Terms : Hide Images
| 13667562438 | What is the Earth composed of? | A core, mantle, and a crust | 0 | |
| 13667568319 | 4 layers of the earth | inner core, outer core, mantle, crust | 1 | |
| 13667571701 | What are the 2 types of crust? | oceanic and continental | 2 | |
| 13667571702 | Oceanic crust | -denser than continental crust -made of basalt -has magnesium and iron | 3 | |
| 13667585548 | Continental crust | -on top of oceanic crust -high amount of granite -also contains aluminum | 4 | |
| 13667594950 | Mantle | -80% of earth's volume -has an upper and lower mantle | 5 | |
| 13667601770 | Lithosphere | crust and upper mantle | 6 | |
| 13667604637 | Asthenosphere | below the lithosphere -plastic like substance | 7 | |
| 13667615094 | Outer core | -liquid metal -nickle and iron | 8 | |
| 13667617719 | inner core | -solid metal -nickle and iron | 9 | |
| 13667626034 | Sea floor spreading | The movement of the seafloor at the mid-ocean ridge -This is the reason that tectonic plates are in constant motion -convection currents cause it | 10 | |
| 13667709977 | What are the 3 types of plate boundaries? | divergent, convergent, transform | 11 | |
| 13667737130 | Transform boundaries | plates slide past each other -as they slide they stick, causing friction -can cause earthquakes -aka fault Examples: San Andreas Fault in Cali |  | 12 |
| 13667760309 | divergent boundary | plates move away from each other -most occur at mid-ocean ridges -can form rift valleys -mid-ocean ridges and underwater volcanoes Examples: Lake Tanganyika |  | 13 |
| 13667901745 | Convergent boundary | plates move toward each other and collide -there are 3 types |  | 14 |
| 13667919416 | ocean-ocean convergence | when 2 oceanic plates collide, the oldest and densest plate subducts (goes under) the younger plate -can cause volcanic island arcs Examples: Japan, Alaska | 15 | |
| 13667965373 | ocean-continent convergence | a plate boundary where oceanic crust meets continental crust -Oceanic crust is denser so it subducts continental crust -Forms volcanic mountain ranges | 16 | |
| 13667991720 | continent-continent convergence | a convergent plate boundary where two continental plates are colliding -neither plate is dense enough to subduct -forms mountain ranges -can also cause earthquakes Examples: Mt. Everest and the Himalayas | 17 | |
| 13668054610 | Tsunamis | seismic sea waves generated from undersea earthquakes | 18 | |
| 13668067513 | Types of volcanoes | shield, composite, cinder cone | 19 | |
| 13668070433 | Shield volcanoes | large with broad sides and gradual slopes -seen at hotspots -nonviolent Examples: Hawaii |  | 20 |
| 13668088807 | Effects of volcanoes on environment | Increases hydrogen fluoride, Sulfur dioxide (S02), and HCl -this can lead to acid rain -also releases CO2 | 21 | |
| 13668116569 | Equinox | when day and night are equal | 22 | |
| 13668119195 | Vernal equinox | Start of spring in the Northern Hemisphere and fall in Southern Hemisphere -Occurs March 21 | 23 | |
| 13668130449 | Autumnal Equinox | beginning of fall in the northern hemisphere and beginning of spring in southern hemisphere -occurs at the end of September | 24 | |
| 13668141087 | Solstice | occurs when the sun is most north or south of the celestial equator | 25 | |
| 13668146834 | Summer Solstice | June 21 for the northern hemisphere -longest day | 26 | |
| 13668150449 | Winter Solstice | December 21 for the northern hemisphere -shortest day | 27 | |
| 13668178572 | Why do seasons occur? | The tilt of Earth's axis causes sunlight to fall differently on Earth at different times of the year -seasons are based on amount of direct sunlight (this amount is impacted by the tilt) | 28 | |
| 13668193056 | Composistion of the Atmosphere | 78% nitrogen 21% oxygen 0-4% water vapor 0.93% Argon 0.038% Carbon Dioxide 0.01% Trace Gases | 29 | |
| 13668226179 | Global warming | A gradual increase in average global temperature -caused by an increase in CO2 | 30 | |
| 13668246505 | Layers of the atmosphere | troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere |  | 31 |
| 13668280537 | Troposphere | The lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere -weather occurs here -contains most of the mass (75%) and atmospheric water vapor -Temp decreases as altitude increases | 32 | |
| 13668304749 | stratesphere | 2nd layer of the atmosphere -Contains ozone layer -temp increases as altitude increases | 33 | |
| 13668318319 | Mesophere | 3rd layer of the atmosphere -air temp decreases with altitude | 34 | |
| 13668337938 | Thermosphere | upper layer of the atmosphere -very thin air -contains ionosphere | 35 | |
| 13668352824 | Ionosphere | layer of electrically charged particles -in the thermosphere | 36 | |
