The Post-Classical World, 500-1450
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| 13993602989 | Bedouin | nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats | 0 | |
| 13993602990 | Mecca | Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam | 1 | |
| 13993602991 | Medina | town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar | 2 | |
| 13993602992 | Umayyad | Following the 4 Rightly Guided Caliphs; an Islamic dynasty | 3 | |
| 13993602993 | Muhammad | (570-632); prophet of Allah, founder of Islam | 4 | |
| 13993602994 | Qur'an | the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam | 5 | |
| 13993602995 | Umma | community of the faithful within Islam | 6 | |
| 13993602996 | Five Pillars | the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) | 7 | |
| 13993602997 | Caliph | the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community | 8 | |
| 13993602998 | Ali | cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism | 9 | |
| 13993602999 | Abu Bakr | succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph | 10 | |
| 13993603000 | Jihad | Islamic holy war | 11 | |
| 13993603001 | Sunnis | followers of Abu Bakr as the rightful successor | 12 | |
| 13993603002 | Shi'a | followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam | 13 | |
| 13993603003 | Dhimmis | "the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus | 14 | |
| 13993603004 | Abbasids | dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad | 15 | |
| 13993603005 | Hadiths | "traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam | 16 | |
| 13993603006 | Dhows | Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants | 17 | |
| 13993603007 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids | 18 | |
| 13993603008 | Crusades | invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291 | 19 | |
| 13993603009 | Sufism | Mystic offshoot of Islam; more focus on individual spiritual experience; spreads into Asia | 20 | |
| 13993603010 | Mongols | central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 | 21 | |
| 13993603011 | Chinggis Khan | (1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms | 22 | |
| 13993603012 | Arabic numerals | Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West | 23 | |
| 13993603013 | Shrivijaya | trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam | 24 | |
| 13993603014 | Malacca | flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya | 25 | |
| 13993603015 | Mali | empire in west Africa; capital city was Timbuktu | 26 | |
| 13993603016 | Mansa | title of the ruler of Mali | 27 | |
| 13993603017 | Ibn Battuta | Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world | 28 | |
| 13993603018 | East African trading ports | urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar | 29 | |
| 13993603019 | Greek Fire | Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople | 30 | |
| 13993603020 | Icons | images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians | 31 | |
| 13993603021 | Kiev | commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c | 32 | |
| 13993603022 | Vladmir I | ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity | 33 | |
| 13993603023 | Russian Orthodoxy | Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire | 34 | |
| 13993603024 | Middle Ages | the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c | 35 | |
| 13993603025 | Vikings | seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily | 36 | |
| 13993603026 | Serfs | peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system | 37 | |
| 13993603027 | Three-field system | practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure | 38 | |
| 13993603028 | Carolingians | royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c | 39 | |
| 13993603029 | Charles Martel | first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732 | 40 | |
| 13993603030 | Charlemagne | Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800 | 41 | |
| 13993603031 | Holy Roman Emperors | political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy | 42 | |
| 13993603032 | Feudalism | personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service | 43 | |
| 13993603033 | Vassals | One who received land from a lord in return for military service and/or loyalty | 44 | |
| 13993603034 | William the Conqueror | invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England | 45 | |
| 13993603035 | Magna Carta | Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law | 46 | |
| 13993603036 | Parliaments | bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects | 47 | |
| 13993603037 | Hanseatic League | an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance | 48 | |
| 13993603038 | Black Death | bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia | 49 | |
| 13993603039 | Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism | emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia | 50 | |
| 13993603040 | Wu Zong | Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism | 51 | |
| 13993603041 | Southern Song | smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279. | 52 | |
| 13993603042 | Grand Canal | great canal system begun by Sui emperor; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin | 53 | |
| 13993603043 | Junks | Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula | 54 | |
| 13993603044 | Bushi | regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies | 55 | |
| 13993603045 | Samurai | mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor | 56 | |
| 13993603046 | Shoguns | military leaders in Japan | 57 | |
| 13993603047 | Sinification | extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions | 58 | |
| 13993603048 | Trung Sisters | leaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 CE; demonstrates importance of women in Vietnamese society | 59 | |
| 13993603049 | Chinggis (Genghis) Khan | born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227 | 60 | |
| 13993603050 | Shamanistic religion | Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits | 61 | |
| 13993603051 | Batu | grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 1236 | 62 | |
| 13993603052 | Golden Horde | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c | 63 | |
| 13993603053 | Kubilai Khan | grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271 | 64 | |
| 13993603054 | Ottoman Empire | Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire | 65 | |
| 13993603055 | Ming Dynasty | replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China | 66 | |
| 13993603056 | Ethnocentrism | judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history | 67 | |
| 13993603057 | Champa Rice | tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase | 68 | |
| 13993603058 | Diasporic communities | merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas | 69 | |
| 13993603059 | Trans Saharan trade | Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates.. |  | 70 |
| 13993603060 | Tang Dynasty | followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence | 71 | |
| 13993603061 | Black Death | plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe. |  | 72 |
| 13993603066 | Indian Ocean Maritime Trade |  | 73 | |
| 13993603062 | Timbuktu | trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people | 74 | |
| 13993603063 | New forms of monetization | Checks, Bills of Exchange | 75 | |
| 13993603067 | Bantu Migrations |  | 76 | |
| 13993603064 | footbinding | began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming |  | 77 |
| 13993603065 | Marco Polo | traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan | 78 |
