Terms : Hide Images
| 9928771191 | Covalent Bonds | occurs when valence electrons are shared by two atoms | 0 | |
| 9928771192 | Nonpolar covalent bonds | occurs when the electrons being shared are shared equally between the two atoms | 1 | |
| 9928771193 | Polar covalent bonds | one atom has greater electronegativity than the other, resulting in an unequal sharing of the electrons (In h20 - O is slightly negative and H is slightly positive) | 2 | |
| 9928771194 | Ionic Bonds | two atoms attract valence electrons so unequally that the more electronegative atom steals the electron away from the less electronegative atom | 3 | |
| 9928771195 | Ion | resulting charged atom or molecule from an ionic bond | 4 | |
| 9928771196 | Hydrogen bond | weak bonds that for between partial positively charged H atom of one molecule and the strongly electronegatively charged O or N atom of another molecule | 5 | |
| 9928771197 | Van der Waals Interactions | very weak connections that are the result of the asymmetrical distribution of electrons within a molecule. they contribute to the 3D shape of molecules | 6 | |
| 9928771198 | Properties of Water | - One O- and two H+ atoms - Water molecules are polar - Hydrogen bonds form between H20 molecules - maximum of 4 H bonds at a time per water molecule | 7 | |
| 9928771199 | Cohesion | the linking of molecules (ex: bugs can walk on water due to this property) | 8 | |
| 9928771200 | Adhesion | clinging of one substance to another (ex: water droplets adhering to glass windshield) | 9 | |
| 9928771201 | Specific Heat | the amount of heat required to change the temperature of a substance 1 degree celsius. (ex: high specific heat makes the temp. of our oceans stable and able to support plant/animal life) | 10 | |
| 9928771202 | Hydrophilic | water-soluble sustances (ex: sugars, ioinic compounds, some proteins, etc) | 11 | |
| 9928771203 | Hydrophobic | nonpolar substances (ex: oil) that do not dissolve in water | 12 | |
| 9928771204 | pH scale | acidic/basic conditions affect living organisims |  | 13 |
| 9928771205 | Major elements of life | C, H, O, N, S, and P | 14 | |
| 9928771206 | Isomers | molecules that have the same molecular formula but differ in their arrangement of these atoms. (ex: glucose and fructose have same omolecular formula but different roles) | 15 | |
| 9928771207 | Hydroxyl (-OH) Functional Group | - ex: ethanol, methanol - helps dissolve sugars |  | 16 |
| 9928771208 | Carboxyl (-COOH) Functional Group | - C double bonded to O and has bond to OH - ex: fatty acids, sugars |  | 17 |
| 9928771209 | Carbonyl (| - C double bonded to O
- ex: ketones and aldehydes such as sugars |  18 | | |
| 9928771210 | Amino (-NH2) Functional Group | - ex: amino acids |  | 19 |
| 9928771211 | Phosphate (PO3) Functional Group | - ex: organic phosphate, including ATP, DNA, and phospholipids |  | 20 |
| 9928771212 | Sulfhydryl (-SH) Functional Group | - ex: some amino acids, forms disulfide bridges in proteins |  | 21 |
| 9928771213 | Methyl (-CH3) | - ex: addition of a methyl group affects the expression of genes |  | 22 |
| 9928771214 | Polymers | long chain molecules made of repeating subunits called monomers (ex: starch is a polymer composed of glucose monomers) | 23 | |
| 9928771215 | Dehydration reactions/synthesis | creat polymers from monomers. Two monomers are joined by removing one molecule of water | 24 | |
| 9928771216 | Hydrolysis | occurs when water is added to split large molecules | 25 | |
| 9928771217 | Carbs | includes simple sugars (glucose, fructose, etc.) and polymers such as starch. | 26 | |
| 9928771218 | Monosaccharides | monomers of carbohydrates (ex: glucose and ribose) |  | 27 |
| 9928771219 | Polysaccharides | polymers of monosaccharides (ex: starch[plants], cellulose, glycogen [animals]) |  | 28 |
| 9928771220 | Lipids | - all hydrophobic. they are not polymers because they are assembled from a variety of components (ex: waxes, oils, fats, steriods) | 29 | |
| 9928771221 | Fats (triglycerides) | - made up of glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules | 30 | |
| 9928771222 | Fatty Acids | nonpolar, hydrocarbon chains that are hydrophobic | 31 | |
| 9928771223 | Saturated Fatty Acids | - have no double bond between carbons - are solid at room temp - ex: butter, lard |  | 32 |
