Unit one: The Chemistry of Life
Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of life
Terms : Hide Images
| 15209665744 | Matter | Anything that takes up space and has mass. | 0 | |
| 15209665745 | Element | Substance that cannot be broken down to other substances through chemical reactions. Each has a symbol. 92 occurring in nature. |  | 1 |
| 15209665746 | Compound | Substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio. *Characteristics different than those of its elements |  | 2 |
| 15209665747 | CHON | 4 elements essential to life | 3 | |
| 15209665748 | Trace Elements | Required by an organism only in minute quantities. | 4 | |
| 15209665749 | Atom | Smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. Composed of subatomic particles. Mostly empty space. | 5 | |
| 15209665750 | Subatomic particles | Neutrons, protons, electrons. Make up atoms. | 6 | |
| 15209665751 | Proton | One unit of positive charge. Approximately one dalton. Located in nucleus. |  | 7 |
| 15209665752 | Electron | One unit of negative charge. Located outside of nucleus. | | 8 |
| 15209665753 | Atomic Nucleus | Dense core packed with protons and neutrons. |  | 9 |
| 15209665754 | Neutrons | Electrically neutral. Approximately one dalton. |  | 10 |
| 15209665755 | Atomic Number | The number of protons (which is unique to that element) and written as a subscript to left of element symbol. Also tells us number of electrons since P=E if atom is neutral |  | 11 |
| 15209665756 | Mass Number | Sum of the protons and the neutrons. An approximation of the atomic mass. |  | 12 |
| 15209665757 | Isotopes | Same number of protons, but different number of neutrons and therefore different mass. Same element. |  | 13 |
| 15209665758 | Radioactive Isotope | One in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy. Can decay to a different element. Have useful applications. |  | 14 |
| 15209665759 | Energy | Capacity to cause change | 15 | |
| 15209665760 | Potential Energy | Energy matter possesses because of its location or structure. Electrons have this based on distance from nucleus. |  | 16 |
| 15209665761 | Electron Shells | Where electrons are found, each with characteristic average distance and energy level. Electrons can change these by absorbing or losing energy. |  | 17 |
| 15209665762 | Valence Electrons | Electrons in the outermost shell. |  | 18 |
| 15209665763 | Chemical Bonds | The attraction that holds atoms together during an interaction. | 19 | |
| 15209665764 | Covalent Bond | Sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms. |  | 20 |
| 15209665765 | Molecule | Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. | 21 | |
| 15209665766 | Single Bond | One pair of shared electrons. | 22 | |
| 15209665767 | Structural Formula | H--H. Notation which represents both atoms and bonding. | 23 | |
| 15209665768 | Double Bond | Sharing two pairs of valence electrons. | 24 | |
| 15209665769 | Valence | Bonding capacity. Equal to the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the outermost (valence) shell. | 25 | |
| 15209665770 | Electronegativity | The attraction of a particular kind of atom for the electrons of a covalent bond. |  | 26 |
| 15209665771 | Nonpolar Covalent Bond | Covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally. |  | 27 |
| 15209665772 | Polar Covalent Bond | Where one atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom and the electrons of the bond are not shared equally. |  | 28 |
| 15209665773 | Ionic Bonds | The attraction of cations and anions. The transfer of electrons creates ions which form an ionic bond. |  | 29 |
| 15209665774 | Ion | A charged atom. | 30 | |
| 15209665775 | Cation | A positively charged atom. |  | 31 |
| 15209665776 | Anion | A negatively charged atom. |  | 32 |
| 15209665777 | Ionic Compounds | Or Salts. Compounds formed by ionic bonds. |  | 33 |
| 15209665778 | Hydrogen Bond | When a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom. |  | 34 |
| 15209665779 | van der Waals Interactions | Ever changing regions of positive and negative charge that enable all atoms and molecules to stick to one another. |  | 35 |
| 15209665780 | Molecular Shape | Determines how biological molecules recognize and respond to one another. | 36 | |
| 15209665781 | Reactants | The starting materials of a chemical reaction. |  | 37 |
| 15209665782 | Products | The resulting material of a chemical reaction. | | 38 |
| 15209665783 | Chemical Equilibrium | The point at which the relative concentrations of the products and the reactants stop changing and offset one another exactly. |  | 39 |
