Terms : Hide Images
| 12195202145 | psychology | the study of behavior and mental processes | 0 | |
| 12195202146 | psychology's biggest question | Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture? | 1 | |
| 12195202147 | psychology's three levels of analysis | biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together) | 2 | |
| 12195202148 | biological approach | genetics, close-relatives, body functions, brain functions | 3 | |
| 12195202149 | evolutionary approach | species - helped with survival (ancestors) | 4 | |
| 12195202150 | psychodynamic approach | (Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes | 5 | |
| 12195202151 | behavioral approach | learning (classical and operant) observed | 6 | |
| 12195202152 | cognitive approach | thinking affects behavior | 7 | |
| 12195202153 | humanistic approach | becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance) | 8 | |
| 12195202154 | social-cultural approach | cultural, family, environment | 9 | |
| 12195202155 | two reasons of why experiments are important | hindsight bias + overconfidence | 10 | |
| 12195202156 | types of research methods | descriptive(observational), correlational, and experimental | 11 | |
| 12195202157 | descriptive methods | case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT) | 12 | |
| 12195202158 | case study | studies one person in depth may not be typical of population | 13 | |
| 12195202159 | survey | studies lots of people not in depth | 14 | |
| 12195202160 | naturalistic observation | observe + write facts without interference | 15 | |
| 12195202161 | correlational method | shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research | 16 | |
| 12195202162 | correlation coefficient | + 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases) | 17 | |
| 12195202163 | experimental method | does show cause and effect | 18 | |
| 12195202164 | population | type of people who are going to be used in experiment | 19 | |
| 12195202165 | sample | actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias) | 20 | |
| 12195202166 | random assignment | chance selection between experimental and control groups | 21 | |
| 12195202167 | control group | not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo | 22 | |
| 12195202168 | experimental group | receiving treatment/drug | 23 | |
| 12195202169 | independent variable | drug/procedure/treatment | 24 | |
| 12195202170 | dependent variable | outcome of using the drug/treatment | 25 | |
| 12195202171 | confounding variable | can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control | 26 | |
| 12195202172 | scientific method | theory hypothesis operational definition revision | 27 | |
| 12195202173 | theory | general idea being tested | 28 | |
| 12195202174 | hypothesis | measurable/specific | 29 | |
| 12195202175 | operational definition | procedures that explain components | 30 | |
| 12195202176 | mode | appears the most | 31 | |
| 12195202177 | mean | average | 32 | |
| 12195202178 | median | middle | 33 | |
| 12195202179 | range | highest - lowest | 34 | |
| 12195202180 | standard deviation | how scores vary around the mean | 35 | |
| 12195202181 | central tendency | single score that represents the whole | 36 | |
| 12195202182 | bell curve | (natural curve) |  | 37 |
| 12195202183 | ethics of testing on animals | need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans | 38 | |
| 12195202184 | ethics of testing on humans | consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality | 39 | |
| 12195202185 | sensory neurons | travel from sensory receptors to brain | 40 | |
| 12195202186 | motor neurons | travel from brain to "motor" workings | 41 | |
| 12195202187 | interneurons | (in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons | 42 | |
| 12195202379 | neuron |  | 43 | |
| 12195202188 | dendrites | receive messages from other neurons | 44 | |
| 12195202189 | myelin sheath | protects the axon | 45 | |
| 12195202190 | axon | where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal | 46 | |
| 12195202191 | neurotransmitters | chemical messengers | 47 | |
| 12195202192 | reuptake | extra neurotransmitters are taken back | 48 | |
| 12195202193 | excitatory charge | "Let's do it!" | 49 | |
| 12195202194 | inhibitory charge | "Let's not do it!" | 50 | |
| 12195202195 | central nervous system | brain and spinal cord | 51 | |
| 12195202196 | peripheral nervous system | somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system | 52 | |
| 12195202197 | somatic nervous system | voluntary movements | 53 | |
| 12195202198 | autonomic nervous system | involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems) | 54 | |
| 12195202199 | sympathetic nervous system | arousing | 55 | |
| 12195202200 | parasympathetic nervous system | calming | 56 | |
| 12195202201 | neural networks | more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used | 57 | |
| 12195202202 | spinal cord | expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved | 58 | |
| 12195202203 | endocrine system | slow uses hormones in the blood system | 59 | |
| 12195202204 | master gland | pituitary gland | 60 | |
| 12195202205 | brainstem | extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival | 61 | |
| 12195202206 | reticular formation (if stimulated) | sleeping subject wakes up | 62 | |
| 12195202207 | reticular formation (if damaged) | coma | 63 | |
| 12195202208 | brainstem (if severed) | still move (without purpose) | 64 | |
| 12195202209 | thalamus | sensory switchboard (does not process smell) | 65 | |
| 12195202210 | hypothalamus | basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry) | 66 | |
| 12195202211 | cerebellum | nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements | 67 | |
| 12195202212 | cerebellum (if damaged) | difficulty walking and coordinating | 68 | |
| 12195202213 | amygdala | aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions | 69 | |
| 12195202214 | amygdala (if lesioned) | subject is mellow | 70 | |
| 12195202215 | amygdala (if stimulated) | aggressive | 71 | |
| 12195202216 | hippocampus | process new memory | 72 | |
| 12195202217 | cerebrum | two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing | 73 | |
| 12195202218 | cerebral cortex | only in higher life forms | 74 | |
| 12195202219 | association areas | integrate and interpret information | 75 | |
| 12195202220 | glial cells | provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons | 76 | |
| 12195202221 | frontal lobe | judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident) | 77 | |
| 12195202222 | parietal lobe | math and spatial reasoning | 78 | |
| 12195202223 | temporal lobe | audition and recognizing faces | 79 | |
| 12195202224 | occipital lobe | vision | 80 | |
