Terms : Hide Images
| 9975868988 | mongols | Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph; from Mongolia |  | 0 |
| 9975901833 | golden horde | 1 of 4 subdivisions of Mongol empire after Chinggis Khan's death; originally ruled by his grandson Bantu; covered much of modern day south central Russia |  | 1 |
| 9975920906 | pax mongolica | stablishing effects of conquests of Mongol Empire | 2 | |
| 9975950383 | white lotus society | secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty in China; typical to peasant resistance to Mongol rule | 3 | |
| 9975962910 | yuan | empire/ruling dynasty of China; established by Kublai Khan | 4 | |
| 9975976900 | renaissance | cultural/political movement in Western Europe; started in Italy c1400; rested on urban vitality/expanding commerce; featured a literature and art with distinctly more secular priorities than Middle Ages |  | 5 |
| 9976000198 | medici | powerful Italian family of bankers and merchants whose members effectively ruled Florence for much of 15th century/from 1569 were grand dukes of Tuscany |  | 6 |
| 9976020323 | humanism | focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles; in particular the study of ancient languages | 7 | |
| 9976054565 | last supper | painting by Leonardo da Vinci that shows Jesus having his last supper with his disciples |  | 8 |
| 9976058212 | vitruvian man | drawing by Leonardo da Vinci; also has notes based on the works of the architect Vitruvius |  | 9 |
| 9976061474 | leonardo da vinci | Italian painter, sculptor, engineer, scientist, and architect; most versatile genius of the Italian Renaissance |  | 10 |
| 9976078189 | brunelleschi | Italian architect celebrated for his work during the Florence Renaissance |  | 11 |
| 9976092895 | martin luther | not MLK;German monk; initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenberg church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church |  | 12 |
| 9976123417 | 95 theses | list of propositions for an academic disputation; written by Martin Luther in 1517 |  | 13 |
| 9976128109 | anabaptism | doctrine that baptism should be administered by believing adults, held by radical Protestant sect that emerged during 1520s and 1530s | 14 | |
| 9976155179 | catholic reformation | restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs | 15 | |
| 9976172004 | lutheranism | major branch of Protestant Christianity that identifies with ideology of Martin Luther | 16 | |
| 9976180864 | calvinism | Protestant theological system of John Calvin and his successors, which develops Luther's doctrine of justification by faith alone and emphasizes the faith of God and doctrine of predestination | 17 | |
| 9976201162 | protestantism | general wave of dissent of Catholic church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varieties of religious beliefs | 18 | |
| 9976220045 | caravel | a small,fast Spanish/Portuguese sailing ship of the 15-17th centuries |  | 19 |
| 9976223322 | lateen sail | a triangular sail on a long yard at an angle of 45 degrees to the mast |  | 20 |
| 9976224970 | vasco da gama | Portuguese captain who sailed for India in 1497; established early Portuguese dominance in Indian Ocean |  | 21 |
| 9976240269 | mercantilism | economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe | 22 | |
| 9976267061 | potosi | mine located in upper Peru/modern day Bolivia; largest of New World silver mines; produced 80% of all Peruvian silver | 23 | |
| 9976279716 | mita | labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control | 24 | |
| 9976292978 | castas paintings | showed lineage, breed, race, to describe as a whole, the mixed raced people that appeared in the post-Conquest period |  | 25 |
| 9976295562 | mestizos | people of mixed European and Indian ancestry in Mesoamerica and South America; particularly prevalent in colonies of Spain; often part of forced labor system | 26 | |
| 9976313374 | peninsulares | people living in New World Spanish colonies but born in Spain | 27 | |
| 9976318712 | columbian exchange | widespread transfer of plants/culture/animals/human populations/ technology/ideas between the Americas and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade following Christopher Columbus' voyage in 1492 |  | 28 |
| 9983921958 | middle passage | slave voyage from Africa to Americas (16th-18th centuries); generally a traumatic experience for black slaves, although it failed to strip Africans of their culture |  | 29 |
| 9983953424 | factories | European trading fortresses and compounds with resident merchants; utilized throughout Portuguese trading empire to assure secure landing places and commerce |  | 30 |
