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| 13714323420 | Griffith's experiment | an experiment carried out by Griffith using the heat-killed bacteria in mice to discover that a factor in heat-killed, disease-causing bacteria can "transform" harmless bacteria into ones that can cause disease -Transforming principle | 0 | |
| 13714333398 | Avery, McCarty, MacLeod | Discovered DNA stores and transmits genetic information . -DNA is the transforming principle |  | 1 |
| 13714345391 | Hershey-Chase Experiment | Used radioactive material to label DNA and protein of bacteriophages; infected bacteria passed on DNA; helped prove that DNA is genetic material, not proteins (blender experiment) |  | 2 |
| 13714355381 | Chargaff | Analyzed DNA from many species. Found that the amount of A&T and C&G are equal. Found that ratio of (A+T)/(G+C) varied within organisms but the same within a species. | 3 | |
| 13714362994 | Franklin and Wilkins | Used X ray diffraction to take pictures of DNA structure; it showed that DNA is helical | 4 | |
| 13714370317 | Watson and Crick | Figured out the structure of DNA was a double helix; Bases on the inside, sugar, and phosphate alternating on the outside. Determined A pairs with T, C pairs with G. | 5 | |
| 13714392460 | What is DNA made of? | repeating monomers called nucleotides | 6 | |
| 13714405184 | What are DNA nucleotides made of? | 5C sugars (deoxyribose) phosphate group nitrogenous base | 7 | |
| 13714412804 | Which nitrogenous bases are purines? | Adenine and Guanine (2 ring) | 8 | |
| 13714412898 | Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines? | Cytosine and Thymine (1 ring) | 9 | |
| 13714431491 | Which direction is DNA read? | 5' to 3' | 10 | |
| 13714434275 | DNA replication | semiconservative | 11 | |
| 13714440553 | semiconservative replication | Method of DNA replication in which parental strands separate, act as templates, and produce molecules of DNA with one parental DNA strand and one new DNA strand | 12 | |
| 13714447830 | conservative replication | Conservative replication is a theoretical method of replication where the original strands of DNA are left intact and two new strands are formed bonded together. | 13 | |
| 13714453853 | dispersive replication | a disproved model of DNA synthesis suggesting more or less random interspersion of parental and new segments in daughter DNA molecules | 14 | |
| 13714458878 | Steps of DNA replication | -DNA helicase unwinds the molecule -DNA polymerase uses the template strand to add nucleotides according to base pairing rules -The primase enzyme uses the original DNA sequence as a template to synthesize a short RNA primer. Primers are necessary because DNA polymerase can only extend a nucleotide chain, not start one. - DNA ligase comes along and removes the existing RNA primers - Fills in gap with DNA | 15 | |
| 13714599462 | Meselson and Stahl | Proved that DNA replicates in a semiconservative fashion, confirming Watson and Crick's hypothesis. Cultured bacteria in a medium containing heavy nitrogen (15N) and then a medium containing light nitrogen (14N); after extracting the DNA, they demonstrated that the replicated DNA consisted of one heavy strand and one light strand | 16 | |
| 13849539289 | smooth strain | virulent | 17 | |
| 13849539290 | rough strain | harmless strain | 18 | |
| 13849541453 | pathogenic | disease causing | 19 | |
| 13849543019 | transformation | process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria | 20 | |
| 13849547022 | Bacteriophage | A virus that infects bacteria | 21 | |
| 13849550285 | X-ray crystallography | A technique used to study the three-dimensional structure of molecules. It depends on the diffraction of an X-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule. | 22 | |
| 13849565081 | How did research done by other scientists help Watson and Crick? | - Used Franklin and Wilkins x-ray to determine shape -Used Chargaff's findings determine which bases pair with what | 23 | |
| 13849586283 | organic compounds | Compounds that contain carbon | 24 | |
| 13849588427 | deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins. | 25 | |
| 13849589771 | double helix | two strands of nucleotides wound about each other; structure of DNA | 26 | |