| 9928771224 | Unsaturated Fatty Acids | - have double bond between carbons that results in kink - liquid at room temp - ex: corn oil and olive oil |  | 33 |
| 9928771225 | Phospholipids | - make up cell membrane - have hydrophilic (polar) head - two fatty acids tails which are hydrophobic |  | 34 |
| 9928771226 | Steroids | - made up of 4 rings fused together - ex: cholesterol is a steriod. it is a common component of cell membranes - estrogen and testosterone are steroid hormones |  | 35 |
| 9928771227 | Proteins | polymers made up of amino acids monomers | 36 | |
| 9928771228 | Amino Acids | - central carbon bonded to carboxyl group (COOH) - an amino group (NH2) - an H atom - and an R group |  | 37 |
| 9928771229 | Peptide Bonds | Link amino acids. Formed by dehydration synthesis between amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent monomers | 38 | |
| 9928771230 | 4 Levels of Protein Structure | - Primary - Secondary - Tertiary - Quaternary | 39 | |
| 9928771231 | Primary Structure | the unique sequence in which amino acids are joined | 40 | |
| 9928771232 | Secondary Structure | either the alpha helix (coiled, slinky shape) or beta pleated sheet (accordion shape) 3D shape. this is the result from H bonds between polypeptide backbone | 41 | |
| 9928771233 | Tertiary Structure | results in complex shape due to interactions between R groups | 42 | |
| 9928771234 | Quaternary Structure | association of two or more polypeptide chains into one large protein | 43 | |
| 9928771235 | Denaturation | when a protein loses its shape and ability to function due to heat, a change in pH, etc. | 44 | |
| 9928771236 | Nucleotides | - Nitrogenous base (A, T, C, G in DNA - A, U, C, G in RNA) - Pentose (5 carbon) sugar - Phosphate group | 45 | |
| 9928771237 | Plasma Membrane | boundary for cell - selectively permeable | 46 | |
| 9928771238 | 3 things about eukaryotic cells | 1) membrane-enclosed nucleus contains chromosomes 2) membrane-bound organelle in cytoplasm 3) euk. much bigger than prok. | 47 | |
| 9928771239 | Nuclear envelope | double membrane surrounding nucleus | 48 | |
| 9928771240 | Nucleolus | region in nucleus where rRNA complexes with proteins to form ribosomal subunits | 49 | |
| 9928771241 | Endoplasmic Reticulum | network of membranes and sacs that takes up more than half of membrane structure |  | 50 |
| 9928771242 | Smooth E.R. | -synthesis of lipids -metabolism of carbs. -detoxification of drugs and poisons | 51 | |
| 9928771243 | Rough E.R. | -ribosomes on surface -synthesize proteins -proteins move from rough E.R. to golgi | 52 | |
| 9928771244 | Golgi Apparatus | (postal system analogy) proteins are modified, stored, shipped |  | 53 |
| 9928771245 | Lysosomes | sacs of enzymes that can digest molecules |  | 54 |
| 9928771246 | Vacuoles | store food/water for protists |  | 55 |
| 9928771247 | Central Vacuole | in plant cell, store water | 56 | |
| 9928771248 | Mitochondria | -site of cellular respiration -found in both plant and animal cells |  | 57 |
| 9928771249 | Chloroplasts | the site of photosynthesis in plants |  | 58 |
| 9928771250 | Cytoskeleton | network of protien fibers through cytoplasm for support, mobility, and regulation | 59 | |
| 9928771251 | Centrosomes | region near nucleus where microtubules grow |  | 60 |
| 9928771252 | Centrioles | located within centrosomes | 61 | |
| 9928771253 | Flagella | help to propel through water (ex: sperm) |  | 62 |
| 9928771254 | Isotonic Solution | no net movement of water | 63 | |
| 9928771255 | Hypertonic Solution | cell will lose water to its surroundings, may shrivel and die (more solute in water than in cell) ex: cell and ocean water | 64 | |
| 9928771256 | Hypotonic Solution | water enters cell faster than it leaves, cell may swell and burst (ex: cell and distilled water) | 65 | |
| 9928771257 | Facilitated Diffusion | the process by which ions and hydrophilic solutions diffuse across the cell membrane with the help of proteins (dont need ATP) |  | 66 |
| 9928771258 | Active Diffusion | substances move against concentration gradient (from less concentrated to more concentrated) this required atp (ex: NA-K pump) | | 67 |
| 9928771259 | Endocytosis | cell forms new vesicles from plasma membrane to take in molecules (ex: white blood cells engulfing foreign particles) |  | 68 |
