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| 12297950367 | Agriculture | The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain. -40 percent of world, economically, worked in this sector. |  | 0 |
| 12297955640 | Aquaculture | The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions -fish farming |  | 1 |
| 12297963683 | Economic Geography | the branch of geography concerned with the production and distribution of commodities in response to the geographical environment. -Also study how people earn living, how livelihood systems vary from place to place, & how economic activities are spatially linked -apples geographical spatial concern to economy |  | 2 |
| 12297972732 | Beneficiation | Chemical treatment or mechanical processes that improve a mineral or ore for its designed use. | 3 | |
| 12297984383 | Boserup | person who believes human growth stimulates agricultural intensification (Malthus upside-down) -start of economy |  | 4 |
| 12297994109 | Technology | Total collection of tools and methods that allow the people of a cultural group to produce necessities. |  | 5 |
| 12298006424 | Primary Activity | the part of an economy involved in making natural resources available for use or further processing; includes mining, agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting, grazing -they harvest or extract from the earth and is the beginning of production. -Being production because it is the closet humans get to natural environment. -essential to all human life |  | 6 |
| 12298013522 | Secondary Activity | those parts of the economy involved in the processing of raw materials derived from primary activities and in altering or combining materials to produce commodities of enhanced utility and value; includes manufacturing, construction, and power generation -can range from simple (carpentry) to complex (making space vehicles) Ex. Copper smelting, steelmaking |  | 7 |
| 12298025943 | Tertiary Activity (Third) (Aka Service Activities) | Part of economy that consists of businesses and labor specializations that provide services to primary and secondary sectors and goods to businesses and individuals. -vital link between producers (primary/secondary) to consumers Ex. Retail trade, Transportation and Communication Services, Business services, Consumer Services, Education, Fire Protection, Health Care, Police, Non-Profits |  | 8 |
| 12298054350 | Postindustrial | economy that emphasizes services and technology rather than industry and manufacturing -came after Industrial Revolution -describes the world's most advanced economy |  | 9 |
| 12298060169 | Industry | A collection of businesses with a common line of products or services -sub for activity |  | 10 |
| 12298066947 | Commercial Economy | economic system based on making money by buying and selling things -dominant economy in our modern society -freely market goods and services -also called market economy |  | 11 |
| 12298082451 | Subsistence Economy | a type of economy in which human groups live off the land with little or no surplus -Farmers growing and only eating their own crops -only provide for selves and kin -Little marketing and little trade -Subsistence areas in developing countries are very isolated (prevents advancement economically) |  | 12 |
| 12298089011 | Planned Economy | economy that relies on a centralized government to control all or most factors of production and to make all or most production and allocation decisions Ex. Communism -Government controls supply and price -location patterns were tightly controlled -Seen a lot in Africa, Asia and Latin America. |  | 13 |
| 12298108956 | extensive subsistence (Agriculture) | consists of any agricultural economy in which the crops and/or animals are used nearly exclusively for local or family consumption on large areas of land and minimal labor input per acre -LARGE land area with little labor input -both production per land unit and population densities are low. Ex. Nomadic Herding |  | 14 |
| 12298121682 | intensive subsistence (Agriculture) | A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land. -Yields and population densities are high -Small land area. -Seen mostly in Asia, Africa, and Latin America |  | 15 |
| 12298130393 | Nomadic Herding | the raising of livestock for food by moving herds from place to place to find pasture and water -Wandering yet controlled -Sheep, goats, camels are most common. However, cattle, horses, and yaks are important. -Provide a variety of products -Environmentally controlled -type of extensive subsistence agriculture -Declining in popularity |  | 16 |
| 12298143345 | Transhumance | The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures. |  | 17 |
