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| 10753402787 | Psychology | the scientific study of behavior and mental processes | 0 | |
| 10753406888 | replicate | to repeat, to copy, or to duplicate | 1 | |
| 10753411929 | Empiricism | the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation | 2 | |
| 10753417179 | Psuedo-Psychology | is a false or unscientific form of Psychology. | 3 | |
| 10753418177 | confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence | 4 | |
| 10753421690 | psychiatry | a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy | 5 | |
| 10753422840 | basic research | pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base | 6 | |
| 10753427265 | applied research | scientific study that aims to solve practical problems | 7 | |
| 10753428130 | counseling psychology | a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being | 8 | |
| 10753428923 | clinical psychologist | a psychologist who diagnoses and treats people with emotional disturbances | 9 | |
| 10753431414 | Plato | your reality can be shared by experiences | 10 | |
| 10753438545 | Locke | English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience , tabula rasa - blank slate | 11 | |
| 10753441066 | Aristotle | Greek philosopher, believed that knowledge = observations & data | 12 | |
| 10753460463 | Monism | doctrine that reality is one | 13 | |
| 10753461117 | Dualism | the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact | 14 | |
| 10753464064 | Wilhelm Wundt | father of psychology | 15 | |
| 10753466856 | Titchner | founder of structuralism | 16 | |
| 10753466867 | Structuralism | an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind | 17 | |
| 10753468756 | Stanely Hall | first APA president | 18 | |
| 10753470913 | APA | American Psychology Association | 19 | |
| 10753472085 | Functionalism | A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish. | 20 | |
| 10753474949 | Willam James | Functionalism | 21 | |
| 10753478858 | Darwin | English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection | 22 | |
| 10753480983 | Mary Whiton Calkins | American psychologist who conducted research on memory, personality, and dreams; first woman president of the American Psychological Association | 23 | |
| 10753483763 | Margret Floy Washburn | first woman to receive a psychology Ph.D and the second to become APA president | 24 | |
| 10753484744 | Leta Stetter Hollingworth | One of the first psychologists to focus on child development and on women's issues, gave us the term "Gifted" | 25 | |
| 10753488098 | Dorethea Dix | Educated the public about the poor conditions for prisoners and the mentally ill, and created the first mental asylum | 26 | |
| 10753494353 | biological psychology | a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior | 27 | |
| 10753481816 | evolutionary psychology | the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection | 28 | |
| 10753498893 | Psychoanalysis | Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions | 29 | |
| 10753501932 | Behaviorism | the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2). | 30 | |
| 10753503179 | Gestalt Psychology | a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts | 31 | |
| 10753505098 | humanistic psychology | historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth | 32 | |
| 10753505841 | developmental psychology | a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span | 33 | |
| 10753508101 | Cognitive Psychology | the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating | 34 | |
| 10753511773 | sociocultural perspective | perspective that focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture | 35 | |
| 10753512682 | Trait View | a psychological perspective that views behavior and personality as the products of enduring psychological characteristics | 36 | |
| 10753521690 | Hypothesis | A testable prediction, often implied by a theory | 37 | |
| 10753526991 | dependent variable | The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. | 38 | |
| 10753528102 | independent variable | The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. | 39 | |
| 10753529848 | operational definition | a statement of the procedures used to define research variables | 40 | |
| 10753532038 | random selection | A way of ensuring that a sample of people is representative of a population by giving everyone in the population an equal chance of being selected for the sample | 41 | |
| 10753533610 | random sample | method of selecting from a population in which each person has an equal probability of being selected | 42 | |
| 10753535073 | random assignment | assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups | 43 | |
| 10753536984 | blind experiment | An experiment in which the subjects do not know whether they are members of the experimental group or the control group. | 44 | |
| 10753538661 | double-blind experiment | an experiment in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know which participants received which treatment | 45 | |