| 9928771260 | Exocytosis | Vesicles from interior fuse with cell membrane to expel contents inside cell |  | 69 |
| 9928771261 | 3 stages of cell communication | 1) Reception 2) Transduction 3) Responce | 70 | |
| 9928771262 | Apoptosis | controlled cell suicide to protect neighboring cells from damage that could occur | 71 | |
| 9928771263 | Somatic Cell | any human cell that is not a sex cell (46 chromosomes) | 72 | |
| 9928771264 | Gamete | sex cells like sperm and egg (haploid - 23 chromosomes) | 73 | |
| 9928771265 | Interphase (mitosis) | 1) G1 Phase - growth, checkpoint (if bad --> G0) 2) S Phase - duplicated chromosomes 3) G2 Phase - growth, checkpoint | 74 | |
| 9928771266 | Mitosis Prophase | 1) chromatin becomes chromatids 2) nucleoli disappears 3) mitotic spindle begins to form | 75 | |
| 9928771267 | Mitosis Prometaphase | 1) nuclear envelope fragments 2) chromatids held to each other by centromere | 76 | |
| 9928771268 | Mitosis Metaphase | 1) chroms. move to metaphase plate at equator 2) centrioles are at opposite poles | 77 | |
| 9928771269 | Mitosis Anaphase | 1) chromosomes separate 2) cell elongates 3) by the end, opposite ends of cell contain complete sets of chroms. | 78 | |
| 9928771270 | Mitosis Telophase | 1) nuclear envelope reforms 2) cytokinesis begins (in animals, cleavage furrow forms - in plants, cell plate forms) | 79 | |
| 9928771271 | Binary Fission | how prokaryotes (bacteria) replicate their genome rather than mitosis | 80 | |
| 9928771272 | Major cell checkpoints | g1, g2, m phase checkpoints | 81 | |
| 9928771273 | Kinases | protein enzymes that control the cell cycle but only active when theyre connected to cyclin proteins (cdks) | 82 | |
| 9928771274 | Transformation | process that converts a normal cell to a cancer cell | 83 | |
| 9928771275 | Metastasis | occurs when cells separate from tumor and enter blood/lymph vessels and travel around body | 84 | |
| 9928771276 | Catabolic pathway | release of energy by the breakdown of compounds (ex: occurs when digestive enzymes break down food and release energy) | 85 | |
| 9928771277 | Anabolic pathway | consume energy to build molecules (ex: occurs when amino acids are linked to form muscle protein during exercise) | 86 | |
| 9928771278 | energy | the capacity to do work | 87 | |
| 9928771279 | thermodynamics | study of energy transformations that occur in matter | 88 | |
| 9928771280 | △G | symbol for change in free energy | 89 | |
| 9928771281 | exergonic reaction | energy is released | 90 | |
| 9928771282 | endergonic reaction | requires energy | 91 | |
| 9928771283 | energy coupling | the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one | 92 | |
| 9928771284 | ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | nitrogenous base (adenine) ribose chain of three phosphate groups | 93 | |
| 9928771285 | ADP (adenosine diphosphate) | when atp transfers one phosphate group through hydrolysis it becomes adp | 94 | |
| 9928771286 | catalysts | substances that can change the rate of a reaction without being altered | 95 | |
| 9928771287 | active site | the part of the enzyme that binds to the substrate | 96 | |
| 9928771288 | fermentation | partial degradation of sugars that occur without use of O2 | 97 | |
| 9928771289 | aerobic respiration | most efficient catabolic pathway - O2 is consumed as a reactant | 98 | |
| 9928771290 | Cellular Respiration EQ | C6H12O6 + 6O2 ⥤ 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy | 99 | |
| 9928771291 | oxidation | when a reactant loses one or more electrons and energy | 100 | |
| 9928771292 | reduction | when a reactant gains one or more electrons and energy | 101 | |
| 9928771293 | Glycolysis | - occurs in cytosol - glucose (6C) is broken down into two pyruvate molecules (3C) - produces: 2 ATP and 2 NADH |  | 102 |
| 9928771294 | Cellular Respiration 4 stages | 1) Glycolysis 2) Pyruvate Oxidation 3) Krebs Cycle 4) Electron Transport Chain | 103 | |
| 9928771295 | Pyruvate Oxidation | - pyruvate oxidized to acetyl CoA - this releases CO2 - this is a branching point - if cell doesn't have O2 then fermentation occurs, if cell does then krebs cycle occurs | 104 | |