| 13849591895 | nitrogen base | a DNA nucleotide containing nitrogen, a sugar molecule, and a phosphate group | 27 | |
| 13849594638 | what does adenine pair with in RNA? | Uracil | 28 | |
| 13849600716 | What nitrogen base is not found in RNA? | Thymine | 29 | |
| 13849602079 | What nitrogen base is not found in DNA? | Uracil | 30 | |
| 13849603258 | complementary base pairing | Hydrogen bonding between particular pyrimidines and purines. Adenine & Thymine. Cytosine & Guanine. | 31 | |
| 13849614382 | Which part of DNA is the sugar and which part is the phosphate in a diagram? |  | 32 | |
| 13849635939 | sugar-phosphate backbone | The alternating chain of sugar and phosphate to which the DNA and RNA nitrogenous bases are attached | 33 | |
| 13849640813 | Why does the backbone of DNA have to have alternating sugar and phosphates? | Because if it was all sugar or all phosphate the DNA would be single charged and repeal other pieces of DNA. | 34 | |
| 13849649530 | hydrogen bond | weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom | 35 | |
| 13849652170 | Why is it necessary for nitrogen bonds to be held together by hydrogen bonds? | It makes DNA replication possible | 36 | |
| 13849660553 | nucleoid region | The region in a prokaryotic cell consisting of a concentrated mass of DNA. | 37 | |
| 13849664385 | two types of nucleic acids | deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) | 38 | |
| 13849666201 | Where is DNA located in eukaryotes? | chromosomes in the nucleus | 39 | |
| 13849668739 | Where is DNA located in prokaryotes? | nucleoid region | 40 | |
| 13849671186 | Functions of DNA | stores, copies, and transmits genetic information in a cell | 41 | |
| 13849675692 | Why is DNA considered an organic compound? | Because it contains 5 carbon sugars | 42 | |
| 13849701957 | What is the monomer that makes up nucleic acids? | nucleotides | 43 | |
| 13849714742 | Two groups of nitrogenous bases | purines and pyrimidines | 44 | |
| 13849720128 | Flat Model of DNA |  | 45 | |
| 13849771033 | Which molecules are attached to each deoxyribose sugar in the DNA molecule? | Nitrogen bases and Phosphate groups | 46 | |
| 13849774351 | Which molecules are attached to each phosphate group in the DNA molecule? | 5 carbon sugar | 47 | |
| 13849781966 | Which molecules are attached to each nitrogen base in the DNA molecule? | 5 carbon sugar and another base | 48 | |
| 13849787927 | DNA replication | the process of making a copy of DNA | 49 | |
| 13849787928 | DNA helicase | An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during DNA replication | 50 | |
| 13849789165 | DNA polymerase | -Enzyme involved in DNA replication that adds new nucleotides to the original strands. -Can only move in one direction | 51 | |
| 13849798888 | replication fork | A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where new strands are growing. | 52 | |
| 13849803679 | Parent strand | The template for constructing the new DNA double helix (og DNA) | 53 | |
| 13849806537 | Daughter strand | the newly made stand in DNA replication | 54 | |
| 13849810173 | In what organelle does DNA replication occur? | nucleus | 55 | |
| 13849813399 | What phase of cell division does DNA replication occur? | S phase of interphase | 56 | |
| 13849819209 | What is the goal of DNA replication? | to ensure that every cell has a complete set of identical DNA | 57 | |
| 13849820344 | Why is DNA replication called semi-conservative? | Each daughter DNA molecule is composed of one parental strand and one new strand | 58 | |
| 13849822242 | DNA ligase | an enzyme that eventually joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments | 59 | |
| 13849832956 | primase | synthesizes RNA primer | 60 | |
| 13849839176 | ribonucleic acid (RNA) | single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose | 61 | |
| 13849840445 | what is the difference between deoxyribose and ribose? | deoxyribose is missing an oxygen atom | 62 | |
| 13849849935 | ribose sugar | sugar used in RNA to make up the "backbone" | 63 | |
| 13849851257 | Messenger RNA (mRNA) | RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions (the order of the nitrogen bases)for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell | 64 | |