| 15209665784 | organic chemistry | The study of carbon & hydrogen compounds (organic compounds). | 40 | |
| 15209665832 | carbon | this atom has 4 electrons in valence shell and can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms |  | 41 |
| 15209665785 | hydrocarbon | An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen. |  | 42 |
| 15209665786 | isomer | One of several compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties. The three types are structural, geometric, and enantiomers. |  | 43 |
| 15209665787 | structural isomer | One or several compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms. (DIFFERENT SHAPE) | | 44 |
| 15209665788 | geometric isomer | One of several compounds that have the same molecular formula and covalent bonds between atoms but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms owing to the inflexibility of double bonds (DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENT) |  | 45 |
| 15209665789 | enantiomer | One or two compounds that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon. (MIRROR IMAGE) |  | 46 |
| 15209665790 | estradiol | A steroid hormone that stimulates the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics; the major estrogen in mammals. |  | 47 |
| 15209665791 | testosterone | Asteroid hormone required for development of the male reproductive system, spermatogenesis, and male secondary sex characteristics; the major androgen in mammals. |  | 48 |
| 15209665792 | functional groups | A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions. |  | 49 |
| 15209665793 | hydroxyl group | A chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom joined to a hydrogen atom. Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols. |  | 50 |
| 15209665794 | ketone group | A chemical group consisting of a carbon double bonded to oxygen (must be in middle of chain) |  | 51 |
| 15209665833 | ester group | A chemical group consisting of a carbon double bonded to oxygen and single bonded to another oxygen (must be in middler of chain) |  | 52 |
| 15209665834 | aldehyde group | A chemical group consisting of a carbon double bonded to oxygen and single bonded to hydrogen (must be at end of chain) |  | 53 |
| 15209665795 | carboxyl group | A chemical group consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group |  | 54 |
| 15209665835 | ionized carboxyl group | A chemical group consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a negatively charged oxygen |  | 55 |
| 15209665796 | amino group | A chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of 1⁺ |  | 56 |
| 15209665797 | sulfhydryl group | A chemical group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom. |  | 57 |
| 15209665798 | phosphate group | A chemical group consisting of a phosphate atom bonded to four oxygen atoms; important in energy transfer. |  | 58 |
| 15209665836 | Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids | Name the 4 types of macromolecules |  | 59 |
| 15209665837 | Metabolism | All the chemical conversions that occur within a cell Metabolism = anabolism + catabolism |  | 60 |
| 15209665838 | Catabolism | Conversion of complex organic molecules into smaller molecules by breaking chemical bonds |  | 61 |
| 15209665839 | Anabolism | Conversion of small organic molecules by forming chemical bonds between smaller molecules |  | 62 |
| 15209665840 | Hydrolysis | Pocess that is the reverse of dehydration synthesis. In __________, or water breakage, the bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule. |  | 63 |
| 15209665841 | Dehydration synthesis | Reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded, with the loss of a water molecule |  | 64 |
| 15209665842 | Polymers | Long molecules consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds. |  | 65 |
| 15209665843 | Glycosidic linkage | In carbohydrates, monosaccharides are joined together in a covalent bond called __________ _______. |  | 66 |
| 15209665844 | Monosaccharides | Carbohydrates are made up of _______________. |  | 67 |
| 15209665845 | Monosaccharide | The monomer in a carbohydrate is a(n) ______________. EX: Glucose | | 68 |
| 15209665846 | Disaccharide | Two monosaccharides covalently bonded form a ____________. EX: Sucrose |  | 69 |
| 15209665847 | Polysaccharide | Three or more monosaccharides linked together form a ______________. |  | 70 |
| 15209665848 | Glycosidic linkage | The bond in a carbohydrate is a(n) __________ _______. | | 71 |
