Key Words For AP Psychology
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| 13411012916 | Santiago dislikes cheerleaders | prejudice | 0 | |
| 13411011691 | On the first day of class, Mr. Simpson divides his class into four competing groups. On the fifth day of school, Jody is sent to the principal for kicking members of the other groups. Mr. Simpson can be faulted for encouraging the creation of? | out-group bias. | 1 | |
| 13411014937 | Ginny thinks all Asians are smart | Stereotype | 2 | |
| 13411018727 | communicators are | 1. attractive 2. famous 3. perceived as experts | 3 | |
| 13411023474 | norms | rules about how group members should act | 4 | |
| 13411023984 | roles | different roles in a group | 5 | |
| 13411026481 | group polarization | the tendency of a group to make more extreme decisions than the group members would make individually | 6 | |
| 13411028938 | groupthink | Groupthink occurs when group members suppress their reservations about the ideas supported by the group. A kind of false unanimity is encouraged, and flaws in the group's decisions may be overlooked. | 7 | |
| 13411038879 | Irving Janis | Termed 'groupthink' | 8 | |
| 13411041123 | Deindividuation | the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurs when group members feel anonymous and aroused. | 9 | |
| 13411046153 | Phillip Zimbardo | Stanford Prison Experiment | 10 | |
| 13411048300 | obedience studies | studies that focus on participants willingness to do what another asks them to do | 11 | |
| 13411051868 | Stanley Milgram | Conducted "shocking" (Ha!) experiments on obedience This experience cannot pass the IRB (institutional review board). Unethical. | 12 | |
| 13411060303 | shocking experiment by Stanley Milgram was modified in what aspects: | 1. Bringing participants closer into closer contact with the confederates: seeing the 'learners' instead of only hearing the 'learners' let participants give fewer shocks. 2. When the 'experimenter' left in the middle of the experiment and was replaced by an 'assistant'. Fewer shocks 3. When other confederates were present in the room and they objected to the shocks, the percentage of participants who quit in the middle of the experiment skyrocketed. | 13 | |
| 13411091891 | social facilitation | improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others | 14 | |
| 13411092957 | social impariment | negative influence of others on performance when doing difficult tasks | 15 | |
| 13411097689 | Solomon Asch | Conducted famous conformity experiment that required subjects to match lines. | 16 | |
| 13411100967 | main elements that affect attraction | similarity, proximity, and reciprocal liking self-disclosure | 17 | |
| 13411107985 | pluralistic ignorance | people seem to decide what constitutes appropriate behavior in a situation by looking to others | 18 | |
| 13411125560 | bystander effect | the larger the number of people who witness an emergency situation, the less likely any one is to intervene | 19 | |
| 13411128190 | diffusion of responsibility | the larger the group of people who witness a problem, the less responsible any one individual feels to help | 20 | |
| 13411132332 | John Darley and Bibb Latane | bystander effect diffusion of responsibility | 21 | |
| 13411136272 | frustration-aggression hypothesis | the feeling of frustration makes aggression more likely | 22 | |
| 13411139676 | instrumental aggression | aggressive act is intended to secure a particular end | 23 | |
| 13411141269 | hostile aggression | Has no such clear purpose. aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain or injury | 24 | |
| 13411144913 | contact theory | contact between hostile groups will reduce animosity, but only if the groups are made to work toward a goal that benefits all and necessitates the participation of all (superordinate goal) | 25 | |
| 13411147473 | superordinate goals | shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation | 26 | |
| 13411149532 | Muzafer Sherif | Robbers Cave Study(Camp Study) | 27 | |
| 13411153360 | out-group | a social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition | 28 | |
| 13411156238 | out-group homogeneity | People tend to see members of their own group, the in-group, as more diverse than members of other groups, out-groups. | 29 | |
| 13411171806 | in-group bias | preference for members of one's own group | 30 | |
| 13411176337 | in-group bias, reason: | In-group bias is thought to stem from people's belief that they themselves are good people. Therefore, the people with whom they share group membership are thought to be good as well | 31 | |
| 13411184458 | origin of stereotypes and prejudice | 1. naturally and inevitably magnify differences between their own group and others as a function of cognitive process of categorization. 2. learned through modeling | 32 | |