| 13668366740 | Hadley air circulation cells | occur close to the equator -strongest of all 3 air circulation cells -causes air to rise and expand -releases moisture and causes high amounts of rain | 37 | |
| 13668424715 | Ferrel Air Circulation Cells | occur at mid-latitudes between the Polar and Hadley cells | 38 | |
| 13668434283 | Polar Air Circulation Cells | the northernmost of the 3 types of cells -contain dense cold air that move towards the poles | 39 | |
| 13675938520 | El Nino | A period of ocean warming in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean -surface waters warm due to strong undercurrents of warm water | 40 | |
| 13675958631 | Consequences of El Nino | -Warm winters in Northern US and Canada -Higher rainfall in eastern US and western S America -Drought in the western Pacific -Fisheries Collapse of S America | 41 | |
| 13675963184 | La Nina | opposite of El Niño; climactic fluctuation involving abnormal cooling of waters off of Peru and Ecuador; unusually cold ocean temperatures around equator, some consider it normal conditions | 42 | |
| 13675973464 | water cycle | The continuous process by which water moves from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back | 43 | |
| 13675981379 | Condensation | the transformation of water vapor from a gas to a liquid -droplets condense onto atmospheric particles -produces clouds and fog | 44 | |
| 13675989608 | Evaporation | Transformation of water from liquid to gas phase due to heating of water -usually from solar radiation | 45 | |
| 13676001290 | Infiltration | The process by which surface water seeps into the soil | 46 | |
| 13676052952 | Percolation | The movement of water down through soil | 47 | |
| 13676055573 | Transpiration | the loss of water vapor from plants, mainly from leaves | 48 | |
| 13676082813 | Groundwater | water located below Earth's surface | 49 | |
| 13676085455 | Runoff | water that flows along the surface but doesn't infiltrate it | 50 | |
| 13676125967 | What percentage of the water is saltwater? | 98% | 51 | |
| 13676128221 | freshwater breakdown | 2% of all water is freshwater -76% of freshwater is found in glaciers and icecaps | 52 | |
| 13676147558 | rock cycle | the continual process that breaks down, alters, and re-forms rocks |  | 53 |
| 13676150575 | 3 types of rocks | igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic | 54 | |
| 13676152505 | igneous rock | forms from the cooling of magma -formed below earth's surface it is (intrusive) -if it cools quickly above the surface it is (extrusive) | 55 | |
| 13676183835 | sedimentary rock | a rock that forms from compressed or cemented layers of sediment -examples: sandstone and limestone | 56 | |
| 13676197298 | metamorphic rock | formed by heat and pressure -usually formed deep underground -examples: marble and slate | 57 | |
| 13676270075 | soil formation | weathering of rock and the accumulation of organic material -based on 5 factors | 58 | |
| 13676276171 | 5 factors of soil formation | parent material, living organisms, topography, climate, and time | 59 | |
| 13676296575 | weathering | The breaking down of rocks and other materials on the Earth's surface. | 60 | |
| 13676299127 | 3 types of weathering | physical, chemical, biological | 61 | |
| 13676301649 | biological weathering | occurs from daily activities of organisms moving over soil Example: tree root breaks apart rock | 62 | |
| 13676305827 | physical (mechanical) weathering | occurs when rock is broken down without any chemical change taking place -usually through wind water and other forces Example: Ice wedging | 63 | |
| 13676312414 | chemical weathering | occurs when chemical reactions from water and atmospheric gases reacting with parent material Example: acid rain | 64 | |
| 13676341612 | soil profile | Layers of soil -O, A, E, B, C, R, |  | 65 |
| 13676388237 | O horizon | organic matter -includes living organisms, decaying matter, and waste | 66 | |
| 13676400383 | A horizon | Topsoil -mix of organic matter with inorganic materials -includes weathered parent material | 67 | |
| 13676408557 | E horizon | eluviated layer -zone of leaching | 68 | |
| 13676418558 | B horizon | subsoil -contains components leached from the layers above -includes nutrients, organic matter, and minerals | 69 | |
| 13676426503 | C horizon | Least weathered soil horizon -contains larger fragments of parent material | 70 | |
| 13677486923 | R horizon | Bedrock -parent material -last soil horizon | 71 | |
| 13677497528 | soil porosity | amount of open space between each soil particle -ration of void space to total volume -higher porosity=higher water holding capacity | 72 | |
