AP Lang
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| 9102463647 | Audience | The listener, viewer, or reader of a text. Most texts are likely to have multiple audiences. | 0 | |
| 9102483822 | Concession | An acknowledgment that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. In a strong argument, a concession is usually accompanied by a refutation challenging the validity of the opposing argument. | 1 | |
| 9102517951 | Connotation | meaning or associations that readers have with a word beyond its dictionary, or denotation. | 2 | |
| 9102548069 | context | the circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text | 3 | |
| 9102558414 | counterargument | an opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward. Rather than ignoring a counterargument, a strong writer will usually address it through the process of concession and refutation. | 4 | |
| 9102572061 | ethos | Greek for "character." Speakers appeal to ethos to demonstrate that they are credible and trustworthy to speak on a given topic. | 5 | |
| 9102584041 | logos | Greek for "embodied thought." Speakers appeal to logos, or reason, by offering clear, rational ideas and using specific details, examples, facts, statistics, or expert testimony to back them up. | 6 | |
| 9102608217 | occasion | The time and place a speech is given or a piece is written. | 7 | |
| 9102615405 | pathos | Greek for "suffering" or "experience." Speakers appeal to pathos to emotionally motivate their audience. | 8 | |
| 9102625502 | persona | Greek for "mask." The face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience. | 9 | |
| 9102632907 | polemic | Greek for "hostile." An aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all others. | 10 | |
| 9102646077 | propaganda | the spread of ideas and information to further a cause. in its negative sense, propaganda is the use of rumors, lies, disinformation, and scare tactics in order to damage or promote a cause | 11 | |
| 9102668948 | purpose | the goal the speaker wants to achieve. | 12 | |
| 9102677366 | refutation | a denial of validity of an opposing argument. | 13 | |
| 9102686434 | rhetoric | the art of finding ways to persuade an audience. | 14 | |
| 9102695792 | rhetoric appeals | rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. | 15 | |
| 9102712786 | rhetorical triangle | a diagram that illustrates the interrelationship among the speaker, audience, and subject in determining a text. | 16 | |
| 9102725497 | SOAPS | subject, occasion, Audience, Purpose, Speaker | 17 | |
| 9102732076 | speaker | the person or group who creates a text. | 18 | |
| 9102735877 | subjec | the topic of a text | 19 | |
| 9102738640 | text | any cultural product that can be read. | 20 | |
| 9102748404 | alliteration | repetition of the same sound beginning several words or syllables in sequence. | 21 | |
| 9102760489 | allusion | brief reference to a person, event, or place, or to a work of art. | 22 | |
| 9102769143 | anaphora | repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines. | 23 | |
| 9102781880 | antimetabole | repetition of words in reverse order. | 24 | |
| 9102787344 | antithesis | opposition or contrast of ideas or words in a parallel construction | 25 | |
| 9102796542 | archaic diction | old-fashion or outdated choice of words | 26 | |
| 9102802090 | asyndeton | omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words | 27 | |
| 9102818784 | cumulative sentences | sentences that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on. | 28 | |
| 9102833180 | hortative sentence | sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action | 29 | |
| 9102850076 | imperative sentence | sentence used to command to enjoin | 30 | |
| 9102854602 | inversion | inverted order of words in a sentence | 31 | |
| 9102857410 | juxtaposition | placement of two things without using like or as | 32 | |
| 9102861694 | oxymoron | paradoxical juxtaposition of words that seem to contradict one another | 33 | |
| 9102869429 | parallelism | similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses | 34 | |
| 9102884824 | periodic sentence | sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end | 35 | |
| 9102893086 | personification | attribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object of an idea. | 36 | |
| 9102903826 | rhetorical question | figure of speech in the form or a question posed for rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer. | 37 | |
| 9102918101 | synedoche | figure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole | 38 | |
| 9102926322 | zeugma | use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous meanings. | 39 | |
| 9102957385 | ad hominem | diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker. | 40 | |
| 9102975257 | ad populum (bandwagon) | fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do" | 41 | |
| 9102991573 | appeal to false authority | fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority. | 42 | |
| 9103000557 | argument | a process of reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion. | 43 | |
| 9103016565 | assumption | expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience. | 44 | |
| 9103034868 | backing | backing consists of further assurances or data without which the assumption lacks authority | 45 | |
| 9103056500 | begging the question | a fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt | 46 | |
| 9103063036 | circular reasoning | a fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence | 47 | |
| 9103081190 | claim (assertion/ proposition) | a claim that states the argument's main idea or position. | 48 | |
| 9103094650 | claim of fact | asserts that something is true or not true | 49 | |
| 9103101480 | claim of policy | proposes a change | 50 | |
| 9103104256 | claim of value | argues that something s good, bad, right, or wrong | 51 | |
| 9103113261 | classical oration | five-part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians. | 52 | |
| 9103126355 | closed thesis | a statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make | 53 | |
| 9103137243 | deduction | a logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth and applying it to a specific case | 54 | |
| 9103159757 | false dilemma | a fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices | 55 | |
| 9103186761 | faulty analogy | a fallacy that occur when an analogy compares two thing that are not comparable | 56 | |
| 9103201269 | first hand evidence | evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events | 57 | |
| 9103220791 | hasty generalization | a fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence | 58 | |
| 9103285275 | induction | a logical process whereby the writer reasons from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called generalization | 59 | |
| 9103318009 | logical fallacy | logical fallacies are potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument | 60 | |
| 9103330805 | open thesis | one that does not list all the points the writer intends to cover in an essay | 61 | |
| 9103341440 | post hoc ergo propter hoc | after which therefore because of which | 62 | |
| 9103344970 | qualifier | uses words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely to temper the claim, making it less absolute. | 63 | |
| 9103358119 | quantitative evidence | includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, otherwise represented in numbers | 64 | |
| 9103370488 | rebuttal | gives voice to possible objections | 65 | |
| 9103375183 | reservation | explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier | 66 | |
| 9103382623 | rogerian arguments | based on assumption that having a full understanding of an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating | 67 | |
| 9103400783 | second hand evidence | evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation. | 68 | |
| 9103408693 | straw man | A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea | 69 | |
| 9103424800 | Syllogism | A logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion | 70 | |
| 9103435319 | Toulmin Model | A approach to analyzing and constructing arguments | 71 | |
| 9103443641 | Warrant | expresses the assumption a necesarily by the speaker and the audience | 72 |
