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| 7077003052 | Origins of man | Africa. |  | 0 |
| 7077003053 | Homo sapiens sapiens | Direct ancestor of modern humans. Developed in East Africa between 200,000 and 100,000 years ago. |  | 1 |
| 7077003054 | Paleolithic | 2.5 million to - 10,000 years ago (8,000BCE) . Literally means "Old Stone". Although humans also made tools from bone, antlers, and wood. Culture: hunting, gathering (foraging), and nomadism. Perhaps the most remarkable feat was Paleolithic people's ability to migrate and adapt to a wide range of environments. |  | 2 |
| 7077003055 | Hunter- Forager Society | At center of society was the nuclear family which then expanded outward to include ties between related families. These larger groups were called a Kinship group and included between 20-40 people. The Kinship group expanded out further to include a larger group called a clan. Often clans could further group together in time of need to form a tribe. - Trade often further connected these groups too. | 3 | |
| 7077003056 | Patriarchal | Characteristic of a system of society or government controlled by men. | 4 | |
| 7077003057 | Animism | The belief that the spirit world is connected intimately to all elements of nature, rivers, mountains, animals, etc. |  | 5 |
| 7077003058 | Shamanism | Religious leaders who were believed to have special connection with spirit world and an ability to connect with ancestors and cure the sick. | 6 | |
| 7077003059 | Bering Strait Land Bridge | Colder temperatures and lower ocean levels allowed for early humans to cross from Asia into Americas in larger numbers in search of food |  | 7 |
| 7077003060 | Egalitarian | Relative equality within a human society. Typical of Paleolithic/Pre-civilized societies in which only small differences separated the poorest from wealthiest. |  | 8 |
| 7077003061 | Domestication | Taking an animal or plant and adapting it to human use. |  | 9 |
| 7077003062 | Mesolithic | Literally "Middle Stone". Sort of transition between Paleolithic and Neolithic. (12,000 to 8000 B.C.E.). More sophisticated tools, and first animal domesticates |  | 10 |
| 7077003063 | Neolithic/Neolithic Revolution | Literally "New Stone". Agriculture is the big game changer! Begins as early as 10,000 years ago (8000 BCE) in the Middle East - with agriculture humans begin moving toward what we call "civilization". |  | 11 |
| 7077003064 | Pastoralism | raising of livestock on natural pastures. (early pastoralist people spread farming technology because of mobility) |  | 12 |
| 7077003065 | Civilization | Agriculture eventually led to societies with settled communities (more urban) . Characteristics: specialization of labor, towns and cities, government, organized religion, technological innovations, including writing. |  | 13 |
| 7077003066 | Code of Hammurabi | Babylonian King laid down the procedure for law courts and regulated property rights and duties of family members, setting harsh punishments for crimes. Standardizing a legal system was one of the features of early river valley civilizations |  | 14 |
| 7077003067 | Cuneiform | Sumerian (Mesopotamian) writing. Perhaps the first writing system. |  | 15 |
| 7077003068 | Ziggurats | Temples to gods in Mesopotamia |  | 16 |
| 7077003069 | First Empire | Akkadian Empire (Mesopotamia) c. 2260-2223 B.C.E | 17 | |
| 7077003070 | Egyptian political + state-organization | Unlike Mesopotamian civilization, Egyptian civilization featured very durable and centralized institutions led by pharaohs who ruled over Egypt's vast Empire. | 18 | |
| 7077003071 | Religious make-up of pre-civilized societies | polytheistic |  | 19 |
| 7077003072 | Egyptian writing | hieroglyphics |  | 20 |
| 7077003073 | Olmecs | Olmec civilization prospered in Pre-Classical (Formative) Mesoamerica from c. 1200 BCE to c. 400 BCE and is generally considered the forerunner of all subsequent Mesoamerican cultures such as the Maya and Aztecs. |  | 21 |
| 7077003074 | Chavin | The Chavin civilization flourished between 900 and 200 BCE in the northern and central Andes and was one the earliest pre-Inca cultures. |  | 22 |
| 7077003075 | Phoenician's key cultural contribution | Phoenician's were a seafaring people from the Levant that eventually settled in North Africa. They developed a simplified alphabet that greatly influenced Greek and Latin culture |  | 23 |
| 7077003076 | Developed Monotheism | Hebrews worshipped 1 god. (remember this was exceptional at time - most people polytheistic) |  | 24 |
| 7077003077 | Theocracy | A form of government in which a ruler has political and religious authority |  | 25 |