| 13849852457 | Transfer RNA (tRNA) | An RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA -Carries amino acids to ribosomes | 65 | |
| 13849855814 | codon | A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid | 66 | |
| 13849856910 | Anti-codon | group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon | 67 | |
| 13849858440 | What base sequence do you use to read an amino acid chart? | mRNA | 68 | |
| 13849869377 | What sequences is mRNA complementary to? | DNA and tRNA (therefore DNA and tRNA should be the same) | 69 | |
| 13849876834 | Ribosmal RNA (rRNA) | type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes | 70 | |
| 13849880059 | Gene | A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait | 71 | |
| 13849880060 | Protien | a chain of amino acids that builds body tissues and supplies energy. | 72 | |
| 13849885130 | trait | A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes. | 73 | |
| 13849886816 | Ribosome | Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized. | 74 | |
| 13849887858 | promoter region | region of DNA that RNA polymerase attaches to to begin transcription. | 75 | |
| 13849890426 | RNA polymerase | enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription using a DNA strand as a template | 76 | |
| 13849894612 | Transcription | synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template | 77 | |
| 13849896577 | Translation | Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced | 78 | |
| 13849897948 | amino acids | -a simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl (—COOH) and an amino (—NH2) group. -monomer of proteins | 79 | |
| 13849904343 | peptide bond | covalent bond formed between amino acids | 80 | |
| 13849906810 | covalent bond | A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule | 81 | |
| 13849906811 | ionic bond | Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another | 82 | |
| 13849909346 | amino acid structure |  | 83 | |
| 13849911426 | Polypeptide | A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. | 84 | |
| 13849913014 | Start codon | codon that signals to ribosomes to begin translation; codes for the first amino acid in a protein (AUG) | 85 | |
| 13849914134 | stop codon | codon that signals to ribosomes to stop translation (UAC) | 86 | |
| 13849915007 | genetic code | the ordering of nucleotides in DNA molecules that carries the genetic information in living cells | 87 | |
| 13849920445 | Differences between DNA and RNA | DNA has deoyribose, thymine, and is double-stranded. RNA has ribose, uracil, and is single-stranded | 88 | |
| 13849922361 | Similarities between DNA and RNA | Both are nucleic acids; both have A, C, and G | 89 | |
| 13849952069 | Role of DNA in protein synthesis | -Has the instructions -Creates mRNA | 90 | |
| 13849960773 | Structure of tRNA | "T"-shaped, has anticodons complementary to the mRNA opposite of the amino acid |  | 91 |
| 13849974350 | Structure of mRNA | single stranded |  | 92 |
| 13849976633 | Structure of rRNA | globular |  | 93 |
| 13849979654 | location of mRNA | nucleus and cytoplasm | 94 | |
| 13849982541 | Location of tRNA | cytoplasm and ribosome | 95 | |
| 13849988754 | Location of rRNA | ribosome | 96 | |
| 13850008881 | Where does transcription occur? | nucleus | 97 | |
| 13850008883 | Where does translation occur? | ribosome, cytoplasm, and nucleus | 98 | |
| 13850012845 | Central Dogma of Biology | DNA-transcription-RNA-translation-protein | 99 | |
| 13850027968 | Steps of Transcription | -RNA polymerase unzips the DNA double helix -RNA Nucleotides are formed from the nucleotides in the DNA template strand -The mRNA that is formed leaves the nucleus | 100 | |
| 13850050543 | steps of translation | -mRNA binds to the small subunit of the ribosome after leaving the nucleus -Ribosome and rRNA translate the mRNA -tRNA with an anticodon complementary to the first codon to be translated on the mRNA binds to the ribosome -The bases on the codon and anticodon link together by forming hydrogen bonds -The two amino acids carried by the tRNA molecules are bonded together by peptide linkage. A dipeptide is formed, attached to the tRNA on the right. -The tRNA on the left detaches. The ribosome moves along the mRNA to the next codon. Another tRNA carrying amino acid binds. A chain of three amino acids is formed. These stages are repeated until a polypeptide is formed. | 101 | |