| 9928771296 | Krebs Cycle (aka Citric Acid Cycle) | - in mitochondrial matrix - releases CO2 as waste - glucose is broken down - step-wise catabolism of 6C citrate molecules - cycle happens twice for each glucose molecule - produces: 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 4 CO2, 2 FADH2 |  | 105 |
| 9928771297 | Chemiosmosis | - energy-coupling mechanism that stores energy as an H+ gradient to drive cellular work - electron transport chain and chemiosmosis make up oxidative phosphorylation | 106 | |
| 9928771298 | Anaerobic Respiration | used by prokaryotes to generate ATP without O2 using electron transport chain | 107 | |
| 9928771299 | Fermentation | expansion of glycolysis where atp is generated by substrate-level phosphorylation | 108 | |
| 9928771300 | Alcoholic Fermentation | pyruvate converted to ethanol, releasing CO2 and oxidizing NADH in the process to make more NAD+ | 109 | |
| 9928771301 | Lactic Acid Fermentation | pyruvate is reduced by NADH and lactate is formed as a waste product | 110 | |
| 9928771302 | Stroma/Thylakoid/Chlorophyll/Granum | - Chloroplast is overall structure - Strome is space inside - Thylakoids are the connected sacs - Granum is a stack of thylakoids - Chlorophyll is located in the thylakoid membranes |  | 111 |
| 9928771303 | Stomata | tiny pores in leaf for CO2 to leave and O2 and H20 leave | 112 | |
| 9928771304 | Photosynthesis | 6CO2 + 6H20 + light ⥤ C6H12O6 + 6O2 | 113 | |
| 9928771305 | Photosynthesis 2 Stages | 1) light reactions 2) Calvin cycle | 114 | |
| 9928771306 | Light Reactions | - light-dependent reaction - convert solar energy to chemical energy - ATP and NADPH - electron transport chain - protein H+ gradient across inner membrane (PS I and PS II) - in thylakoid - H20 goes in and 02 comes out | 115 | |
| 9928771307 | Calvin Cycle | - light-independent reactions - in stroma - carbon enters as CO2 and leaves as sugar |  | 116 |
| 9928771308 | Steps of Calvin Cycle | 1) CO2 attaches to RuBP (5C molecule - enzyme rubisco catalyzes reaction) 2) this 6C unstable molecule breaks into PGA 3) ATP phosphorylates PGA, PGA is reduced by NADPH and forms G3P 4) 2 molcules of G3P bond to become one molecule of glucose 5) remaining G3P molecules are phosphorylated by ATP and are regenerated into RuBP | 117 | |
| 9928771309 | Leading strand from ___ to ___ | 5' - 3' | 118 | |
| 9928771310 | Lagging strand from ___ to ___ | 3' - 5' | 119 | |
| 9928771311 | DNA Ligase | seals Okazaki fragments | 120 | |
| 9928771312 | Transcription | the synthesis of RNA using DNA as a template | 121 | |
| 9928771313 | Messenger RNA (mRNA) | carries genetic material to ribosome | 122 | |
| 9928771314 | Translation | the production of a polypeptide chain using the mRNA transcripts (occurs in ribosome) | 123 | |
| 9928771315 | RNA polymerase | enzyme that separates the 2 DNA strands and connects the RNA nucleotides along the the DNA template strand | 124 | |
| 9928771316 | Codons | mRNA base triplets |  | 125 |
| 9928771317 | Promoter | the DNA sequence where the RNA polymerase attaches | 126 | |
| 9928771318 | Terminator | the DNA sequence that signals the end of transcription | 127 | |
| 9928771319 | Stages of Transcription | 1) Initiation 2) Elongation 3) Termination | 128 | |
| 9928771320 | 5' cap and poly-A-tail | help mRNA leave nucleus, protects mRNA from degredation, facilitate attachments of mRNA to ribosome | 129 | |
| 9928771321 | Introns | Part of mRNA that are spliced out through RNA splicing | 130 | |
| 9928771322 | Exons | the sections that remain after RNA splicing | 131 | |
| 9928771323 | Anticodon | codon on tRNA that binds with mRNA | 132 | |
| 9928771324 | tRNA | transfers amino acids from a pool of amino acids in cytoplasm to ribosome | 133 | |
| 9928771325 | point mutation | alteration of just one base pair | 134 | |
| 9928771326 | missense mutation | amino acid the codon codes for is still the same | 135 | |
| 9928771327 | nonsense mutation | amino acid changes to code for a stop codon | 136 | |
| 9928771328 | 3 parts of operon | 1) operator to control access of RNA 2) promoter where RNA polymerase attaches 3) genes of operon | 137 | |
| 9928771329 | restriction enzymes | used to cut strands of DNA at specific locations (restriction sites) | 138 | |
| 9928771330 | Meiosis Interphase | chromosomes duplicate, replicating their DNA. centrosome also divides | 139 | |