| 13677510172 | Soil texture | Used to describe grain size in soils Divided into 3 main groups: Clay, silt, and sand | 73 | |
| 13677516580 | Clay | fine particles, low permeability | 74 | |
| 13677520292 | silt | fine particles, larger than clay | 75 | |
| 13677520293 | sand | larger particles, water passes through easily | 76 | |
| 13677552087 | What holds the most water? | Sand, then silt, and then clay | 77 | |
| 13677555377 | Loam | even mixture of sand, silt, and clay -best soil for growing | 78 | |
| 13677579233 | Population | A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area at the same time | 79 | |
| 13677582539 | Community | made up of multiple populations of different species in a give | 80 | |
| 13677627257 | habitat | Place where an organism lives -includes soil, vegitation, water, and more | 81 | |
| 13677636130 | ecosystems | made up of all living and nonliving components interacting in a specific area at the same time | 82 | |
| 13677650597 | Biomes | -large ecological areas dominated by a particular plant type -a broad, regional type of ecosystem characterized by distinctive climate and soil conditions and a distinctive kind of biological community adapted to those conditions. | 83 | |
| 13677662755 | keystone species | species that have an important and dramatic effect on the ecosystem in which they live | 84 | |
| 13677731023 | Niche | How an organism makes its living and interacts with the biotic and abiotic factors in its habitat -how it uses resources and its role in the community | 85 | |
| 13677753386 | Generalist | organisms that have the ability to survive in a variety of environments -can easily adjust | 86 | |
| 13677762692 | Specialist | organisms that have adapted to a specific environment and a certain role within that niche -more vulnerable to change -can't adjust easily | 87 | |
| 13677781289 | Competition | process by which organisms fight for the same resources -both are harmed | 88 | |
| 13684976211 | Predation | one organism captures and feeds on another organism -one is harmed the other benefits | 89 | |
| 13684980405 | Parasitism | One organism benefits and the other is harmed | 90 | |
| 13684983411 | Herbivory | Animals consume plant tissues -one is helped the other is harmed | 91 | |
| 13684988127 | Commensalism | one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed | 92 | |
| 13684994292 | Ammensalism | relationship when one organism is harmed, the other is unaffected | 93 | |
| 13685009586 | Mutualism | two organisms both benefit from the other | 94 | |
| 13685017801 | tropical rainforest | -high precipitation year round -warm -a lot of diversity -acidic soil -near equator | 95 | |
| 13685027393 | tropical dry forest | -low rain (has a rainy and dry season) -warm temperature -deciduous plants -India, Africa, etc | 96 | |
| 13685038258 | Temperate rain forest | -high precipitation year round -moderate temp -coniferous trees -Japan, Northwest US | 97 | |
| 13685046039 | temperate deciduous forest | -rain is evenly spread -temp varies seasonally -deciduous trees -China, Europe, North America -Fertile soil | 98 | |
| 13685058612 | boreal forest | -long cold winters and short cool summers -moderate temp -forests -Canada, Alaska, Russia -aka Taiga | 99 | |
| 13685071269 | Savanna | -short rainy season -usually warm -grasslands, zebras, lions, etc -Africa, India, South America | 100 | |
| 13685078615 | Chaparral | -very seasonal, wet winters and dry summers -mild winters, warm summers -shrubs -California, Chile, etc -frequent fires | 101 | |
| 13685089728 | temperate grassland | -low precipitation -variation in temp -Grasses, Bison -NA, SA, central Asia -aka prairie | 102 | |
| 13685102255 | Tundra | -low precipitation -cold winters, cool summers -lichens, polar bears, little vegetation -Arctic Russia, Canada -located at high latitudes | 103 | |
| 13685124181 | Desert | -lowest amount of precipitation out of all biomes -variation in temp -soil is usually saline | 104 | |
| 13685143774 | Photosynthesis | Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars -most important biological process for living organisms -6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy= C6H12O6 + 6 O2 | 105 | |
| 13685157714 | cellular respiration | the process of "burning" the carbohydrate glucose in the presence of oxygen to release the stored energy for use by the organism -C6H12O6 + 6 O2= 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy | 106 | |
| 13685187325 | food chain | a simple layer of energy flow from the producer to various consumers | 107 | |
| 13685222844 | food web | more realistic and complex flow of energy from producers to consumers to the decomposers | 108 | |
| 13685233819 | primary consumer | herbivore | 109 | |