| 9983985396 | industrialization | the development of industries in a country or region as a whole |  | 31 |
| 9984004532 | textile industry | primarily concerned with the design, production, and distribution of yarn, cloth, and clothing |  | 32 |
| 9984026272 | imperialism | a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force |  | 33 |
| 9984043023 | opium war | fought between British and Qing China starting in 1839; fought to protect British trade in opium; resulted in resounding British victory, opening of Hong Kong as British port of trade |  | 34 |
| 9984076466 | nationalism | political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe; urged importance of natural unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin | 35 | |
| 9984094096 | taiping rebellion | broke out in south China in the 1850s and early 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi Christianized prophet; sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucian basis of scholar-gentry |  | 36 |
| 9984125887 | boxer rebellion | popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China; failed because of intervention of armies of western powers in China; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials |  | 37 |
| 9984155843 | tokugawa shogunate | last feudal Japanese military government; took place from 1600-1868 | 38 | |
| 9984181517 | meiji restoration | an event that restored practical imperial rule to Empire of Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji | 39 | |
| 9984200611 | berlin conference | regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power |  | 40 |
| 9984224966 | king leopold | reigned as the second king of Belgium from 1865-1909; became known for the founding and brutal exploitation of the Congo Free State as a private venture |  | 41 |
| 9984252257 | qing | Manchu dynasty that seized control of China in mid 17th century after decline of Ming; forced submission of nomadic peoples far to the west and compelled tribute from Vietnam and Burma to the south | 42 | |
| 9984271841 | sergei witte | Russian minister of finance from 1892-1903; economic modernizer responsible for high tariffs, improved banking systems; encouraged Western investors to build factories in Russia |  | 43 |
| 9984292271 | panama canal | an aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from United States support for a Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus; provided short route between Atlantic and Pacific oceans; completed 1914 |  | 44 |
| 9984332463 | monroe doctrine | American declaration stated in 1823; established that any attempt of a European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the United States; supported by Great Britain as a means of opening Latin American trade |  | 45 |
| 9984367090 | white dominions | colonies in which European settlers made up the overwhelming majority of the population; small numbers of native inhabitants were typically reduced by disease and wars of conquest; typical of British holdings in North America and Australia with growing independence in the 19th century | 46 | |
| 9984399182 | suez canal | built across Isthmus of Suez to connect Red Sea with Mediterranean Sea in 1869; financed by European investors; with increasing indebtedness of khedives; permitted intervention of British into Egyptian politics to protect their investment |  | 47 |
| 9984442897 | princely states | domains of Indian princes allied with the British Raj; agents of East India Company were stationed at the rulers' courts to ensure compliance; made up over 1/3 of the British Indian Empire | 48 | |
| 9984464612 | sati | the practice followed by small minorities, usually upper caste, of Indians of burning widows on funeral pyres of their dead husbands |  | 49 |
| 9984482453 | sepoys | troops that served the British East India Company; recruited mainly from various warlike peoples of India |  | 50 |
| 9984499400 | british raj | British political establishment in India; developed as a result of the rivalry between France and Britain in India | 51 | |
| 9984511498 | franz ferdinand | heir apparent to Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination in Sarajevo set in motion the events that led to World War 1 |  | 52 |
| 9984528144 | world war 1 | a war between the allies (Britain,France, Russia, Italy, United States, Romania, Serbia, Greece, Portugal,Montenegro) and the central powers (Germany,Austria-Hungary,Turkey,Bulgaria) from 1914-1918 |  | 53 |
| 9984565404 | triple alliance | alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War 1 |  | 54 |