| 10753539972 | representative sample | randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects | 46 | |
| 10753540988 | ex post facto | choose subjects based on a pre-existing condition | 47 | |
| 10753546786 | correlation study | a descriptive study that looks for a consistent relationship between two phenomena | 48 | |
| 10753549027 | illusory correlation | perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists | 49 | |
| 10753550735 | positive correlation | A correlation where as one variable increases, the other also increases, or as one decreases so does the other. Both variables move in the same direction. | 50 | |
| 10753551768 | negative correlation | A finding that two factors vary systematically in opposite directions, one increasing as the other decreases. | 51 | |
| 10753553950 | survey | a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group | 52 | |
| 10753556268 | naturalistic observation | observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation | 53 | |
| 10753556269 | case study | an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles | 54 | |
| 10753558808 | longitudinal study | research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period | 55 | |
| 10753561821 | cross-sectional study | A study in which a representative cross section of the population is tested or surveyed at one specific time. | 56 | |
| 10753563786 | experimenter bias | a phenomenon that occurs when a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained | 57 | |
| 10753564744 | expectancy bias | The researcher allowing his or her expectations to affect the outcome of a study. | 58 | |
| 10753565846 | hindsight bias | the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it | 59 | |
| 10753566682 | overconfidence bias | the bias in which people's subjective confidence in their decision making is greater than their objective accuracy | 60 | |
| 10753568236 | Barnum effect | People have the tendency to see themselves in vague, stock descriptions of personality | 61 | |
| 10753570095 | false consensus effect | the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors | 62 | |
| 10753575095 | Hawthorne effect | A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied | 63 | |
| 10753575872 | placebo effect | experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent. | 64 | |
| 10753577608 | order effects | occur when the order in which the participants experience conditions in an experiment affects the results of the study | 65 | |
| 10753580106 | descriptive statistics | numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation. | 66 | |
| 10753581069 | inferential statistics | numerical data that allow one to generalize- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population | 67 | |
| 10753581996 | frequency distribution | an arrangement of data that indicates how often a particular score or observation occurs | 68 | |
| 10753583225 | Histogram | A graph of vertical bars representing the frequency distribution of a set of data. | 69 | |
| 10753587256 | central tendency | mean, median, mode | 70 | |
| 10753588025 | mean | average | 71 | |
| 10753588785 | Median | the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it | 72 | |
| 10753588786 | Mode | the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution | 73 | |
| 10753589365 | standard deviation | a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score | 74 | |
| 10753590185 | normal distribution | A function that represents the distribution of variables as a symmetrical bell-shaped graph. | 75 | |
| 10753591110 | skewed distribution | a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value | 76 | |
| 10753593448 | correlation coefficient | a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1) | 77 | |
| 10753594445 | Scatterplot | a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables | 78 | |
| 10753594446 | z-score | a measure of how many standard deviations you are away from the norm (average or mean) | 79 | |
| 10753596228 | Ethics | the principles of right and wrong that guide an individual in making decisions | 80 | |
| 10753602864 | Biology | The study of life | 81 | |
| 10753606701 | Biopsychology | The specialty in psychology that studies the interaction of biology, behavior, and mental processes. | 82 | |
| 10753608539 | innate abilities | Abilities that are present from birth. | 83 | |
| 10753609672 | Phrenology | the detailed study of the shape and size of the cranium as a supposed indication of character and mental abilities. | 84 | |
| 10753617412 | natural selection | A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment. | 85 | |
| 10753621963 | Genotype | genetic makeup of an organism | 86 | |
| 10753621964 | Phenotype | An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits. | 87 | |
| 10753624643 | polygenic inheritance | combined effect of two or more genes on a single character | 88 | |
| 10753625672 | Heredity | Passing of traits from parents to offspring | 89 | |
| 10753626440 | Chromosomes | threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes | 90 | |