| 13685233820 | secondary consumer | Carnivore that eats herbivores. | 110 | |
| 13685237065 | tertiary consumer | A carnivore that eats secondary consumers | 111 | |
| 13686920825 | Biodiversity | the total of all species in a given area at a specific time -healthy ecosystems are diverse | 112 | |
| 13686935634 | species richness | the number of species in an area -linked to the type of biome and its latitude | 113 | |
| 13686948231 | natural selection | Genetic traits strengthen an organism's chance of survival and these traits are passed down. -alters genetic makeup of a population -creates a new species | 114 | |
| 13686976018 | The 5 types of natural selection | 1. Directional Selection 2. Stabilizing Selection 3. Disruptive Selection 4. Sexual Selection 5. Artificial Selection | 115 | |
| 13686983039 | stabalizing selection | occurs when a population's characteristics stay within a range and neither extreme is dominant -normal model on graph |  | 116 |
| 13686995619 | disruptive selection | Fewer individuals fall within the average -individuals will be at one extreme or the other |  | 117 |
| 13687011128 | directional selection | Favors one extreme of the population |  | 118 |
| 13687039364 | Speciation | Formation of new species -genetic isolation creates new species | 119 | |
| 13687093717 | HIPPO | -habitat loss -invasive species -pop growth -pollution -overharvesting (threatens biodiversity and extinction) | 120 | |
| 13687148371 | ecological succession | predictable change in a given area | 121 | |
| 13687166036 | 2 types of ecological succession | primary and secondary succession | 122 | |
| 13687168358 | primary succession | succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists -area has never supported life before -ex: new volcanic islands like Hawaii was | 123 | |
| 13687175344 | secondary succession | reestablishment of a damaged ecosystem in an area where the soil was left intact -ex: after a fire, tornado, human activity, etc | 124 | |
| 13687239774 | biogechemical cycle | Describe the movement of nutrients throughout ecosystems. -aka nutrient cycles | 125 | |
| 13687295889 | Growth Formula | growth= (birth - death) + (immigration - emigration) | 126 | |
| 13687326780 | population ecology | the study of factors that cause populations to increase or decrease | 127 | |
| 13687337601 | Types of population distribution | clumped, uniform, random | 128 | |
| 13687346973 | clumped distribution | -most common in nature -animals come together around a resource |  | 129 |
| 13687358289 | random distribution | -most rare -spaced with no organization or intention -ex: algae floating in the ocean |  | 130 |
| 13687378313 | uniform distribution | -second most common -equal distance between each organism -ex: crops, wolves |  | 131 |
| 13687397224 | population density | Number of individuals per unit area | 132 | |
| 13687408404 | carrying capacity | The maximum number of individuals of a population that can be sustained by a particular habitat at a given time | 133 | |
| 13687423566 | 2 patterns of growth | exponential and logistic | 134 | |
| 13687426811 | exponential growth | -j curve -no limits | 135 | |
| 13687438285 | logistic growth | -s curve -has limits | 136 | |
| 13687448510 | limiting factor | a population reaches its carrying capacity based on this | 137 | |
| 13687451269 | 2 types of limiting factors | density dependent and density independent | 138 | |
| 13687456996 | density dependent factors | -limiting factor that depends on population size -become more intense as pop increases -disease, competition, etc | 139 | |
| 13687474945 | density independent factors | -don't depend on size, have the same affect no matter how large or small the pop is -natural disasters | 140 | |
| 13694779244 | K-selected species | -have few offspring -care for offspring (k for care) -specialists -examples: humans, elephants, horses, and cows | 141 | |
| 13694818664 | r-selected species | -rapid population growth (j curve) think r for rapid -lots of offspring -little to no care -generalists -examples: spiders, fish, mice, and frogs | 142 | |
| 13694835299 | survivorship curve | represent # individuals alive at each age for a given species |  | 143 |
| 13694843984 | Type I survivorship curve | -Most individuals survive to middle age -ex: humans, large mammals | 144 | |
| 13694861649 | Type II survivorship curve | -Length of survivorship is random. Likelihood of death is the same at any age -ex: rodents, birds, reptiles | 145 | |
| 13694882944 | Type III survivorship curve | -Most individuals die young. Very few survive to reproductive age and beyond -ex: sea turtles, trees, insects | 146 | |
| 13694938323 | Rule of 70 | time pop takes to double = 70/annual growth rate | 147 | |