| 13850078382 | point mutation | gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed | 102 | |
| 13850080250 | neutral mutation | a mutation that has no effect on survival or reproduction | 103 | |
| 13850084394 | silent mutation | A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created. | 104 | |
| 13850085408 | deletion mutation | a mutation in which one or more pairs of nucleotides are removed from a gene | 105 | |
| 13850086938 | Substitution | A mutation in which a nucleotide or a codon in DNA is replaced with a different nucleotide | 106 | |
| 13850087990 | frameshift mutation | mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide | 107 | |
| 13850091343 | nonsense mutation | A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein. | 108 | |
| 13850095493 | duplication mutation | a mutation that involves duplication of a region of DNA on the same strand | 109 | |
| 13850095494 | inversion mutation | Mutation in which a chromosome piece reattaches to original chromosome but in reverse orientation | 110 | |
| 13850097753 | Translocation mutation | mutation in which one part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another | 111 | |
| 13850099990 | Are all mutations harmful? | Many mutations are harmful but some are neutral and a few are beneficial. | 112 | |
| 13850103021 | What are some beneficial mutations? | immunity to HIV or resistant to some disease | 113 | |
| 13853816950 | gene expression | process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its function | 114 | |
| 13854661424 | RNA splicing | Process by which the introns are removed from RNA transcripts and the remaining exons are joined together. | 115 | |
| 13854665240 | protein processing | Polypeptide chain is folded into protein | 116 | |
| 13854677774 | Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA) | rare genetic disease that causes blindness and extreme farsightedness in newborns | 117 | |
| 13854692808 | sickle cell disease | Genetic disorder in which red blood cells have abnormal hemoglobin molecules and take on an sickled shape | 118 | |
| 13854697063 | Duchenne muscular dystrophy | A genetic disease caused by a sex-linked (x) recessive allele ; characterized by progressive weakening and a loss of muscle tissue. | 119 | |
| 13854705910 | Huntington's disease | A genetic disorder that causes progressive deterioration of brain cells. caused by a dominant allele. symptoms do not appear until adulthood | 120 | |
| 13854711674 | cystic fibrosis | A genetic disorder that occurs in people with two copies of a certain recessive allele; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consequent vulnerability to infection | 121 | |
| 13854719502 | CRISPR/Cas9 | Changes sequence of DNA at precise locations to edit out mistakes, add back deleted genes, or change order of sequence to avoid mutations | 122 | |
| 13854742284 | Gene therapy | The insertion of working copies of a gene in a virus into the cells of a person with a genetic disorder in an attempt to correct the disorder | 123 | |
| 13854752902 | Gene switches | Targets regulatory DNA sequences to alter gene expression (turn off mutant genes or turn on necessary genes) | 124 | |
| 13854771136 | Exon skipping | The directed removal of exons during mRNA processing to restore the reading frame of the mature mRNA to make a shortened, but functional protein | 125 | |
| 13854777365 | RNA interference | Blocking gene expression by means of an miRNA silencing complex. | 126 | |
| 13854781167 | Small molecule drug | A diverse group of chemical compounds that can block negative affects of disease causing proteins or restore proteins to proper function | 127 | |
| 13855125533 | What bonds hold sugar and phosphate in DNA together? | Covalent bond | 128 | |
| 13856149965 | Marshal Nirenberg | -Found that some codons are punctuation marks (stop codons) -Found that some amino acids are coded for by more than one codon -matched codons to amino acids |  | 129 |