| 10753664586 | genes | DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission. | 91 | |
| 10753668006 | deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins. | 92 | |
| 10753668985 | dominant gene | A gene that is expressed in the offspring whenever it is present | 93 | |
| 10753687910 | recessive gene | Gene that is hidden when the dominant gene is present | 94 | |
| 10753690375 | Minnesota Twin Study | Bouchard et al. (1990) determined a heritability estimate of 70 per cent - that is, that 70 per cent of intelligence can be attributed to genetic inheritance. This suggests that 30 percent of intelligence may be attributed to other factors. | 95 | |
| 10753709900 | Turner Syndrome | A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted. | 96 | |
| 10753712653 | Klinefelter syndrome | A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY instead of XY. | 97 | |
| 10753713985 | Down Syndrome | a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. | 98 | |
| 10753717458 | nervous system | the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems | 99 | |
| 10753720213 | Dendrites | Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information. | 100 | |
| 10753721969 | Stimulus | a signal to which an organism responds | 101 | |
| 10753722783 | Soma | cell body | 102 | |
| 10753723747 | axon | A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body. | 103 | |
| 10753726579 | mylein sheath | layer of fatty tissue that covers many axons and helps speed neural impulses | 104 | |
| 10753729503 | terminal branches | Branched endings of an axon that transmit messages to other neurons | 105 | |
| 10753733881 | Synapse | the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron | 106 | |
| 10753735062 | SNS (somatic nervous system) | the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles | 107 | |
| 10753736032 | CNS (central nervous system) | brain and spinal cord | 108 | |
| 10753736804 | PNS (peripheral nervous system) | the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body | 109 | |
| 10753740708 | motor neurons | neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands | 110 | |
| 10753742777 | sensory neurons | neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord | 111 | |
| 10753743491 | Interneurons | neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs | 112 | |
| 10753746682 | apharant neuron | sensory neuron | 113 | |
| 10753751435 | epharant neuron | motor neuron | 114 | |
| 10753753194 | resting potential | The difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane= salty banana | 115 | |
| 10753754780 | action potential | a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon about -55mv | 116 | |
| 10753758677 | absolute threshold | the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time | 117 | |
| 10753760143 | refrectory period | a period in which the neuron doesn't react | 118 | |
| 10753767416 | absolute refractory period | The minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin. | 119 | |
| 10753770824 | relative refractory period | A period after firing when a neuron is returning to its normal polarized state and will fire again only if the incoming message is much stronger than usual | 120 | |
| 10753773964 | Depolarization | The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive. | 121 | |
| 10753774934 | polarization | when the neuron is at rest; condition of neuron when the inside of the neuron is negatively charged relative to the outside of Enron; is necessary to generate the neuron signal in release of this polarization | 122 | |
| 10753779160 | graded potential | a shift in the electrical charge in a tiny area of a neuron | 123 | |
| 10753780397 | neurotransmitter | chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons | 124 | |
| 10753782878 | Acetylcholine | A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction | 125 | |
| 10753785174 | Dopamine | A neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention and learning and the brain's pleasure and reward system. | 126 | |
| 10753786081 | Seritonin | Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal | 127 | |
| 10753788440 | Noreperephrine | helps control alertness and arousel | 128 | |
| 10753789665 | epenephrine | Emotional arousal, memory storage, and metabolism of glucose necessary for energy release | 129 | |
| 10753790227 | GABA | a major inhibitory neurotransmitter | 130 | |
| 10753791667 | Glutamine | A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory | 131 | |
| 10753792198 | Endorphins | "morphine within"--natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure. | 132 | |
| 10753793436 | Agonist | a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response | 133 | |
| 10753795311 | Antagonsit | a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, inhibits or blocks a response | 134 | |
| 10753796897 | Reuptake inhibitors | Drugs that interfere with the reuptake of neurotransmitters in the synapse so that a greater amount remains in the synapse | 135 | |
| 10753797868 | Botulism | blocks release of ACh; antagonist | 136 | |