| 13694956382 | Demographic Transition Model | explains the shifts in birth and death rates -has 4 stages: pre-industrial, transitional, industrial, post-industrial |  | 148 |
| 13694995592 | pre-industrial stage | -very slow growth -death and birth rates are high | 149 | |
| 13695004514 | Transitional stage | -rapid growth -death declines but birth is still high | 150 | |
| 13695009493 | Industrial stage | -growth slows -birth and death rates stabilize | 151 | |
| 13695018486 | post-industrial stage | -very slow growth -birth and death rates are low | 152 | |
| 13695041114 | age structure diagram | show the distribution of ages throughout a population -can help predict what will happen to a pop over time -aka pop pyramids or age pyramids | 153 | |
| 13695073983 | traditional agriculture | uses human power, animal power, and simple tools | 154 | |
| 13695093232 | subsitence agriculture | when enough food is produced by a family for its own consumption and use | 155 | |
| 13695104666 | industrialized agriculture | large-scale agriculture | 156 | |
| 13700900555 | The green revolution | the advent of industrialized agriculture in the mid and late 20th century | 157 | |
| 13700916256 | Green Revolution (Pros and Cons) | Pros -high crop yields, increases variation, increased irrigation, infastructure Cons -Gmos, monoculture, more pesticides | 158 | |
| 13700931177 | GMOs | genetically modified organisms -ex: golden rice, BT corn, and cotton | 159 | |
| 13700938293 | Seed banks | preserve genetic material of endangered plants | 160 | |
| 13700943998 | drip irrigation | Allows water to go directly onto plants, as opposed to mass spraying of water on an entire field | 161 | |
| 13700962824 | sustainable farming | Some modern farmers use a variety of methods to reduce the environmental impact of growing crops, including the conservation of soil, land and water. -there are 6 techniques | 162 | |
| 13700983095 | no-till farming | farmland is only minimally disturbed while it is being prepared for crops. | 163 | |
| 13700991053 | crop rotation | the alternation of the types of crops grown on a piece of land from year to year or season to season -allows nutrients to return to soil | 164 | |
| 13701000279 | Intercropping | Planting alternative crops throughout a field -reduces the impact of a single disease or crop-specific insects and can reduce erosion and nutrient depletion | 165 | |
| 13701007955 | Shelterbelts | Created when tall plants or trees are planted along the edges of fields or farms -reduces the wind that creates erosion | 166 | |
| 13701015172 | contour farming | Plowing rows across a hill, following the hill's contour lines -reduce erosion | 167 | |
| 13701019217 | Terracing | Used on the steep slopes of mountainous terrain -minimizes erosion and retains water in areas that are typically unsuitable for planting crops | 168 | |
| 13701029237 | Pesticides | synthetic chemicals and natural substances used to control pests | 169 | |
| 13701039351 | Fedlots | areas where livestock are fed high in energy to fatten them up before market -aka factory farms or concentrated animal feeding operations | 170 | |
| 13701071983 | subsurface mining | Deep underground mining where a resource is concentrated in a pocket or seem deep underground -most dangerous form of mining -tunnels collapse, explosive gas, low oxygen, toxic chemicals and more | 171 | |
| 13701090906 | strip mining | layers of surface soil and rock are removed from large areas to expose the resource -safest form of mining but most harmful to the environment | 172 | |
| 13701100352 | open pit mining | involves digging a large hole and removing the ore and the unwanted rock surrounding the ore | 173 | |
| 13701110075 | mountain top removal | a mining technique in which the entire top of a mountain is removed with explosives -used for coal | 174 | |
| 13701144880 | reclamation | the process of returning land to its original condition after mining is completed | 175 | |
| 13701152593 | Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) | Regulates coal-mining activities to protect both humans and the environment -also governs the restoration of abandoned mining locations | 176 | |
| 13701161788 | General Mining Act of 1872 | Gives people the right to prospect and mine on federal lands, except for in areas like national parks | 177 | |
| 13701172977 | Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) | Controls hazardous waste throughout its entire life cycle, including generation, transportation, treatment, storage and disposal | 178 | |
| 13702098057 | Fishing techniques (3) | bottom trawling, long-lining, and drift netting | 179 | |
