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| 7564538666 | mitosis | cell division, ends in two identical daughter cells |  | 0 |
| 7564538667 | mitotic index equation | number of cells containing visible chromosomes/total number of cells in the field of view | 1 | |
| 7564538668 | prophase | chromosomes condense and become visible, nuclear membrane breaks down |  | 2 |
| 7564538669 | metaphase | chromosomes line up in middle on metaphase plate |  | 3 |
| 7569488037 | anaphase | chromosomes separate |  | 4 |
| 7569494870 | telophase | nuclear membrane appears (visible line down the middle) |  | 5 |
| 7569498416 | meiosis | gamete production, results in cells with the haploid number of chromosomes | 6 | |
| 7569502255 | homologous chromosomes |  | 7 | |
| 7569506137 | sister chromatids |  | 8 | |
| 7569506945 | centromere | where the sister chromatids are connected |  | 9 |
| 7569509054 | eukaryotes | have organelles, undergo mitosis for growth and repair | 10 | |
| 7569513291 | plant budding | an offspring created through asexual reproduction by branching off of the parent | 11 | |
| 7569520577 | prokaryotes | do not have organelles and undergo binary fission, bacteria | 12 | |
| 7569521995 | binary fission | similar to mitosis, a single chromosome is replicated and split into two cells |  | 13 |
| 7569528211 | sexual reproduction creates | genetic diversity | 14 | |
| 7569528785 | independent assortment | there are multiple equally probable chromosome arrangements |  | 15 |
| 7569532962 | to determine the number of possible chromosomal combinations | 2^n | 16 | |
| 7569535598 | independent assortment applies to | non-homologous chromosomes | 17 | |
| 7569537155 | crossing over | non sister chromatids exchanging DNA segments during meiosis |  | 18 |
| 7569545413 | recombinant chromosomes | individual chromosomes that carry genes derived from two different parents |  | 19 |
| 7569549687 | random fertilization | the combination of each unique sperm with each unique egg increases genetic variability | 20 | |
| 7569561816 | hypothesis | if the IV is modified in this, then this will happen to the DV | 21 | |
| 7569568089 | the independent variable is the one being | modified | 22 | |
| 7569569730 | control is tested for | comparison | 23 | |
| 7569569731 | to find the degrees of freedom | subtract 1 from the number of categories | 24 | |
| 7569574885 | if there is no significant difference that means the only difference is due to | chance and sampling errors | 25 | |
| 7569579545 | in the SEM when the error bars overlap (+/- 2 SEM) we say that the data's difference is | insignificant |  | 26 |
| 7569587564 | in the SEM when the error bars don't overlap (+/- 2 SEM) we say that the data's difference is | significant |  | 27 |
| 7569594732 | in the median, the whiskers are NOT | error bars | 28 | |
| 7569596165 | whiskers are not error bars because the whiskers only represent | a small portion of the data (the extremes) | 29 | |
| 7569609614 | when comparing multiple tests for SEM, compare the tests to the | control | 30 | |
| 7569641343 | +/- 1 SEM represents | 68% | 31 | |
| 7569641344 | +/- 2 SEM represents | 95% | 32 | |
| 7569642404 | +/- 3 SEM represents | 99% | 33 | |
| 7569644749 | the null hypothesis | suggest that there is no difference between the observed and expected | 34 | |
| 7569646153 | p-value | indicates whether or not the difference is significant or not | 35 | |
| 7569653647 | p > 0.05 | accept the null hypothesis, this means the difference is small between the values therefore there is a GREATER probability that the difference is due to chance and sampling errors | 36 | |
| 7569660522 | p < 0.05 0.01 < p < 0.05 p < 0.05 | reject the null hypothesis, this means the difference is big between the values therefore there is a SMALLER probability that the difference is due to chance and sampling errors | 37 | |
| 7569669753 | law of segregation | each allele separates into different gametes |  | 38 |
| 7569674241 | dihybrid cross | a cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for two genes |  | 39 |
| 7569676669 | monohybrid cross | a cross between two organisms that are heterozygous |  | 40 |
| 7569724874 | apply the addition rule to | mutually exclusive events | 41 | |
| 7569727476 | mutually exclusive events | cannot happen at the same time (an organism cannot be homozygous dominant and recessive at the same time) | 42 | |
| 7569729582 | apply the multiplication rule to | separate, individual events | 43 | |
| 7569740102 | natural selection | organisms with advantageous heritable traits have a higher chance of surviving and reproducing | 44 | |
| 7569744761 | evolution occurs on a ... not an individual | population | 45 | |
| 7569748056 | evolution can only occur if the allele (mutation) | already exists in small frequencies | 46 | |
| 7569769711 | selective pressure | an environmental change occurs where small frequency alleles become the dominant (most common) allele | 47 | |
| 7569776989 | directional selection | a change occurs so the extremes have a better fitness then the dominant population |  | 48 |
| 7569782868 | fitness | organisms ability to survive and reproduce | 49 | |
| 7569809631 | stickleback fish without spines can have the same genetic code as stickleback fish with spines because | genes have regulatory switches that allow them to be expressed | 50 | |
| 7569814078 | evolution can repeat itself | if the organisms are put under the same selective and life-challenging conditions | 51 | |
| 7569832374 | cytokinesis | separates the cells at the end of meiosis or mitosis | 52 | |
| 7569841146 | somatic cells | any cells in the body other than reproductive cells | 53 | |
| 7569842242 | autosomes | all chromosomes except the sex chromosomes | 54 | |
| 7569843972 | haploid | one set of chromosomes |  | 55 |
| 7569846414 | diploid | containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent |  | 56 |
| 7569851993 | during interphase, the genetic material is | dispersed into the nucleus | 57 | |
| 7571486162 | what does not occur when dividing bacteria | mitosis | 58 | |
| 7571495722 | how many genes are present in the human genome | tens of thousands | 59 | |
| 7571498116 | locus | the precise location of a gene on a chromosome | 60 | |
| 7571505300 | tetrads | a set of homologous chromosomes |  | 61 |
| 7571516922 | if an organism is n=4 and undergoes meiosis, there will be ... tetrads | 4 | 62 | |
| 7571612324 | ignoring crossover how many kinds of gametes can be produced with a diploid number of 4 | 4 (2^2) | 63 | |
| 7571628260 | the major contribution of sex to evolution is that | it provides a method to increase genetic variation | 64 | |
| 7571635707 | why is sexual reproduction advantageous over asexual reproduction | energetically, sexual reproduction is more costly, but sexual reproduction leads to different combinations of alleles that could provide adaptability in an environment | 65 | |
| 7571684733 | when gametes meet a ... is created | zygote | 66 | |
| 7571688923 | females have homologous chromosomes | XX | 67 | |
| 7571688924 | males have homologous chromosomes | XY | 68 |