| 13411190874 | stereotypes | we have ideas about what members of different groups are like, and these expectations may influence the way we interact with members of these groups. We call these ideas stereotypes. | 33 | |
| 13411194925 | prejudice | prejudice is an undeserved, usually negative, *attitude* toward a group of people. | 34 | |
| 13411203030 | Ethnocentrism | Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group. | 35 | |
| 13411205720 | discrimination | while prejudice is an attitude, discrimination involves an action | 36 | |
| 13411208062 | just-world bias | people evidence a bias toward thinking that bad things happen to bad people | 37 | |
| 13411210125 | self-serving bias | is the tendency to take more credit for good outcomes than for bad ones. | 38 | |
| 13411213792 | false consensus effect | the tendency for people to overestimate the number of people who agree with them | 39 | |
| 13411219130 | fundamental attribution error | when looking at the behavior of others, people tend to overestimate the importance of dispositional factors and underestimate the role of situational factors. | 40 | |
| 13411227186 | Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson | Pygmalion in the Classroom experiment chose random kids whose IQ is equal to other kids, and tell teachers those kids are smarter. At the end of the year, researchers found the IQ scores increased. In some way, the teachers' expectations that these students would bloom intellectually over the year actually caused the students to outperform their peers. | 41 | |
| 13411244422 | self-fulfilling prophecy | people often have certain ideas or prejudices about other people before they even meet them. These preconceived ideas can obviously affect the way someone acts toward another person. Even more interesting is the idea that the expectations we have about others can influence the way whose others behave. | 42 | |
| 13411255535 | Harold Kelley | attributions people make based on three kinds of information: consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus. | 43 | |
| 13411259630 | situation-stable attribution | 44 | ||
| 13411262119 | situation-unstable attribution | 45 | ||
| 13411263753 | person-stable attribution | 46 | ||
| 13411269443 | person-unstable attribution | 47 | ||
| 13411270162 | situation attribution | 48 | ||
| 13411270163 | dispositional attribution person attribution | 49 | ||
| 13411271856 | stable attribution | 50 | ||
| 13411276082 | norm of reciprocity | people tend to think that when someone does something nice for them, they ought to do something nice in return. | 51 | |
| 13411587267 | door in the face | after people refuse a large request, they will look more favorably upon a follow-up request the seems, in comparison, much more reasonable. | 52 | |
| 13411590740 | foot-in-the-door | if you can get people to agree to a small request, they will become more likely to agree to a follow-up request that is larger. | 53 | |
| 13411595434 | compliance strategies | strategies to get others to comply with your wishes foot-in-the-door door-in-the-face | 54 | |
| 13411599547 | Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith | an experiment about cognitive dissonance people who got 1$ described a boring work he just did as a more interesting job people who got 10$ described a boring work he just did as a boring job since people who got 20$ though they were paid to lie, and people who got 1$ thought lacked sufficient external motivation to lie. Therefore, to reduce the dissonance, they changed their attitude and said that they actually did enjoy the experiment. | 55 | |
| 13411621720 | cognitive dissonance theory | People are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors note that the change in attitude happens without conscious awareness | 56 | |
| 13411628607 | mere exposure effect | the more one is exposed to something, the more one will come to like it | 57 | |
| 13411629848 | central route | persuasion involves deeply processing the content of the message; | 58 | |
| 13411632820 | peripheral route | peripheral involves other aspects of the message including the characteristics of the person imparting the message(the communicator) | 59 | |
| 13411639225 | uniformed audience | presenting a one-sided message is best for | 60 | |
| 13411643230 | sophisticated audience | communication that acknowledges and then refutes opposing arguments will be more effective | 61 | |
| 13411741079 | Richard LaPiere | Traveled with a Chinese couple to demonstrate that attitudes do not always affect behavior | 62 | |
| 13411745688 | social cognition | 63 | ||
| 13427875124 | psychiatrist | A medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders the only therapists permitted to prescribe medication in most U.S. states | 64 | |
