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| 15811560274 | Learning | a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience | 0 | |
| 15811569471 | Habituation | an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it | 1 | |
| 15811589763 | associative learning | learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning). | 2 | |
| 15811593413 | classical conditioning | A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events. | 3 | |
| 15811625609 | Behaviorism | The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2). | 4 | |
| 15811654531 | unconditioned response (UR) | In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. | 5 | |
| 15811658220 | unconditioned stimulus (US) | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response. | 6 | |
| 15811664628 | conditioned response (CR) | in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS) | 7 | |
| 15811672193 | conditioned stimulus (CS) | in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response. | 8 | |
| 15811677069 | acquisition | In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. | 9 | |
| 15811706820 | higher-order conditioning | a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.) | 10 | |
| 15811716985 | Extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. | 11 | |
| 15811745220 | spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response | 12 | |
| 15811750136 | Generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses | 13 | |
| 15811753657 | Discrimination | in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus | 14 | |
| 15811758248 | learned helplessness | the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events | 15 | |
| 15811762340 | respondent behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus | 16 | |
| 15811769679 | operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher | 17 | |
| 15811773370 | law of effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely | 18 | |
| 15811782926 | operant chamber | in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. | 19 | |
| 15811789040 | Shaping | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior | 20 | |
| 15811792441 | discriminative stimulus | in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement) | 21 | |
| 15811798389 | reinforcer | in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows | 22 | |
| 15811801635 | positive reinforcement | Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. | 23 | |
| 15811807431 | negative reinforcement | Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.) | 24 | |
| 15811812869 | primary reinforcer | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need | 25 | |
| 15811825150 | operant behavior | behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences | 26 | |
| 15811833302 | conditioned reinforcer | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer | 27 | |
| 15811837360 | continious reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs | 28 | |
| 15811842047 | partial (intermittent) reinforcement | reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement | 29 | |
| 15811848482 | fixed-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses | 30 | |
| 15811862935 | variable-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses | 31 | |
| 15811866678 | fixed-interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed | 32 | |
| 15811874867 | variable-interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals | 33 | |
| 15811879685 | punishment | an event that decreases the behavior that it follows | 34 | |
| 15811882901 | cognitive map | a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it. | 35 | |
| 15811889980 | latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it | 36 | |
| 15811892603 | insight | a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem | 37 | |
| 15811897384 | intrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake | 38 | |
| 15811901038 | extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment | 39 | |
| 15811907442 | Biofeedback | a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension | 40 | |
| 15811921338 | Observational learning | learning by observing others. Also called social learning | 41 | |
| 15811932061 | modeling | the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior | 42 | |
| 15811932062 | mirror neurons | Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy. | 43 | |
| 15811941067 | prosocial behavior | positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior | 44 |
