
| 8489605241 | Edict of Nantes | Granted Calvinists public worship in France by Henry 4 | 240 | |
| 8489605242 | Union of Utrecht | alliance of 7 northern provinces of Netherlands declaring independence from the rest of Netherlands(Spanish Netherlands). Were Protestants | 241 |