| 12195202225 | corpus callosum | split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures) | 81 | |
| 12195202226 | Wernicke's area | interprets auditory and hearing | 82 | |
| 12195202227 | Broca's area | speaking words | 83 | |
| 12195202228 | plasticity | ability to adapt if damaged | 84 | |
| 12195202229 | sensation | what our senses tell us | 85 | |
| 12195202230 | bottom-up processing | senses to brain | 86 | |
| 12195202231 | perception | what our brain tells us to do with that information | 87 | |
| 12195202232 | top-down processing | brain to senses | 88 | |
| 12195202233 | inattentional blindness | fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere | 89 | |
| 12195202240 | sensory adaptation | tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?" | 90 | |
| 12195202243 | parallel processing | notice color, form, depth, movement, etc. | 91 | |
| 12195202259 | consciousness | awareness of ourselves and the environment | 92 | |
| 12195202265 | purpose of sleep | 1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more) | 93 | |
| 12195202274 | depressants | slows neural pathways | 94 | |
| 12195202275 | alcohol | ((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect | 95 | |
| 12195202289 | famous classical psychologists | Pavlov and Watson | 96 | |
| 12195202290 | famous operant psychologist | Skinner | 97 | |
| 12195202291 | famous observational psychologists | Bandura | 98 | |
| 12195202292 | classical conditioning | associating outside stimulus to response | 99 | |
| 12195202293 | Pavlov's experiment | Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation) | 100 | |
| 12195202294 | Watson's experiment | white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry) | 101 | |
| 12195202295 | generalization | any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now | 102 | |
| 12195202296 | discriminate | any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry | 103 | |
| 12195202297 | extinction | stop "treating" with conditioned response | 104 | |
| 12195202298 | spontaneous recovery | bring stimulus back after a while | 105 | |
| 12195202299 | operant conditioning | control by organism | 106 | |
| 12195202300 | Skinner's experiment | operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping) | 107 | |
| 12195202301 | shaping | get animal closer to doing what you want them to do | 108 | |
| 12195202302 | reinforcers | want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging) | 109 | |
| 12195202303 | punishments | want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone) | 110 | |
| 12195202304 | fixed ratio | happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card) | 111 | |
| 12195202305 | variable ratio | happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery) | 112 | |
| 12195202307 | fixed interval | happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM) | 113 | |
| 12195202308 | variable interval | happens at any time (receive texts from friends) | 114 | |
| 12195202311 | criticisms of Skinner | doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation | 115 | |
| 12195202312 | intrinsic motivation | doing something for yourself, not the reward | 116 | |
| 12195202313 | extrinsic motivation | doing something for reward | 117 | |
| 12195202314 | Skinner's legacy | use it personally, at school, and at work | 118 | |
| 12195202315 | famous observational experiment | Bandura's Bobo doll | 119 | |
| 12195202316 | famous observational psychologist | Bandura | 120 | |
| 12195202317 | mirror neurons | "feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals | 121 | |
| 12195202318 | Bobo doll experiment legacy | violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil | 122 | |
| 12195202319 | observational learning | biological behaviors work best | 123 | |
| 12195202322 | serotonin involved with memory | speeds the connection between neurons | 124 | |
| 12195202327 | flashbulb memory | type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment | 125 | |
| 12195202329 | cerebellum (memory) | forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning)) | 126 | |
| 12195202331 | memory | learning over time contains information that can be retrieved | 127 | |
| 12195202332 | processing stages | encoding -> storage -> retrieval | 128 | |
| 12195202333 | encoding | information going in | 129 | |
| 12195202334 | storage | keeping information in | 130 | |
| 12195202335 | retrieval | taking information out | 131 | |
| 12195202336 | How long is sensory memory stored? | seconds | 132 | |
| 12195202337 | How long is short-term memory stored? | less than a minute | 133 | |
| 12195202338 | How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory? | 7 | 134 | |
| 12195202339 | How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory? | 4 | 135 | |
| 12195202340 | How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory? | 2 | 136 | |
| 12195202341 | short term memory goes to ______________ | working memory | 137 | |
| 12195202342 | working memory | make a connection and process information to mean something | 138 | |
| 12195202343 | working memory goes to _________________ | long-term memory | 139 | |
| 12195202344 | How much is stored in long-term memory? | LIMITLESS | 140 | |
| 12195202345 | implicit memory | naturally do | 141 | |
| 12195202346 | explicit memory | need to explain | 142 | |
| 12195202347 | automatic processing | space, time, frequency, well-learned information | 143 | |
| 12195202348 | effortful processing | processing that requires effort | 144 | |
| 12195202349 | spacing effect | spread out learning over time | 145 | |
| 12195202350 | serial position effect | primary/recency effect | 146 | |
| 12195202351 | primary effect | remember the first things in a list | 147 | |
| 12195202352 | recency effect | remember the last things in a list | 148 | |
| 12195202353 | effortful processing (4 things) | 1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect | 149 | |
| 12195202354 | semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to | make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you | 150 | |
| 12195202358 | source amnesia | what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?) | 151 | |
| 12195202359 | priming | association (setting you up) | 152 | |
| 12195202360 | context | environment helps with memory | 153 | |
| 12195202362 | mood-congruency | emotion will bring back similar emotional memories | 154 | |
| 12195202363 | Ebbinghaus forgetting curve | initial rapid rate of forgetting that levels off- relearning | 155 | |
| 12195202365 | proactive interference | old information interferes with the new | 156 | |
| 12195202375 | Skinner (nature or nurture?) | language is learned (nurture) | 157 |
