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AP Psychology: Thinking & Language Flashcards

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8307172350CognitionThe mental processes associated with thinking, knowing, communicating, etc.0
8307172351ConceptMental grouping of similar objects & ideas1
8307172352PrototypeOur best example of something2
8307172353Gambis FallacyPredicting order in random events3
8307172354HeuristicsShort-cuts, quick thinking strategy to a problem which generates a quick answer4
8307172355Insight"Aha" moment, a sudden realization in thinking that leads to a solution5
8307172356Mental setTendency to use procedures/methods that has worked before to approach problems6
8307172357FixationTendency to get stuck in one way of thinking, inability to see problem in a new perspective7
8307172358IntuitionGut instinct, quick-thinking, automatic (can lead to problems, however)8
8307172359availability heuristicprediction about possibility of event based on recalling or imagining similar events9
8307172360Representative heuristicUsing stereotypical assumptions to come to conclusions; a small sample represents a whole population10
8307172361Belief perseverance errorOur tendency to hold ok to our beliefs when facing contradictory evidence11
8307172362Anchoring biasRelying too much on the first thing we hear, affects decision-making12
8307172363FramingFocus, emphasis, or perspective that affects our judgements and decisions13
8307172364OverconfidenceRecognition leads to false assumptions of recall14
8307172365Convergent thinkingNarrowing in on a solution (school)15
8307172366Divergent thinkingCreative thinking that can diverge into multiple options16
8307172367PhoenemesSmallest unirte of sound (vowels & consonants)17
8307172368MorphemesUnits of meaning (prefixes, suffixes)18
8307172369GrammarRules for syntax, inflection and word formation which govern how sentences are formed19
8307172370Babblingbegins at 4 months, speech development various multilingual sounds20
8307172371Holophrastic speechusing one word (holophrases) to convey a whole sentence (e.g. "me" for "give that to me"), "telegraphic speech" during at 18-24 months21
8307172372OverextensionThe overly broad use of words, overgeneralizing their meaning (all four-legged animals are dogs)22
8307172373underextensionthe overly restrictive use of words, common among children just mastering spoken language (only my basketball is a basketball)23
8307172374ChomskyUniversal grammar, language acquisition devices in genetics24
8307172375linguistic determinismSapir-Whorf hypothesis: language shapes thought25

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