| 9984580777 | triple entente | alliance among Britain,Russia, and France at the outset of the 20th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War 1 |  | 55 |
| 9984600441 | central powers | Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire in World War 1 | 56 | |
| 9984613479 | allied powers | Britain,France, Italy, Russia, and the United States in World War 1 | 57 | |
| 9984626848 | trench warfare | a type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other; used in World War 1 |  | 58 |
| 9984631314 | zimmermann note | secret diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office in January 1917 that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico in the event prior to the United States entering the war against Germany |  | 59 |
| 9984667400 | wilsons 14 points | 14 goals of the United States in the peace negotiations after World War 1 |  | 60 |
| 9984683883 | treaty of versailles | a document signed between Germany and the Allied Powers that officially ended the war |  | 61 |
| 9984698794 | russian revolution | a revolution in Russia from 1918-1919; overthrew the czar and brought the bolsheviks to power |  | 62 |
| 9984717421 | bolsheviks | literally the majority party; most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by V.I Lenin and dedicated to his concept of social revolution; actually a minority in the Russian Marxist political scheme until its triumph in the 1917 revolution | 63 | |
| 9984749646 | communism | a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs |  | 64 |
| 9984751592 | vladimir lenin | architect of Russia's Bolshevik revolution; 1st leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics |  | 65 |
| 9984773144 | ussr | a former communist country in eastern Europe and northern Asia ; established in 1922; included Russia and 14 other soviet socialist republics (Ukraine and Byelorussia etc.....); officially dissolved on December 31, 1991 |  | 66 |
| 9984776653 | joseph stalin | successor to Lenin as head of USSR; strongly nationalist view of communism; represented anti-Western strain of Russian tradition; crushed opposition to his rule; established series of 5 year plans to replace new economic policy; fostered agricultural collectivization; led USSR through World War 2; furthered Cold War with Western Europe and the United States; died in 1953 |  | 67 |
| 9984833495 | collectivism | practice/principle of giving a group priority over each individual in it | 68 | |
| 9984846418 | 5 year plans | a government plan for economic development over 5 years | 69 | |
| 9984859769 | gulag | system of labor camps maintained in the former USSR from 1930-1955 in which many people died |  | 70 |
| 9984872260 | fascism | political philosophy that became predominant in Italy and later Germany during the 1920s and 1930s; attacked weakness of democracy, corruption of capitalism; promised vigorous foreign and military programs; undertook state control of economy to reduce social friction | 71 | |
| 9984905438 | blitzkrieg | German term for lightning warfare; involved rapid movement of airplanes, tanks, and mechanized troop carriers; resulted in early German victories over Belgium, Holland, and France in World War 2 |  | 72 |
| 9984926545 | battle of britain | the 1940 Nazi air offensive including saturation bombing of London and other British cities; countered by British innovative air tactics and radar tracking of German assault aircraft |  | 73 |
| 9984963426 | pearl harbor | American naval base in Hawaii; attack by Japanese on this facility in December 1941 crippled American fleet in the Pacific and caused United States to enter World War 2 |  | 74 |
| 9984980022 | d day | Allied forces invaded northern France by means of beach landings in Normandy |  | 75 |
| 9984993104 | total war | warfare of the 20th century; vast resources and emotional commitments of belligerent nations were marshaled to support military effort; resulted from impact of industrialization on the military effort reflecting technological innovation and organizational capacity | 76 | |
| 9985026675 | yalta conference | meeting among leaders of the United States , Britain , and Russia in 1945; agreed to Soviet entry into the Pacific war in return for possessions in Manchuria, organization of the United Nations; disputed the division of political organization in the eastern European states to be reestablished after the war |  | 77 |
| 9985577193 | potsdam conference | meeting among leaders of the United States, Britain, and Russia just before the end of the war in 1945; Allies agreed upon Soviet domination in eastern Europe; Germany and Austria to be divided among victorious Allies |  | 78 |