| 12298152275 | shifting cultivation (slash and burn) | cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning. the clearings are usually abandoned after a few years in favor of newly cleared forest land. -Also known as slash-and-burn agriculture. -involves polyculture -Doesn't include chemicals or fossil fuels -Declining as urbanization occurs |  | 18 |
| 12298168605 | Polyculture | the simultaneous cultivation or exploitation of several crops or kinds of animals. -Reduces vulnerability to pests and diseases. -keeps soil covered, so reduces erosion |  | 19 |
| 12298183662 | Green Revolution | Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers. -Complex innovations Good: Increased yields, alleviated famines, expanded production Bad: Demands high use of expensive items, replaces traditional/subsistence agriculture, reduces diversity, security, and balance of polyculture intensive gathering. |  | 20 |
| 12298192024 | Von Thunen Model | An agricultural model that spatially describes agricultural activity in terms of rent. -Activities that require intensive cultivation and cannot be transported over great distances pay higher rent to be close to the market. -Conversely, activities that are more extensive , with goods that are easy to transport, are located farther from the market where rent is less. -First model developed to analyze human patterns |  | 21 |
| 12298203413 | Von Thunen Rings | The concentric zonal pattern of agricultural land use around a single market center proposed in the von Thunen model. -closest ring in intensive agriculture with bulky commodities that were high in demand and expensive to ship |  | 22 |
| 12298211690 | Intensive Commercial (Agriculture) | Intensive farming in a commercial economy, crops have high yields and market value -highly perishable -Expensive machinery, chemicals, irrigation, and a dependence of GMOs are popular Ex. Fruits, vegetables, dairy |  | 23 |
| 12298221748 | Truck Farm | the intensive production of fruits and vegetables for market rather than for processing or canning; synonyms horticultural farming, market gardening |  | 24 |
| 12298234010 | Livestock-grain farming | livestock is the cash crop; grain is produced to feed the livestock |  | 25 |
| 12298243917 | Cartel | an association of manufacturers or suppliers with the purpose of maintaining prices at a high level and restricting competition. |  | 26 |
| 12298257760 | Collective Farm | a large government-controlled farm formed by combining many small farms | 27 | |
| 12298264325 | Commercial Forest | Part of a forest that has large enough trees and is close enough to a market to allow it to be harvested by the forest industry. |  | 28 |
| 12298272593 | Coniferous | term used to refer to trees that produce seed-bearing cones and have thin leaves shaped like needles |  | 29 |
| 12298277114 | Continental Shelf | A gently sloping, shallow area of the ocean floor that extends outward from the edge of a continent |  | 30 |
| 12298283878 | Cross Pollination | a reproductive process in which pollen from one plant is transferred to the stigma of another plant |  | 31 |
| 12298289908 | Cultural Consideration | It is within environmental bounds for cultures to decide what is economically acceptable. | 32 | |
| 12298299957 | Deindustrialization | process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment |  | 33 |
| 12298305073 | Development | A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology. |  | 34 |
| 12298316052 | Extractive Industry | primary activities involving the mining and quarrying of nonrenewable metallic and nonmetallic mineral resources |  | 35 |
| 12298322620 | FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization | 36 | |
| 12298326272 | Fertilizer Minerals | -Are mined Ex. Potash, Phosphate | 37 | |
| 12298332706 | Form Utility | the value producers add to materials in the creation of finished goods and services | 38 | |
| 12298342949 | Gathering Industry | primary activities involving the subsistence or commercial harvesting of renewable natural resources of land or water. Primitive gathering involves local collection of food and other materials of nature, both plant and animal; commercial gathering usually implies forestry and fishing industries | 39 | |
| 12298347866 | genetically modified (GMO) | Crops that have had their DNA altered through genetic engineering to grow faster or bigger, or more drought resistant, etc. | 40 | |
| 12298351545 | Grade | A measure of waste material. | 41 | |
| 12298358823 | Gross Domestic Product | The sum total of the value of all the goods and services produced in a nation |  | 42 |