| 13427880959 | clinical psychologist | Ph.D degree/internship during which they are overseen by a more experienced professional. usually deal with people who are suffering from problems more severe than everyday difficulties with work or family. | 65 | |
| 13427909972 | counseling therapist counseling psychotherapist | graduate degree in psychology/internship overseen by a more experienced professional school psychologists and marriage and family therapist help people whose problems are less severe than those that bring people to clinical psychologists | 66 | |
| 13427920609 | psychoanalyst | people specially trained in Freudian methods they may or may not hold medical degrees | 67 | |
| 13427950035 | prefontal lobotomy | a radical form of psychotherapy in which a section of the frontal lobe of the brain is severed or destroyed | 68 | |
| 13427954192 | psychosurgery | involves the purposeful destruction of part of the brain to alter a person's behavior is used only as a last resort and only on people suffering to a great extent | 69 | |
| 13427957097 | electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) | side effect: most notably loss of memory experience seizure(muscle relaxant to reduce the effects of the seizure) severe cases of depression after other methods have failed. do not know the how ECT work, theories suggests that the benefits are the result of a change in the brain's blood flow patterns. | 70 | |
| 13427984679 | barbiturates | antianxiety drugs Miltown benzodiazepines including Xanax Valium | 71 | |
| 13427989281 | Lithium | a metal, is often used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder | 72 | |
| 13427992312 | unipolar depression drugs | tricyclic antidepressants monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors serotonin-reuptake-inhibitor drugs(most notably Prozac) | 73 | |
| 13428008851 | antipsychotic drug | Thorazine or Haldol | 74 | |
| 13428013471 | tardive dyskinesia | side effect of antipsychotic medication Parkinsonian-like, chronic muscle tremors | 75 | |
| 13428018417 | chemotherapy psychopharmacology | the most common type of somatic therapy is drug therapy, i.e. chemotherapy/psychopharmacology | 76 | |
| 13428026488 | somatic therapies | 77 | ||
| 13428133132 | group therapy | family therapy self-help groups(Alcoholics Anonymous(AA)) | 78 | |
| 13428137518 | family therapy | since a client's problems do not occur in a vacuum, many therapists find meeting with the whole family helpful in revealing the patterns of interaction between family members and altering the behavior of the whole family rather than just one member. | 79 | |
| 13428146189 | self-help group | meeting with a number of people experiencing similar difficulties not expensive for clients and offers them the insight and feed back of their peers in addition to that of the therapist. | 80 | |
| 13428153294 | cognitive behavioral therapy | rational emotive behavior therapy(REBT developed by Albert Ellis) therapists employing REBT look to expose and confront the dysfunctional thoughts of their clients (question the likelihood of such embarrassment occurring and the impact that would result. The therapists' goal would be to show the client that not only is his or her failure an unlikely occurrence but that even if it did occur, it would not be such a big deal) | 81 | |
| 13428167048 | Aaron Beck | created cognitive therapy explains depression using the cognitive triad, people's beliefs about themselves, their worlds, and their futures. (irrationally negative beliefs about all three of these areas | aim to make these beliefs more positive) | 82 | |
| 13428180701 | attributional style | The way a person typically explains the things that happen in his or her life | 83 | |
| 13428182223 | token economy | B.F.Skinner operant conditioning | 84 | |
| 13428186308 | aversive conditioning | the process involves paring a habit a person wishes to break such as smoking or bedwetting with an unpleasant stimulus such as electric shock or nausea. | 85 | |
| 13428193179 | modeling in behaviral therapy | 86 | ||
| 13428193180 | flooding in behaviral therapy | Flooding like systematic desensitization, can be in vivo or covert. Unlike the gradual process of systematic desensitization, flooding involves having the client address the most frightening scenario first. | 87 | |
| 13428199044 | extinguished | e.g. if she were to begin by imagining that large spiders ere crawling on her but that nothing bad was happening as a result, her fear would soon be extinguished | 88 | |
| 13428203730 | systematic desensitization | developed by Joseph Wolpe this process involves teaching the client to replace the feelings of anxiety with relaxation | 89 | |
| 13428207865 | vivo desensitization | the client confronts the actual feared objects or situations | 90 | |