| 13702102070 | bottom trawling | Dragging a large net along the bottom to capture organisms -can crush the reefs and other organisms -most destructive type of fishing | 180 | |
| 13702124036 | long lining | Involves dragging a fishing line with hooks behind a boat or attaching it to an anchor -High rate of bycatch -considered the best technique | 181 | |
| 13702136259 | Drift netting | practice of dragging large nets through the water to catch fish -large amount of bycatch -banned in some places | 182 | |
| 13702146893 | tradgedy of the commons | essay written by Garret Hardin in 1968 -wrote about the unregulated resources that will be depleted soon -overharvesting of fisheries is an example | 183 | |
| 13702167423 | United nations convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) | Sets up naval boundaries and the extent of waters that belong to the nations surrounding those boundaries | 184 | |
| 13702176236 | Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA) | Regulates waste disposal in marine water in the US -Also known as the Ocean Dumping Act) | 185 | |
| 13702185210 | Aquaculture pros and cons | Pros: -reduces bycatch, energy efficient, reduces consumption Cons: Increases risk of disease, increased antibiotics, fish can escape, more waste | 186 | |
| 13702212506 | Laws of Thermodynamics | 1) Energy can not be created nor destroyed, it may only be changed from one form to another. 2) Systems naturally flow from states of high energy (low entropy) into states of low energy (high entropy). | 187 | |
| 13744672325 | 3 types of fossil fuels | coal, oil, natural gas -all nonrenewable -all release CO2 and cause pollution | 188 | |
| 13744676005 | coal | -most abundant fossil fuel -cheap with little processing involved -formed in an anaerobic environment | 189 | |
| 13744792857 | Types of coal | peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite | 190 | |
| 13744796435 | oil | -we are rapidly running out -involves a lot of processing -mixture of varied weight hydrocarbons and organic compounds found on the Earth's surface -get it through primary and secondary extraction | 191 | |
| 13744893926 | primary extraction | -Gushers -Causes oil to rise up "naturally" through the well and out -20% of oil is recovered this way | 192 | |
| 13745001855 | secondary extraction | -pump water or other chemicals into the oil reserve to push oil into the wells -Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking) is one type | 193 | |
| 13745017317 | types of oil | oil shale and tar sands | 194 | |
| 13745020175 | natural gas | -usually found with crude oil -extracted through Hydraulic Fracturing | 195 | |
| 13745040773 | Nuclear fission | -the splitting of an atom's nucleus into two smaller nuclei | 196 | |
| 13745070105 | half-life | length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay | 197 | |
| 13748862876 | Hydropwer | -Use kinetic energy of moving water to turn turbines and generate electricity -Dams -Dependable | 198 | |
| 13748887184 | ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) | the use of temperature differences in ocean water to produce electricity -still in the experimental stages of development | 199 | |
| 13748895579 | tidal energy | Uses the energy of tide water in order to generate electricity -Water enters a dam during high tide, and then spins a turbine as the water leaves the dam at low tide | 200 | |
| 13748916760 | biofuel | Liquid fuel created from processed or refined biomass -used to power cars -2 types are ethanol and biodiesel | 201 | |
| 13748934629 | geothermal energy | Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks | 202 | |
| 13748952901 | wind energy | Convert the wind's kinetic energy into electrical energy -expensive to build cheap to run | 203 | |
| 13748962587 | solar energy | energy from the sun -2 ways: passive and active | 204 | |
| 13748980622 | active solar heating | uses technology to collect, move, and store heat derived from the sun | 205 | |
| 13748990688 | passive solar heating | Designing a building to collect, store, and distribute the sun's energy without the use of technological devices like solar panels | 206 | |
| 13856930488 | point source pollution | Pollutants discharged from a single identifiable location (e.g., pipes, ditches, channels, sewers, tunnels, containers of various types). | 207 | |
| 13856930854 | nonpoint source pollution | pollution that comes from many sources rather than from a single, specific site | 208 | |
| 13856948881 | primary pollutants | harmful substances emitted directly into the air ex: VOCs, CO, NPx, SO2, PM Lead | 209 | |
| 13856957460 | secondary pollutants | when a primary pollutant interacts with one another OR with the basic components of air to form new harmful substances. ex: O3, HNO3, H2SO | 210 |