| 9985606149 | midway | World War 2 Pacific battle; decisive US victory over powerful Japanese carrier force |  | 79 |
| 9985620806 | stalingrad | a major battle between German and Russian troops in World War 2; fought in the winter of 1942-1943; ended with the surrender of an entire German army; considered a major turning point in the war for the Allies |  | 80 |
| 9985646725 | potsdam declaration | a statement that called for the surrender of all Japanese armed forces in World War 2 |  | 81 |
| 9985663815 | iron curtain | phrase coined by Winston Churchill to describe the division between free and communist societies taking shape in Europe after 1946 |  | 82 |
| 9985681721 | marshall plan | program of substantial loans initiated by the United States in 1947; designed to aid Western nations in rebuilding from the war's devastation; vehicle for American economic dominance | 83 | |
| 9985704766 | nato | a military alliance of European and North American democracies found after World War 2 to strengthen international ties between member states and to serve as a counter balance to the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact | 84 | |
| 9985741703 | truman doctrine | the principle that the United States should give support to countries or people threatened by Soviet forces or communist insurrection | 85 | |
| 9985758954 | cuban missile crisis | a confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1962 over the presence of missiles in Cuba |  | 86 |
| 9985781490 | green revolution | introduction of improved seed strains/fertilizers/irrigation as a means of producing higher yields in crops such as rice/wheat/corn; particularly important in the densely populated countries in Asia | 87 | |
| 9985820830 | african national congress | black political organization within South Africa; pressed for end to policies of apartheid; sought open democracy leading to majority black rule; until the 1990s declared illegal in South Africa |  | 88 |
| 9985850780 | fw de klerk | white South African prime minister in late 1980s and early 1990s; working with Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress ; helped to dismantle the apartheid and opened the way for a democratically elected government that represented all South Africans for the first time |  | 89 |
| 9985900443 | mao zedong | communist leader in China; advocated rural reform and role of peasantry in Nationalist revolution; influenced by Li Dazhao; led Communist reaction against Guomindang purges in 1920s, culminating in Long March of 1934; seized control of all of mainland China by 1949; initiated Great Leap Forward in 1958 |  | 90 |
| 9985961282 | great leap forward | economic policy of Mao Zendong introduced in 1958; proposed industrialization of small-scale projects integrated into peasant communes; led to economic disaster; ended in 1960 | 91 | |
| 9985991247 | cultural revolution | movement initiated by Mao Zedong in 1965 to restore his dominance over pragmatists; used mobs to ridicule Mao's political rivals; campaign was called off in 1968 | 92 | |
| 9986015287 | viet cong | name given by the Diem regime to Communist guerrilla movement in southern Vietnam; recognized with North Vietnamese assistance as the National Liberation Front in 1958 |  | 93 |
| 9986051068 | korean war | fought from 1950-1953; North supported by USSR and People's Republic of China; South supported by the United States and small international United Nations forces; ended in stalemate and continued division of Korea |  | 94 |
| 9986075851 | warsaw pact | alliance organized by the Soviet Union with its eastern European satellites to balance formation of NATO by Western powers in 1949 |  | 95 |
| 10096635590 | mongol conquest of russia | a full scale invasion by Bantu Khan from 1237-1240; was ended by the Mongol succession process upon the death of Ogedei Khan; all principalities were forced to submit to Mongol rule and became part of the Golden Horde | 96 | |
| 10096662497 | mongol conquest of persia | 1219-1221; marked the beginning of the Mongol conquest of Islamic states | 97 | |
| 10096674971 | mongol conquest of china | a series of major military efforts by the Mongol Empire to invade China proper; spanned 6 decades in the 13th century; involved the defeat of the Jin dynasty, Western Xia, the Dali Kingdom, and the southern song | 98 | |
| 10096699857 | mongol conquest of india | 1221-1327; many of the later raids made by the unruly Qaraunas of Mongol origin | 99 | |
| 10096725532 | short bows | originated with the Mongols; very much part of their life for hunting as well as warfare | 100 |
