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Hydrosphere

seawater - contains 97.2% of world's water, aka saline water  

  • salinity - grams of salts per 1 kg of seawater
  • salt, bromine, magnesium commercially extracted from seas
  • desalination - removing salts from seawater
    • distillation - makes the salts precipitate out
    • reverse osmosis - extra pressure >> solvent goes towards more dilute side

freshwater - amount of oxygen = quality of water  

  • 9 ppm of oxygen in fully saturated water
  • aerobic bacteria uses oxygen to oxidize biodegradable materials
    • excess biodegradable materials >> bacteria uses up more oxygen for oxidation
    • not enough oxygen >> aerobic bacteria dies >> anaerobic bacteria take over
  • eutrophication - increasing amount of dead/decaying plant matter

green chemistry - using chemical products that preserve the environment  

  • preventing waste > cleaning up waste
  • industries need as little waste as possible, waste shouldn't be toxic
  • chemical processes need to be energy-efficient
  • raw materials should be renewable
  • no auxiliary substances used (or at the very least, harmless auxiliary substances)
    • solvents not consumed in reaction but released into atmosphere

water purification - water chlorination produces trihalomethanes (THM)  

  • several THMs are carcinogens
Subject: 
Chemistry
Subject X2: 
Chemistry

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