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| 11346706164 | Parliamentary System | A system of government in which the chief executive is the leader whose party holds the most seats in the legislature after an election or whose party forms a major part of the ruling coalition. A system of government in which the legislature selects the prime minister or president. |  | 0 |
| 11346714833 | unified government | the political condition in which the same political party controls the presidency and Congress |  | 1 |
| 11361306409 | divided government | Governance divided between the parties, as when one holds the presidency and the other controls one or both houses of Congress. |  | 2 |
| 11346714834 | incumbent | (adj.) obligatory, required; (n.) one who holds a specific office at the time spoken of |  | 3 |
| 11346739599 | constituent | a person whom a member of Congress has been elected to represent |  | 4 |
| 11346759386 | Bicameral | A legislature consisting of two parts, or houses |  | 5 |
| 11346809520 | pork-barrel legislation | legislation that gives tangible benefits to constituents in several districts or states in the hope of winning their votes in return |  | 6 |
| 11346823996 | franking privilege | Benefit allowing members of Congress to mail letters and other materials postage-free |  | 7 |
| 11346827313 | Junkets | Seemingly unnecessary trips made by members of Congress at the taxpayers expense. |  | 8 |
| 11346834925 | Appropriation | A legislative grant of money to finance a government program or agency |  | 9 |
| 11346846511 | majority leader | the legislative leader elected by party members holding the majority of seats in the House or Senate |  | 10 |
| 11346860757 | Filibuster | A lengthy speech designed to delay or kill the vote on a bill; used only in the Senate |  | 11 |
| 11346895552 | conference committee | Committee appointed by the presiding officers of each chamber to adjust differences on a particular bill passed by each in different form. |  | 12 |
| 11347212120 | Quorum | The minimum number of members who must be present to permit a legislative body to take official action |  | 13 |
| 11347215202 | How a bill becomes a law | Bill is introduced in either house; sent to committee to be approved, rewritten, or killed; sent to the floor for debate and vote; sent to the other chamber for the same process; both houses pass the revised bill; sent to president for approval; president signs, (or, if vetoed, must have 2/3 vote of both houses to override); bill becomes a law. 1. written 2. discussed in committee + voted 3. discussed in House of Reps. and Senate + voted on in both 4. President signs it or vetoes it (which brings back to Congress, needs 2/3 vote to override veto) |  | 14 |
| 11347222718 | Gerrymandering | Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power. |  | 15 |
| 11347225993 | Apportionment | Distribution of representatives among the states based on the population of each state |  | 16 |
| 11347233264 | safe districts | Districts in which incumbents win by margins of 55 percent or more. |  | 17 |
| 11347238157 | Prime Minister | the head of an elected government; the principal minister of a sovereign or state. |  | 18 |
| 11347241255 | Bureaucracy | a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives. |  | 19 |
| 11347248394 | bureaucratic pathologies | the problems that tend to develop in bureaucratic systems. Problems shared by all or most federal bureaus or agencies. They include bureaucratic red tape, mission conflict, mission duplication, agency imperialism, and bureaucratic waste. |  | 20 |
| 11347259947 | Iron Triangle v. issue network | A close relationship between an agency, a congressional committee, and an interest group Relationships among interest groups, congressional committees and subcommittees, and the government agencies that share a common policy concern. |  | 21 |
| 11347276393 | Bully Pulpit | the president's use of his prestige and visibility to guide or enthuse the American public |  | 22 |
| 11347282853 | Veto | Chief executive's power to reject a bill passed by a legislature |  | 23 |
| 11347282854 | pocket veto | A veto taking place when Congress adjourns within 10 days of submitting a bill to the president, who simply lets it die by neither signing nor vetoing it. |  | 24 |
| 11347288203 | Impeachment | An action by the House of Representatives to accuse the president, vice president, or other civil officers of the United States of committing "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors." |  | 25 |
| 11347295817 | lame duck | an outgoing official serving out the remainder of a term, after retiring or being defeated for reelection |  | 26 |
| 11347299048 | Imperial Presidency | Term used to describe a president as an "emperor" who acts without consulting Congress or acts in secrecy to evade or deceive congress |  | 27 |
| 11347308433 | Executive orders | Regulations originating with the executive branch. Executive orders are one method presidents can use to control the bureaucracy. Formal orders issued by the president to direct action by the federal bureaucracy. |  | 28 |
| 11347317934 | War Powers Resolution of 1973 | Enacted to give Congress a greater voice in presidential decisions committing military forces to hostile situations overseas. Requires that the president notify Congress within 48 hours of deploying troops. Requires the president to bring troops home from hostilities within 60-90 days unless Congress extends the time. A law passed in 1973 spelling out the conditions under which the president can commit troops without congressional approval. |  | 29 |
| 11347328514 | Pyramid Cabinet | basically like a hierarchy so not everyone goes directly to the president. |  | 30 |
| 11347331511 | Circular Cabinet | when the president's assistants report directly to him. |  | 31 |
| 11347335266 | Judicial Review | The power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional. review by the US Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act. |  | 32 |
| 11347350981 | activist philosophy | when theres a law and judges interpret it based on the situation. |  | 33 |
| 11347354935 | writ of certiorari | Order by the Supreme Court directing a lower court to send up the records of a case for review |  | 34 |
| 11347364697 | amicus curiae | A Latin term meaning "friend of the court." Refers to interested groups or individuals, not directly involved in a suit, who may file legal briefs or oral arguments in support of one side. |  | 35 |
| 11347374495 | Opinion of the Court | An explanation of the decision of the Supreme Court or any other appellate court. |  | 36 |
| 11347374496 | concuring opinion | Judges opinion that reaches the SAME result as the MAJORITY OPINION of the Court, but usually for a DIFFERENT REASON than that stated by the other judges in the marjority |  | 37 |
| 11347385426 | dissenting (minority) opinion | written explanation of the views of one or more judges who disagree with a decision reached by a majority of the court. written documentation of the opinion of the minority voters (maybe 1 or more judges) |  | 38 |
| 11347395295 | stare decisis | Let the decision stand; decisions are based on precedents from previous cases |  | 39 |
| 11347399859 | United States v. Nixon | U.S. Supreme Court case that limited executive privilege. The 1974 case in which the Supreme Court unanimously held that the doctrine of executive priveledge was implicit in the Constitution but could not be extended to protect documents relevant to criminal prosecutions. Pardons+reprieves |  | 40 |
| 11347406536 | Marbury v. Madison | This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review |  | 41 |
| 11362178509 | Restraint Judicial Philosophy | That just go straight up by the law no joke no mercy. |  | 42 |
| 11362305517 | Russia | Executive: President Legislative: Federal assembly Judicial: Independent branch |  | 43 |
| 11362311293 | Nigeria | Executive: President Legislative: National Assembly Judicial: Federal Courts |  | 44 |
| 11362316998 | Britain | Executive: Royalty and prime minister Legislative: Parliament Judicial: Supreme court |  | 45 |
| 11362326064 | Iran | Executive: President Legislative: Islamic Assembly Judicial: Layered Courts |  | 46 |
| 11362332447 | Mexico | Executive: President Legislative: Bicameral congress Judicial: Federal and state courts |  | 47 |
| 11362337841 | China | Executive: President Legislative: National people congress Judicial: Independent court system |  | 48 |