| 12298364762 | Hunting and Gathering | The killing of wild animals and fish as well as the gathering of fruits, roots, nuts, and other plants for sustenance. |  | 43 |
| 12298369809 | Identified Reserve | The way a mineral endowment is divided. | 44 | |
| 12298372826 | Inland Catch | -One source of the annual fish supply -It serves a modest fraction of our fish. | 45 | |
| 12310278799 | land race | A domesticated, locally adapted, traditional variety of a species of animal or plant that has developed over time, through adaptation to its natural and cultural environment of agriculture and pastoralism, and due to isolation from other populations of the species. | 46 | |
| 12310294260 | Land Rent | The profitability of a particular piece of land, dependent on soil quality, climate, terrain, and cultural factors. | 47 | |
| 12310297883 | Large-scale wheat | It requires sizable inputs for planning and harvesting machinery. While land inputs are low, wheat farms are large. |  | 48 |
| 12310314225 | Farming | The activity or business of growing crops and raising livestock. |  | 49 |
| 12310320717 | Livestock Ranching | An extensive commercial agricultural activity that involves the raising of livestock over vast geographic spaces typically located in semi-arid climates like the American West. |  | 50 |
| 12310326976 | Manufacturing | The process of making a raw material into a finished product; especially in large quantities. | 51 | |
| 12310331228 | Marine Catch | It is all the wild fish harvested in coastal waters or on the high seas. It only is a very small percentage of the actual fish caught. | 52 | |
| 12310343486 | Market Economy | economic system in which decisions on production and consumption of goods and services are based on voluntary exchange in markets -Capitalism | 53 | |
| 12310352778 | maximum sustainable yield | the maximum rate at which a renewable resource can be exploited without impairing its ability to be renewed or replenished | 54 | |
| 12310358168 | Yield | Measure of crop amount per unit area and seed generation. |  | 55 |
| 12310369874 | Mediterranean Agriculture | An agricultural system practiced in the Mediterranean style climates of Western Europe, California, and portions of Chile and Australia, in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes, avocados, olives, and a host of nuts, fruits, and vegetables comprise profitable agricultural operations. |  | 56 |
| 12310381150 | Metallic Mineral | Mineral that yields a metal when processed. Example: iron, gold uranium and silver. | 57 | |
| 12310385574 | Mineral Fuel | -Fossil Fuels |  | 58 |
| 12310395902 | Natural Resource | Materials or substances such as minerals, forests, water, and fertile land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain | 59 | |
| 12310399336 | Nonmetallic Mineral | a mineral that does not contain metal and is dull with no luster -Sand or gravel | 60 | |
| 12310406634 | Nonrenewable Resource | Something produced in nature more slowly than it is consumed by humans | 61 | |
| 12310412261 | Off Farm Sale | portion of farm household income obtained off the farm, including nonfarm wages and salaries, pensions, and interest income earned by farm families. | 62 | |
| 12310428204 | Open Sea | part of an ocean that lies beyond the continental shelf -Yields a small amount of the marine catch | 63 | |
| 12325944548 | Overfishing | harvesting fish to the point that species are depleted and the value of the fishery reduced | 64 | |
| 12325948679 | Physical Environment | The physical surroundings in which we live, work and play. -effects production patterns |  | 65 |
| 12325963905 | Plantation Agriculture | Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop. Almost all plantations were established within the tropics; in recent decades, many have been divided into smaller holdings or reorganized as cooperatives -often used foreign labor as workers and involved a indigenous marketing and economy -also has foreign investment |  | 66 |
| 12325980164 | Precious Stones | the rarest, most durable and beautiful gems | 67 | |
| 12325987244 | Processing Industry | the full array manufacturing and processing industries are a large part of secondary activity. | 68 | |
| 12326000271 | Proved Reserves | an accurate estimate of how much oil can be economically obtained from a field | 69 | |
| 12326004087 | Renewable Resource | A natural resource that can be replaced at the same rate at which the resource is consumed |  | 70 |
| 12326008656 | Reserves | deposits that a bank keeps readily available as opposed to lending them out |  | 71 |
| 12326013762 | Resource | A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use. | 72 | |