| 9928771331 | Meiosis I Prophase | -chromosomes condense, resulting in 2 sister chromatids attached at their centromeres -crossing over (synapsis) occurs (now have tetrads and chismatas) -spindle poles move away from each other, nuclear envelope goes away, spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores on chroms. |  | 140 |
| 9928771332 | Meiosis I Metaphase | -lined up at metaphase plate |  | 141 |
| 9928771333 | Meiosis I Anaphase | -spindle apparatus helps to move chroms to opposite ends of cell -sister chroms stay connected, homologous chroms separate |  | 142 |
| 9928771334 | Meiosis I Telophase and Cytokinesis | -each pole has haploid set of chroms, each chrom consisting of 2 sister chromatids -cleavage furrow forms in animals, cell plates in plant cells -daughter cells are now haploid |  | 143 |
| 9928771335 | Meiosis II Prophase | -spindle apparatus forms -sister chroms move toward metaphase plate | | 144 |
| 9928771336 | Meiosis II Metaphase | -haploid number of chroms. is now arrayed on metaphase plate -kinetochores of each sister chromatid are attached to microtubules from opposite poles | | 145 |
| 9928771337 | Meiosis II Anaphase | -centromeres of sister chromatids separate and individual chroms move to opposite ends |  | 146 |
| 9928771338 | Meiosis II Telophase and Cytokinesis | -nuclei reappear -each 4 daughter cells has haploid number of chroms | 147 | |
| 9928771339 | Meiosis vs Mitosis | -synapsis doesn't occur during mitosis -tetrads at metaphase plate rather than individual chroms like in mitosis -in miosis duplicated homo. chroms separate but sister chroms. stay attached. in mitosis, the chromatids separate | 148 | |
| 9928771340 | Complete dominance | when the heterozygote and homosygote for the dominant allele are the same ex: Yy and YY are both equally yellow | 149 | |
| 9928771341 | Codominance | occurs when 2 alleles are dominant and affect the phenotype in two different, equal ways ex: blood types - A and B are dominant to O but A and B are codominant to each other | 150 | |
| 9928771342 | Incomplete Dominance | where Fi hybrids have an appearance in between that of 2 parents ex: red flower and white flower breed and make pink | 151 | |
| 9928771343 | Polyploidy | having more that two complete sets of chroms. (rare in animals, frequent in plants) | 152 | |
| 9928771344 | Chromosome Deletion | when chrom. fragment is lost (missing genes) | 153 | |
| 9928771345 | Chromosome Duplicaiton | when chrom. segment is repeated | 154 | |
| 9928771346 | Chromosome Inversion | when chrom. fragment breaks off and reattaches backward |  | 155 |
| 9928771347 | Chromosome Translocation | when chrom. fragments breaks off and reattaches on a nonhomologous chrom. | 156 | |
| 9928771348 | p + q = 1 | p= frequency of dominant alleles in pop. q= frequency of recessive alleles in pop. | 157 | |
| 9928771349 | p^2+2pq+q^2=1 | p^2= frequency of homo. dominant individuals q^2= frequency of homo. recessive individuals 2pq= frequency of heterozygous individuals | 158 | |
| 9928771350 | antibody | a blood protein produced in response to antigen | 159 | |
| 9928771351 | antigen | a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body | 160 | |
| 9928771352 | b-cell | a lymphocyte responsible for producing antibodies | 161 | |
| 9928771353 | cell-mediated immunity | an immune response that does not involve antibodies, but involves the activation of phagocytes, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and cytokines in response to an antigen | 162 | |
| 9928771354 | cell communication | the process by which a cell detects and responds to signals in its environment | 163 | |
| 9928771355 | cyclic AMP (cAMP) | lays a major role in controlling many enzyme-catalyzed processes |  | 164 |
| 9928771356 | cytotoxic t-cell (killer t-cells) | is a T lymphocyte (a type of white blood cell) that kills cancer cells, cells that are infected (particularly with viruses), or cells that damaged in other ways | 165 | |
| 9928771357 | g-protein linked receptor | detect molecules outside the cell and activate internal signal |  | 166 |
| 9928771358 | helper t-cell | a T cell that influences or controls the differentiation or activity of other cells of the immune system | 167 | |