| 13428211112 | covert desensitization | the client imagines the fear-including stimuli | 91 | |
| 13432528465 | anxiety hierarchy | is a rank-ordered list of what the client fears, starting with the least frightening and ending with the most frightening | 92 | |
| 13432544937 | Joseph Wolpe | developed systematic desensitization paired with progressive relaxation; used an anxiety hierarchy to treat phobias | 93 | |
| 13432557637 | Mary Cover Jones | developed counterconditioning | 94 | |
| 13432562028 | counterconditioning | an unpleasant conditioned response is replaced with a pleasant one. | 95 | |
| 13432585575 | behavioral therapies: behaviorists believe that | all behavior is learned | 96 | |
| 13432592891 | existential therapies | humanistic therapies that focus on helping clients achieve a subjectively meaningful perception of their lives | 97 | |
| 13432599781 | Gestalt therapy | developed by Fritz Perls *emphasize the importance of body position and seemingly minute actions* These therapists encourage their clients to get in touch with their whole selves e.g. explore feelings of which they may not be aware and emphasize the importance of body position and seemingly minute actions(want clients to integrate all of their actions feelings and thoughts into a harmonious whole) *stress the importance of the present*(because one can best appreciate the totality of an experience as it occurs | 98 | |
| 13432672279 | Fritz Perls | developed Gestalt therapy | 99 | |
| 13432680136 | self -actualize | *in humanistic therapies*(help people understand and accept themselves) Self-actualization means to reach one's highest potential. a powerful motivational goal | 100 | |
| 13432845720 | free will | (people are innate good) and also possess free will *a belief that people have free will means that they are capable of controlling their own destinies | 101 | |
| 13432918867 | determinism | opposite belief of 'free will' people have no influence over what happens to them and that their choices are predetermined by forces outside of their control | 102 | |
| 13432936384 | Carl Rogers | created *client-centered therapy(person-centered therapy)* unconditional positive regard | 103 | |
| 13432957810 | client-centered therapy person-centered therapy | developed by Carl Rogers, this humanistic therapy includes unconditional positive regard and active listening say very little *(active listening)* | 104 | |
| 13432974031 | non-directive | *humanistic therapies* therapists would not tell their clients what to do but, rather would seek to help the clients choose a course of action for themselves active listening | 105 | |
| 13433009181 | active listening | therapists say very little; they encourage the clients to talk a lot about how they feel and sometimes mirror back those feelings to help clarify the feelings for the client. | 106 | |
| 13433030734 | psychoanalysis | is a therapeutic technique developed by Sigmund Freud | 107 | |
| 13433037988 | symptom substitution | symptom substitution is when, after a person is successfully treated for one psychological disorder, that person begins to experience a new psychological problem (psychoanalysts tend to solve the underlying problems) | 108 | |
| 13433075629 | psychoanalytic therapy's disadvantages: | the approach entails a lengthy and therefore expensive course of therapy | 109 | |
| 13433083076 | hypnosis | another state of consciousness When in this state, people are less likely to repress troubling thoughts | 110 | |
| 13433101309 | free associate | to say whatever comes to mind without thinking, supposed to bypass the ego's censoring and defenses and go straight into the unconscious where the problems are | 111 | |
| 13433107283 | dream analysis | ask patients to describe dreams since the ego's defenses are relaxed during sleep, they hope the dreams will help the therapist see what is at the roof of the patient's problem | 112 | |
| 13433128680 | Freud developed a number of techniques including: | hypnosis, free association, and dream analysis | 113 | |
| 13433131705 | interpretations | Freud's techniques rely heavily on *interpretations* of the therapists and are *criticized for their inherent subjectivity* | 114 | |
| 13433153771 | manifest content | what the patient report is called the manifest content of the dream | 115 | |
| 13433164961 | latent content hidden content | is revealed only as a result of the therapist's interpretive work | 116 | |
| 13433170697 | resistance | sometimes patients may disagree with their therapists' interpretations. Psychoanalysts may see such objections as signs of resistance people are thought to try to protect themselves through resistance. a particularly strongly voiced disagreement is an indication that the analyst is closing in on the source of the problem | 117 | |