| 12326016831 | Roundwood | Timber which is left as small logs, not sawn into planks or chopped for fuel, typically taken from near the tops of trees and used for furniture. |  | 73 |
| 12326029302 | Seed Bank | Place where seeds are stored in order to protect the genetic diversity of the world's crops |  | 74 |
| 12326037165 | Semiprecious Stone | stones which are more common but still are very beautiful -amethysts, garnets, opals, turquoise, jade | 75 | |
| 12326043976 | Service Activity | Another term for service activities -business and labor specializations provide goods for primary and secondary sectors and provide services for businesses and individuals. | 76 | |
| 12326054760 | Shifting cultivation | A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left unsown for a relatively long period. |  | 77 |
| 12326067103 | Cultivation | Preparing the land to grow crops; improvement for agricultural purposes | 78 | |
| 12326081594 | Smelting | Process in which a desired metal is separated from the other elements in an ore mineral. |  | 79 |
| 12326085312 | Specialization | A focus on a particular activity or area of study | 80 | |
| 12326093248 | State Farm | Under communism, a state-owned farm managed by government officials |  | 81 |
| 12326098142 | Subeconomic reserve | Portion of identified resources that, with sufficient economic or technical change, may become a reserve | 82 | |
| 12326105885 | Swidden | Land that is prepared for agriculture by using the slash-and-burn method. |  | 83 |
| 12326110843 | Technological Development | typically involves the production and use of products that improve our quality of life -develop differing technologies to help us | 84 | |
| 12326119538 | Trade Activity | In fixed-income attribution analysis, the effect of sales and purchases of bonds over a given period | 85 | |
| 12326141444 | Traditional Economy | An economy in which production is based on customs and traditions and economic roles are typically passed down from one generation to the next. -can be changed through commercial agriculture |  | 86 |
| 12326150184 | Tragedy of the Commons | situation in which people acting individually and in their own interest use up commonly available but limited resources, creating disaster for the entire community -if there are no laws, one greedy little b itch is gonna take all of the resources and leave none for the others. |  | 87 |
| 12326158848 | Transport Gradient | The rate of decline for the price of land or for any commodity as the distance increases from the market -Van Thünen idea | 88 | |
| 12326184099 | Truck Farming | Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities. | 89 | |
| 12326191021 | UNCTAD | United Nations Conference on Trade and Development -strive to ensure integration of developing countries a way to economically grow. | 90 | |
| 12326200092 | Usable Reserve | mineral deposits that have been identified and can be recovered at current prices and with current technology | 91 | |
| 12326208174 | WTO | The World Trade Organization -an international body that enforces agreements that reduce barriers to international trade; successor to the GATT |  | 92 |
| 12353285098 | Quaternary Activity | the part of the economy concerned with research, with the gathering and dissemination of information, and with administration -often considered only as a specialized subdivision of tertiary activities (However, it's more intellectual than repetitive) Ex. Consultancy, Financial Planning, Designing, Information Technologies, Research/Development |  | 93 |
| 12353304403 | Quinary Activity | Quinary activities are services that focus on the creation, re-arrangement and interpretation of new and existing ideas; data interpretation and the use and evaluation of new technologies. -represent high executive positions Ex. Highest level of government, business executives, research scientists, financial/legal consultants. | 94 | |
| 12385758248 | Categories (of economy) | View economic activity as ranged with increasing complexity of the product or service as increasing distance occurs from natural environment -Primary -Secondary -Tertiary | 95 | |
| 12385805823 | Industrialization | The development of industries for the machine production of goods. -leads to increase in secondary sector and can replace agriculture -Economic development shift dramatically in distribution across the three categories. | 96 | |
| 12385965723 | Extensive Commercial | Uses more land to get high yields. Large areas are under cultivation due to large machines and economies of scale. - Usually involves monocultures of crops like wheat, soybeans or corn. -Cheaper Land results in larger farm units Example: Great Plains in US and Canada. |  | 97 |