| 9928771359 | hormone | a regulatory substance produced in an organism (transported in tissue fluids such as blood) to stimulate specific cells into action | 168 | |
| 9928771360 | humoral immunity | aspect of immunity that is mediated by macromolecules found in extracellular fluids (body fluids) such as secreted antibodies, complement proteins, and certain antimicrobial peptides | 169 | |
| 9928771361 | inducer | a molecule that regulates gene expression. An inducer can bind to protein repressors or activators. Inducers function by disabling repressors. The gene is expressed because an inducer binds to the repressor |  | 170 |
| 9928771362 | lytic cycle | one of the two cycles of viral reproduction, the other being the lysogenic cycle. The lytic cycle results in the destruction of the infected cell and its membrane. | 171 | |
| 9928771363 | operon | a segment of DNA to which a transcription factor binds to regulate gene expression by repressing it. Repressors bind to operators to prevent transcription | 172 | |
| 9928771364 | phagocyte | cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign invaders | 173 | |
| 9928771365 | phosphorylation cascade | a sequence of events where one enzyme phosphorylates another, causing a chain reaction leading to the phosphorylation of thousands of proteins |  | 174 |
| 9928771366 | protein kinase | a kinase enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them (phosphorylation) | 175 | |
| 9928771367 | receptor | A molecular structure or site on the surface or interior of a cell that binds with substances such as hormones, antigens, drugs, or neurotransmitters |  | 176 |
| 9928771368 | repressor | a DNA- or RNA-binding protein that inhibits the expression of one or more genes by binding to the operator |  | 177 |
| 9928771369 | signal transduction | A set of chemical reactions in a cell that occurs when a molecule, such as a hormone, attaches to a receptor on the cell membrane |  | 178 |
| 9928771370 | transcription factor | is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence | 179 | |
| 9928771371 | virus | an infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat and is able to live only within the living cells of a host | 180 | |
| 9928771372 | function of enzymes | catalysts for biochemical reactions. They speed up reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway of lower activation energy. | 181 | |
| 9928771373 | Lyell | idea that shaping of earth took place over long period of time (earth must be very old) | 182 | |
| 9928771374 | Lamarck | characteristics acquired during organisms lifetime is passed down to offspring (ex: giraffe necks) and body parts that are used grow strong those that don't deteriorate | 183 | |
| 9928771375 | homologous structures | anatomical signs of evolution (ex: arms in bats, whales, humans) | 184 | |
| 9928771376 | vestigial organs | organs that have no importance to body (ex: pelvic bone in snake, whale) | 185 | |
| 9928771377 | convergent evolution | explains why distantly related species resemble one another. evolved from similar environments but not similar ancestors (ex: dolphins and fish) | 186 | |
| 9928771378 | endemic species | found at certain geographic locations and nowhere else | 187 | |
| 9928771379 | gene pool | all of the alleles at all loci in all members of a population | 188 | |
| 9928771380 | 5 conditions for H-W Equilibrium | 1. no mutations 2. random mating 3. no natural selection 4. population must be large 5. no gene flow (emigration, immigration...) | 189 | |
| 9928771381 | founder effect (genetic drift) | a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and establish new one | 190 | |
| 9928771382 | bottleneck effect (genetic drift) | sudden change in environment (natural disaster) that reduces pop. | 191 | |
| 9928771383 | directional selection | extreme phenotype favored over others |  | 192 |
| 9928771384 | disruptive selection | 2 extreme values favored over middle |  | 193 |
| 9928771385 | stabilizing selection | favors intermediate values |  | 194 |
| 9928771386 | speciation | process by which new species arise | 195 | |
| 9928771387 | microevolution | change in genetic makeup of a pop from gen. to gen. | 196 | |
| 9928771388 | macroevoltuon | broad pattern of evolutionary change above species levels | 197 | |