| 13433199298 | Transference | patients begin to have strong feelings toward their therapists (they are in *love* with their therapists, may view their therapists as *parental figures*, or may seethe with *hatred* toward them.) Analysts try to interpret their patients' transference as a further technique to reveal the source of the problem | 118 | |
| 13433229652 | Psychodynamic | many other psychologists have been influenced by Freud's work but have significantly modified his original theory. they will be more likely to use a variety of techniques associated with other perspectives | 119 | |
| 13433290877 | insight therapies | insight therapies highlight the importance of the patients/clients an understanding of their problems psychoanalytic therapies psychodynamic therapies humanistic therapies | 120 | |
| 13433317706 | types of therapy | psychotherapy somatic treatments such as drugs | 121 | |
| 13433338542 | trephining | trephining was an early form of treatment what was supposed to let the harmful spirits escapes | 122 | |
| 13433357879 | Deinstitutionalization | was intended to save money as well as benefit the former inpatients. Unfortunately ~ was far less successful than initially hoped. Once released,. many of the former patients were unable to care for themselves. (homeless and delusional, unable to secure the psychological or the financial care they needed.) | 123 | |
| 13433392541 | preventative efforts | primary prevention secondary prevention tertiary prevention | 124 | |
| 13433397460 | primary prevention | efforts attempt to reduce the incidence of societal problems, such as joblessness or homelessness) | 125 | |
| 13433412562 | secondary prevention | involves working with people at-risk for developing specific problems | 126 | |
| 13433420285 | tertiary prevention | efforts aim to keep keep people's metal health issues from becoming more severe, for instance, working with earthquake survivors who are already suffering from an anxiety disorder in the hopes of preventing the disorder from becoming more severe. | 127 | |
| 13439014661 | name people who go to see psychologists | Both psychologists with a biomedical orientation and psychoanalysts: *patients* Other therapists, humanistic therapists in particular, refer them as *clients* | 128 | |
| 13439044683 | Albert Ellis | Developed "rational emotive behavior therapy" (REBT) | 129 | |
| 13439063740 | chemotherapy drugs |  | 130 | |
| 13439155236 | Different types of psychotherapy |  | 131 | |
| 13439275854 | Major Changes in DSM-5 |  | 132 | |
| 13443390440 | First-order and second-order conditioning |  | 133 | |
| 13443403790 | Basic conditioning phenomenon in Pavlov's work |  | 134 | |
| 13443410556 | identify psychological abnormality | 1. maladaptive (harmful) and/or disturbing to the individual. 2. it's disturbing to others 3. it's unusual 4. it's irrational; it does not make sense to the average person | 135 | |
| 13443420094 | insane | often used by laypeople to describe psychological disorders in general | 136 | |
| 13443422614 | insanity | a legal term describing one's inability to be responsible for one's action due to the condition of the mind | 137 | |
| 13443426318 | DSM | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders | 138 | |
| 13443427510 | DSM(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) | by American Psychiatric Association does not include much discussion of the causes or treatments of various disorders | 139 | |
| 13439276724 | Different perspectives on the causes of psychological disorders |  | 140 | |
| 13443437377 | Anxiety disorders | share a common symptom of anxiety | 141 | |
| 13443441142 | specific phobia | is an intense unwarranted fear of a situation or object *claustrophobia* *arachnophobia* *agoraphobia* | 142 | |
| 13443447089 | claustrophobia | 幽闭恐惧症 | 143 | |
| 13443447901 | arachnophobia | 蜘蛛恐惧症 | 144 | |
| 13443448605 | agoraphobia | 开放空间恐惧症 | 145 | |
| 13443450603 | generalized anxiety disorder | GAD experiences *constant*, *low-level* anxiety | 146 | |
| 13443453635 | panic disorder | suffers from acute episodes of intense anxiety without any apparent provocation (tent to increase in frequency and people often suffer *additional anxiety* due to *anticipating the attacks*) | 147 | |
| 13443543859 | acrophobia | a fear of heights | 148 | |
| 13443547386 | somatoform disorders | as somatic symptom and related disorders | 149 | |
| 13443550234 | somatic symptom disorders | occur when a person manifests a psychological problem through a physiological symptom | 150 | |
| 13443553666 | conversion disorder | people who have conversion disorder report the existence of a severe physical problem such as paralysis or blindness, and they will, in fact, be unable to move their arms or see. | 151 | |