| 10753802667 | curare | a neurotoxin that causes paralysis by blocking acetylcholine receptors in muscle | 137 | |
| 10753807552 | Anitpsychotic Medications | blocks dopamine receptors | 138 | |
| 10753809003 | Caffine | stimulant. increased alertness and wakefullness. Anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia in high doses; uncomftorable withdrawal. | 139 | |
| 10753810806 | Cocaine | A stimulant drug derived from the coca tree; prevents the reabsorption of dopamine; reuptake inhibitor | 140 | |
| 10753817382 | neural plasticity | the ability of the brain to change in response to experience | 141 | |
| 10753819655 | ANS | autonomic nervous system | 142 | |
| 10753822359 | sympethetic nervous system | fight or flight response | 143 | |
| 10753824015 | parasympathetic nervous system | the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy | 144 | |
| 10753834092 | occiptal lobe | vision | 145 | |
| 10753835140 | parietal lobe | A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch. | 146 | |
| 10753836425 | frontal lobe | A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement | 147 | |
| 10753837138 | temporal lobe | A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language. | 148 | |
| 10753839130 | pons | A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain | 149 | |
| 10753841090 | medulla oblongata | Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion. | 150 | |
| 10753841091 | Cerebellum | Balance and coordination | 151 | |
| 10753842944 | cerebral cortex | The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center. | 152 | |
| 10753844178 | corpus callosum | the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them | 153 | |
| 10753845459 | ventricles of the brain | canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid | 154 | |
| 10753849498 | Thalamus | the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla | 155 | |
| 10753853385 | Midbrain | A small part of the brain above the pons that integrates sensory information and relays it upward. | 156 | |
| 10753854714 | pituitary gland | The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. | 157 | |
| 10753855497 | Hypothalamus | A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward. | 158 | |
| 10753858620 | Hippocampus | A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage. | 159 | |
| 10753860140 | Amygdala | two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion. | 160 | |
| 10753864895 | reticular formation | a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal | 161 | |
| 10753867035 | Forebrain | The largest and most complicated region of the brain, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebrum. | 162 | |
| 10753867764 | Hindbrain | medulla, pons, cerebellum | 163 | |
| 10753867765 | limbic system | neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives. | 164 | |
| 10753871061 | brain stem | Connects the brain and spinal cord | 165 | |
| 10753873155 | medial forebrain bundle (MFB) | a fiber bundle that contains axons that connect the VTA and the NAC; electrical stimulation of these axons is reinforcing | 166 | |
| 10753877708 | prefontal cortex | intellect, cognition, recall, and personality, working memory needed for abstract ideas, judgement, reasoning, persistence, and planning, complex learning and recall | 167 | |
| 10753881063 | spatial neglect | condition produced by damage to the association areas of the right hemisphere resulting in an inability to recognize objects or body parts in the left visual field | 168 | |
| 10753887112 | unilateral neglect | A syndrome in which people ignore objects located toward their left and the left sides of objects located anywhere; most often caused by damage to the right parietal lobe | 169 | |
| 10753887799 | left brain | language and logic | 170 | |
| 10753888510 | right brain | creative and spatial | 171 | |
| 10753890168 | Sperry experiment | Cut optic nerve of frog and rotated 180 degrees Axons from what originally was dorsal retina (now ventral) grew back to area for dorsal - axons from what had once been ventral (now dorsal) grew back to original target - frog saw world upside down | 172 | |
| 10753892183 | split brain | a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them | 173 | |
| 10753893794 | split brain patients | people whose corpus callosum has been surgically severed | 174 | |
| 10753895452 | thyroid gland | produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth | 175 | |
| 10753898174 | parathyroid glands | small pea-like organs that regulate calcium and phosphate balance in blood, bones, and other tissues | 176 | |
| 10753900206 | pienal gland | secretes melatonin which helps regulate the sleep cycle | 177 | |
| 10753903104 | Pancreas | Regulates the level of sugar in the blood | 178 | |
| 10753904339 | Gonads | ovaries and testes; secrete estrogens and androgens | 179 | |
| 10753907677 | adrenal glands | a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress. | 180 | |
| 10753909400 | endocrine system | the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream | 181 |