| 15209665849 | Chitin; cellulose | Two examples of structural carbohydrates are ______ and _________. |  | 72 |
| 15209665850 | Cellulose | Polymer of β glucose monomers that is found in plant cell walls |  | 73 |
| 15209665851 | Glycogen; starch | Stored carbohydrate in an animal is called ________; in a plant, it is ______. |  | 74 |
| 15209665852 | α glucose | Starch and glycogen are polymers of ________ molecules. | | 75 |
| 15209665853 | Polymers | Lipids are the only large biological molecules that do not form __________. |  | 76 |
| 15209665854 | Lipids | Cushioning of organs, insulation, and energy storage are three functions of ___________. |  | 77 |
| 15209665855 | Glycerol; fatty acid chains | Triglyceride is composed of a ______ and three ____ _____ ______. |  | 78 |
| 15209665856 | Unsaturated fats | Fats with one or more double covalent bonds, which is less likely to solidify and more flexible. |  | 79 |
| 15209665857 | Phospholipid | Basic structural component of cell membranes, with a polar/hydrophilic head region and a nonpolar/hydrophobic tail region, giving membranes their selective permeability. |  | 80 |
| 15209665858 | Steroid | Lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of hydrogen-fused rings. |  | 81 |
| 15209665859 | HDL | Good cholesterol is called ___ ____________. HINT: Keep your ____ HIGH :-) |  | 82 |
| 15209665860 | LDL | The bad cholesterol, which can harden in arteries. HINT: Keep your ____ LOW :-) |  | 83 |
| 15209665861 | Ester linkage | In a triglyceride, the ---OH of glycerol loses a H and the ---COOH of the fatty acid chain loses a ---OH which joins to form water in a(n) _____ _______. |  | 84 |
| 15209665862 | Amino acid | The monomer in a protein is a(n) _____ ____. |  | 85 |
| 15209665863 | Amino; carboxyl; R | Amino acids are formed of a(n) _____ group with a(n) ________ group and a(n) _ group side chain. |  | 86 |
| 15209665864 | 20 | # different amino acids which can assemble according to genetic code to make different proteins. |  | 87 |
| 15209665865 | Peptide | In a _______ bond, the ---COOH group in one amino acid loses an ---OH and the ---NH2 group in another amino acid loses a H. |  | 88 |
| 15209665866 | Polypeptide | The polymer in a protein is a(n) ___________. |  | 89 |
| 15209665867 | 3D structure | The amino acid sequence ultimately determine the __ _________ of proteins. |  | 90 |
| 15209665868 | Structure | A protein's _________ determines its function. |  | 91 |
| 15209665869 | Primary | At the _______ level of protein structure, a linear sequence of amino acids is joined by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide. |  | 92 |
| 15209665870 | Secondary | At the _________ level of protein structure, hydrogen bonds form between the partial positive hydrogen atom of amine groups and the partial negative oxygen atom of carboxyl groups. |  | 93 |
| 15209665871 | β Pleated Sheet | __ ___________ ______________ are a secondary structure found in proteins. |  | 94 |
| 15209665872 | α Helix | ___ ___________ are a secondary structure found in proteins. |  | 95 |
| 15209665873 | Tertiary | At the ________ level of protein structure, various chemical associations in precise regions of a polypeptide cause it to fold into a 3D shape that will determine its function. |  | 96 |
| 15209665874 | Quaternary | At the __________ level of protein structure, 2 to 4 completely formed polypeptides combine. |  | 97 |
| 15209665875 | Sickle cell anemia | In this disease, one amino acid at the primary level (valine) replaces glutamic acid and the result is a distorted shape at the subsequent levels. |  | 98 |
| 15209665876 | Hormonal | Insulin and glucagon are examples of _________ proteins. |  | 99 |
| 15209665877 | Receptor | ________ proteins are embedded in all membranes and allow cells to interact with molecules and other cells. |  | 100 |
| 15209665878 | Contractile/Movement | ___________ proteins, such as actin and myosin, are found in muscle cells. |  | 101 |
| 15209665879 | Transport | _____________ proteins move molecules into and out of cells. |  | 102 |
| 15209665880 | Defensive | _________ proteins, like antibodies, are produced in response to antigens and bind to them. |  | 103 |
| 15209665881 | Denaturation | Excessive heat can cause ____________, in which a protein unravels and loses its native shape. |  | 104 |
| 15209665882 | Chaperonins | Assist in the proper folding of the protein by keeping the polypeptide segregated from disruptive chemical conditions in the cytoplasmic and create a hydrophilic environment for folding polypeptides |  | 105 |