| 13443561989 | dissociative amnesia | is when a person cannot remember things and no physiological basis for the disruption in memory can be identified | 152 | |
| 13443566708 | organic amnesia | biologically induced amnesia is called ~ | 153 | |
| 13443571554 | dissociative identity disorder | (multiple personality disorder) DID when a person has several personalities rather than one integrated personality | 154 | |
| 13443576472 | mood disorder affective disorder | someone with a mood or affective disorder experiences extreme or inappropriate emotions | 155 | |
| 13443578881 | major depressive disorder | unipolar depression one key factor is the length of the depressive episode. People who are clinically depressed remain unhappy for more than two weeks in the absence of a clear reason loss of appetite, fatigue, change in sleeping patterns, lack of interest in normally enjoyable activities, and feeling of worthlessness | 156 | |
| 13443593513 | seasonal affective disorder (SAD) | some people experience depression but only during certain times of the year, usually winter, when there is less sunlight. treated with *light therapy* | 157 | |
| 13443598341 | Aaron Beck | cognitive theorist; believes that depression results from *unreasonably negative ideas that people have about themselves*, *their world*, *and their futures* *(cognitive triad)* | 158 | |
| 13443605347 | attributions | an attribution is an explanation of cause *internal* vs *external* *global* vs *specific* *stable* vs *unstable* people who tend to make internal, global, and stable attributions for bad events are more likely to be depressed. Often, these same people tend to make external, specific, and unstable attributions when good things happen to them. | 159 | |
| 13443615770 | Martin Seligman | learned helplessness learned helplessness is when one's prior experiences have caused that person to view himself as unable to control aspects of the future that are controllable. When undesirable things occur, that individual feels unable to improve the situation and therefore becomes depressed. | 160 | |
| 13443635785 | biological cause of depression | 1. low levels of serotonin, a neurontransmitter, have been linked with major depressive disorder. 2. have more receptors for acetylcholine, also a neurontransmitter, in their brains and skin 3. low levels of norepinephrine are associated with depression | 161 | |
| 13443646500 | bipolar disorder manic depression | involves both depressed and manic episodes (a small number of people appear to experience mania without depression) | 162 | |
| 13443650902 | Schizophrenia | it tends to strike people as they enter young adulthood disordered, distorted thinking often demonstrated through delusions, hallucinations, disorganized language, and/or unusual affect and motor behavior | 163 | |
| 13443658348 | delusions | are beliefs that have no basis in reality 1. delusions of persecution 2. delusions of grandeur | 164 | |
| 13443662654 | delusions of persecution | the belief that people are out to get you | 165 | |
| 13443663629 | delusion of grandeur | belief that you enjoy greater power and influence than you do | 166 | |
| 13443667123 | hallucinations | are perceptions in the absence of any sensory stimulation | 167 | |
| 13443668646 | delusions vs hallucinations | belief vs false sensory stimulation | 168 | |
| 13443672436 | neologism | Make up new words. | 169 | |
| 13443672437 | clang associations | string together a series of nonsense words that rhyme | 170 | |
| 13443677650 | inappropriate affect | people with schizophrenia often evidence inappropriate affect; e.g. laugh in response to hearing someone has died they may consistently have essentially no emotional response at all (*flat affect*) | 171 | |
| 13443685851 | flat affect | a lack of emotional responsiveness (Schizophrenia) | 172 | |
| 13443689169 | cataonia | some schizophrenics suffer from catatonia, a motor problem state of immobility and unresponsiveness lasting for long periods of time | 173 | |
| 13443892544 | waxy flexibility | When motionless, catatonic schizophrenics usually evidence waxy flexibility. they allow their body to be moved into any alternative shape and will then hold that new pose | 174 | |
| 13443896390 | Positive symptoms | refer to excesses in behavior, thought, or mood such as neologisms hallucinations | 175 | |
| 13443906423 | negative symptoms | negative symptoms correspond to deficits such as flat affect or catatonia. | 176 | |
| 13443907990 | biological cause of schizophrenic disorders dopamine hypothesis | high levels of dopamine seem to be associated with schizophrenia | 177 | |
| 13443911364 | tardive dyskinesia as an evidence of dopamine hypothesis | extensive use of drug that result in lower dopamine may also cause negative side effects: tardive dyskinesia | 178 | |
| 13443921234 | Parkinson's disease | characterized by : muscle stiffness and tremors not unlike tardive dyskinesia | 179 | |