| 9928771389 | biological species concept | defines a species as a group of populations whose members have the potential to produce offspring, but cannot produce offspring with other species | 198 | |
| 9928771390 | Habitat isolation (prezygotic) | two species live in same area but not same habitat (ex: one wrong lives in tree, one on ground) | 199 | |
| 9928771391 | Behavioral Isolation (prezygotic) | signals to attract mates that are unique to their species | 200 | |
| 9928771392 | Temporal Isolation (prezygotic) | species breed at different times of day/seasons/years (ex: flowers in spring only vs. fall only) | 201 | |
| 9928771393 | Mechanical Isolation (prezygotic) | species are anatomically incompatible (ex: ant and horse) | 202 | |
| 9928771394 | Gamete Isolation (prezygotic) | gametes are unable to fuse to form a zygote (ex: dog and bunny) | 203 | |
| 9928771395 | Reduces hybrid viability (postzygotic) | when zygote is formed, genetic incompatibility causes development to cease | 204 | |
| 9928771396 | reduced hybrid fertility (postzygotic) | even if offspring is produced, reproduction isolation still occurs if offspring is sterile | 205 | |
| 9928771397 | hybrid breakdown (postzygotic) | two species mate and have viable offsprings but offspring is weak/sterile | 206 | |
| 9928771398 | allopatric speciation | a population is separated and two different species are formed | 207 | |
| 9928771399 | sympatric speciation | small part of pop. forms new species without being geographically isolated (ex: polyploidy plant) | 208 | |
| 9928771400 | adaptive radiation | occurs when many new species arise from one common ancestor | 209 | |
| 9928771401 | gradualism | species descended from common ancestor and gradually change | 210 | |
| 9928771402 | punctuated equilibruim | periods of stasis punctuated by sudden change | 211 | |
| 9928771403 | oligotrophic lakes | deep lakes, nutrient poor and oxygen rich- contain sparse phytoplankton | 212 | |
| 9928771404 | eutrophic lakes | shallow, high nutrition content and low oxygen content - lots of phytoplankton | 213 | |
| 9928771405 | biotic factors | behaviors and interactions of species | 214 | |
| 9928771406 | abiotic factors | environment, climate, non-living factors | 215 | |
| 9928771407 | k-selection | -late reproduction -few offspring -invest in raising offspring -logistic growth | 216 | |
| 9928771408 | r-selection | -early reproduction -many offspring -little parental care -expontential growth | 217 | |
| 9928771409 | Competition (-/-) | when resources are short in supply | 218 | |
| 9928771410 | Predation (+/-) | one species is predator and one is prey | 219 | |
| 9928771411 | cryptic coloration | animal is camoflaged by its coloring | 220 | |
| 9928771412 | aposematic (warning coloration) | poisonous animal is brightly colored to warn other animals | 221 | |
| 9928771413 | batesian mimicry | harmless species mimics harmful species | 222 | |
| 9928771414 | mullerian mimicry | two bad-tasting species mimic each other so predators avoid them both equally | 223 | |
| 9928771415 | Symbiosis | when individuals of two or more species live in direct contact with one another | 224 | |
| 9928771416 | Parasitism (+/-) | parasite derives nutrients from host | 225 | |
| 9928771417 | Mutualism (+/+) | benefits both species (ex: bees and flowers0 | 226 | |
| 9928771418 | Commensalism (+/0) | benefits one species and neither helps nor hurts another (ex: fern growing in shade of another plant) | 227 | |
| 9928771419 | biomass | (sum weight of all members of a pop.) | 228 | |
| 9928771420 | primary production | amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs | 229 | |
| 9928771421 | gross primary production | total primary production in ecosystem | 230 | |
| 9928771422 | net primary production | gpp - respiration | 231 | |
| 9928771423 | eutrophic | a lake that is nutrient rich and supports a vast amount of algae | 232 | |
| 9928771424 | nitrification | ammonium (NH4+) is oxidized to nitrite and then nitrate by bacteria | 233 | |
| 9928771425 | dentrification | releases nitrogen to atmosphere by bacteria | 234 | |
| 9928771426 | bioremediation | use of organisms to detoxify polluted ecosystem | 235 | |
| 9928771427 | osmosis | movement of water from high concentration to low concentration through selectively permeable membrane | 236 |