| 15209665883 | Nucleotides | Nucleic acids are composed of ___________. |  | 106 |
| 15209665884 | Polynucleotide | The polymer in a nucleic acid is a(n) ______________. |  | 107 |
| 15209665885 | Phosphodiester bonds | Nucleotides link together via ________ _____ to form nucleic acid. |  | 108 |
| 15209665886 | Ribose | The sugar in RNA is ______. |  | 109 |
| 15209665887 | deoxyribose | The sugar in DNA is ______. |  | 110 |
| 15209665888 | A, T, C, G | The nitrogenous bases in DNA are ____. | 111 | |
| 15209665889 | A, U, C, G | The nitrogenous bases in RNA are ____. | 112 | |
| 15209665890 | Hydrogen | Nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA form complementary base pairs by forming ____________ bonds. | 113 | |
| 15209665891 | sugars; phosphate groups | The backbone of DNA and RNA molecules is composed of alternating _____________ and ______________. |  | 114 |
| 15209665799 | polar covalent | type of bond in water? Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen and the electrons of the polar bonds spend more time near oxygen thus, making oxygen more negativity charged and hydrogen more positively charged |  | 115 |
| 15209665800 | Cohesion | holding a substance together |  | 116 |
| 15209665801 | Adhesion | clinging of a substance to another |  | 117 |
| 15209665802 | Capillary action | the attraction of the surface of a liquid to the surface of a solid, which causes the liquid to rise or fall Capillary action is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without assistance. It occurs because of intermolecular forces between the liquid and surrounding solid surfaces. If the diameter of the tube is sufficiently small, then the combination of surface tension (which is caused by cohesion within the liquid) and adhesive forces between the liquid and container wall act to propel the liquid. When adhesion > cohesion, capillary action occurs. |  | 118 |
| 15209665803 | Surface Tension | A measure of how difficult it is to break/stretch a surface |  | 119 |
| 15209665804 | Kinetic Energy | energy of motion | 120 | |
| 15209665805 | Heat | total kinetic energy due to molecular motion | 121 | |
| 15209665806 | Calorie | amount of heat it takes to move 1 gram of substance 1 degree Celsius higher | 122 | |
| 15209665807 | Temperature | intensity of heat due to average kinetic energy | 123 | |
| 15209665808 | Specific heat | amount of heat needed to be absorbed /lost to change the temperature by 1 degree Celsius water has a high _____. |  | 124 |
| 15209665809 | water | 1 calorie/1 gram/I degree Celsius is the specific heat of ____. | 125 | |
| 15209665810 | Evaporative cooling | remains of a liquid cool down |  | 126 |
| 15209665811 | vaporization | amount of heat needed to turn liquid into gas |  | 127 |
| 15209665812 | evaporation | process of liquid becoming gas | 128 | |
| 15209665813 | How does the density of water contribute to aquatic life? | if ice sank, ponds/oceans/lakes would freeze solid, killing the life (during the summer only top would thaw) instead the floating ice insulates liquid water from below preventing it from freezing and killing animals | 129 | |
| 15209665814 | solution | liquid completely homogeneous of two or more substances |  | 130 |
| 15209665815 | solvent | dissolving agent |  | 131 |
| 15209665816 | solute | substance dissolved | | 132 |
| 15209665817 | aqueous solution | water is solvent | 133 | |
| 15209665818 | hydration shell | sphere of water molecules around dissolved ions |  | 134 |
| 15209665819 | hydrophobic | water hating substances |  | 135 |
| 15209665892 | hydrophilic | water loving substances | 136 | |
| 15209665820 | mole | the molecular weightof a substance expressed in grams (6.02 x 10^23) | 137 | |
| 15209665821 | molarity | concentration measured by number of mols/liter of solution | 138 | |
| 15209665822 | hydrogen ion | H+ | 139 | |
| 15209665823 | hydroxide ion | OH- | 140 | |
| 15209665824 | hydronium ion | H30+ | 141 | |
| 15209665825 | acids | increase H+ concentration | 142 | |
| 15209665826 | bases | reduce H+ concentration | 143 | |
| 15209665827 | pH scale | measures concentration of H+ (scale from 1-14) |  | 144 |
| 15209665828 | buffers | substance that minimizes changes in H+/OH- concentration |  | 145 |
| 15209665829 | acid precipitation | presence of sulfur oxides/nitrogen oxides and gaseous compounds react with air and goes into lakes, oceans, and soil, affecting animal life |  | 146 |