| 13443924616 | double blinds | a double blind is when a person is given contradictory messages. | 180 | |
| 13443927792 | diathesis-stress model | environmental stressors can provide the circumstances under which a biological predisposition for illness can express itself. the diathesis-stress model is often applied to schizophrenia but can be more widely applied to many psychological and physical disorders. | 181 | |
| 13443937251 | antisocial personality disorder | people with antisocial personality disorder have little regard for other people's feelings | 182 | |
| 13444129047 | dependent personality disorder | people with dependent personality disorder rely too much on the attention and help of others | 183 | |
| 13444131315 | paranoid personality disorder | people with paranoid personality disorder feel persecuted | 184 | |
| 13444133548 | narcissistic personality disorder | people with narcissistic personality disorder involves seeing oneself as the center of the universe (*narcissism* means "self-love") | 185 | |
| 13444136930 | histrionic personality disorder | connotes overly dramatic behavior | 186 | |
| 13444140402 | obsessive-compulsive personality disorder OCD | is when persistent unwanted thoughts(obsessions) cause someone to feel the need(compulsion) to engage in a particular action | 187 | |
| 13439276337 | Summary of categories of psychological disorders |  | 188 | |
| 13444527214 | post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD | usually involves flashbacks or nightmares following a person's involvement in or observation of an extremely troubling event such as a war or natural disaster memories of the event cause anxiety | 189 | |
| 13444534888 | OCD, PTSD was classified as an anxiety disorder | but DSM-5 moves it to a group of trauma and stressor-related disorders | 190 | |
| 13444536445 | Pedophilia | attraction to children | 191 | |
| 13444538207 | zoophilia | attraction to animals | 192 | |
| 13444539436 | Fetishism | attraction to objects | 193 | |
| 13444541172 | voyeur | someone who becomes sexually aroused by watching others engage in some kind of sexual behavior | 194 | |
| 13444543994 | masochist | someone who is aroused by having pain inflicted upon him or her | 195 | |
| 13444546027 | sadist | someone who is aroused by inflicting pain on someone else is a sadist | 196 | |
| 13444547597 | anorexia nervosa | self-starvation symptoms: being at significantly low weight for one's age and size, an intense fear of fat and food, and a distorted body image (predominates in girls and young women) | 197 | |
| 13444547598 | bulimia | commonly involves a binge-purge cycle from their bodies by throwing up or using laxatives fear of food and fat and distorted body image. *do not lose as much of their body weight* | 198 | |
| 13444548585 | binge eating disorder | it involves eating very large quantities of food in a short time while experiencing feelings of loss of control most commonly occurring eating disorder in the United States | 199 | |
| 13444590756 | substance-related and addictive disorders | is a diagnosis made when the use of such substances or behaviors like gambling regularly negatively affects a person's life | 200 | |
| 13444616511 | Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) | children with ASD seek out less social and emotional contact than do other children and are less likely to seek out parental support when distressed also, people with autism spectrum disorder tend to be hypersensitive to sensory stimulation and often exhibit intense interest in objects not viewed as interesting by most people and often engage in simple repetitive behaviors | 201 | |
| 13444629658 | Alzheimer's disease | AD is a form of dementia, a deterioration of cognitive abilities, often seen most dramatically in memory | 202 | |
| 13444632884 | David Rosenhan | did study in which healthy patients were admitted to psychiatric hospitals and diagnoses with schizophrenia; showed that once you are diagnosed with a disorder, the label, even when behavior indicates otherwise, is hard to overcome in a mental health setting | 203 | |
| 13444639876 | Francis Galton | was a pioneer in the study of human intelligence and testing, who initiated the use of surveys for collecting data and developed and applied statistics toward its analysis | 204 | |
| 13444669305 | standardized | when we say that a test is standardized, we mean that the test items have been piloted on a similar population of people as those who are meant to take the test and that achievement norms have been established | 205 | |
| 13444679305 | standardization sample | a representative group of people who take the test and establish the norms. | 206 | |
| 13444681484 | Psychometricians | (People who make tests) use the performance of the standardization sample on the experimental sections to choose items for future tests. | 207 | |
| 13444686082 | Reliability | consistency methods: 1. split-half reliability 2. equivalent-form reliability 3. test-retest reliability | 208 | |
| 13444693607 | split-half reliability | involves randomly dividing a test into two different sections and then correlating people's performances on the two halves | 209 | |
| 13444698964 | equivalent-form reliability | correlation between performance on different forms of the test | 210 | |
| 13444699894 | test-retest reliability | Refers to the correlation between a person's score on one administration of the test with the same person's score on a subsequent administration of the test. | 211 | |
| 13444702252 | validity | The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure | 212 | |
| 13445383760 | face validity | refers to a superficial measure of accuracy | 213 | |
| 13445387499 | content validity | content validity refers to how well a measure reflects the entire range of material it is supposed to be testing face validity is a type of content validity | 214 | |
| 13445399068 | criterion-related validity | test may have two kinds of criterion-related validity, concurrent and predictive | 215 | |
| 13445406087 | concurrent validity | measures how much of a characteristic a person has now | 216 | |
| 13445408247 | predictive validity | is a measure of future performance | 217 | |
| 13445411712 | construct validity | e.g. If an independent measure already exists that has been established to identify those who will make fine chefs and love their work, we can correlate prospective chefs' performance on this measure with their performance on any new measure is thought to be the most meaningful kind of validity The limitation is the difficulty in creating any measure that we believe is perfectly valid in the first place | 218 | |
| 13445453506 | aptitude test | measures ability or potential | 219 | |
| 13445456136 | achievement tests | measure what one has learned or accomplished how much of a body of material someone has learned | 220 | |
| 13445462482 | speed test | generally consists of a large number of questions asked in a short amount of time. The goal of a speed test is to see how quickly a person can solve problems. So the amount of time is provided insufficient to complete the problems | 221 | |
| 13445470767 | power test | is to gauge the difficulty level of problems an individual can solve. power tests consist of items of increasing difficulty levels. Examinees are given sufficient time to work through as many problems as they can since the goal is to determine the ceiling difficulty level | 222 | |
| 13445493967 | group tests | are administered to a large number of people at a time. Interaction between the examiner and the people taking the test is minimal. Group test are less expensive to administer and are thought to be more objective than individual tests | 223 | |
| 13445499081 | individual tests | involve greater interaction between the examiner and examinee | 224 | |
| 13445503291 | fluid intelligence | refers to our ability to solve abstract problems and pick up new information and skills (while fluid intelligence seems to decrease as adults age, research shows that crystallized intelligence holds steady or may even increase) | 225 | |
| 13445506524 | crystallized intelligence | involves using knowledge accumulated over time (while fluid intelligence seems to decrease as adults age, research shows that crystallized intelligence holds steady or may even increase) | 226 | |
| 13445521267 | Howard Gardner | subscribes to the idea of multiple intelligences | 227 | |
| 13445525448 | three of Gardner's multiple intelligences | 1. linguistic 2. logical-mathematical 3. spatial (more: musical, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and naturalist intelligence) | 228 | |
| 13445551976 | intrapersonal intelligence | people who are able to persevere without becoming discouraged or who can differentiate between situations in which they will be successful and those that may simply frustrate them have intrapersonal intelligence | 229 | |
| 13445588916 | interpersonal intelligence | corresponds to a person's ability to get along with and be sensitive to others | 230 | |
| 13445597486 | Daniel Goleman | One of the main proponents of EQ | 231 | |
| 13445603636 | emotional intelligence (EQ) | corresponds to Gardner's notions of interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence. proponent: Daniel Goleman both EQ and IQ are needed to succeed | 232 | |
| 13445616881 | Robert Sternberg | Sternberg's triarchic theory | 233 | |
| 13445625631 | Sternberg's triarchic theory | holds that three types of intelligence exist | 234 | |
| 13445656808 | Theories of Intelligence |  | 235 |
