AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

APES: Populations Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
14700934924PopulationGroup of individuals of the same species living in a particular area.0
14700934925Fundamental characteristics of a populationSize, density, age/sex distribution, dispersion.1
14700934926Types of dispersionRandom (dandelions), clumping (elephant herd), uniform (penguins).2
14700934927Population changeFour variables dictate changes in the size of a population.3
14700934928Additions to a populationBirths and immigration.4
14700934929Subtractions to a populationDeaths and emigration.5
14700934930Mathematical model of population changeN1 = N + (Births + Immigrants) - (Death + Emigrants)6
14700934931Environmental factors that influence population changeFood availability, space availability, predation/disease, # of mates, competition, environmental disasters.7
14700934932Population growthWhen no environmental constraints exist, a population is able to grow at its maximum capacity.8
14700934933Biotic potentialMaximum capacity for growth in a population. Maximum reproductive rate of an organism. If given unlimited resources, how quickly could a population possibly grow.9
14700934934Intrinsic rate of increaseRate of growth given unlimited resources.10
14700934935How is rate of increase determined?Birth rate - % of new births in a year (b). Death rate = % of deaths in a year (d). Intrinsic rate - r = b - d11
14700934936Exponential growthUnrestrained growth with a constant rate of increase (J curve). Growth at a constant rate of increase per unit time. Number of individuals added to a population at the beginning of exponential growth is relatively small. But numbers increase quickly as the population, and thus the given percentage of that population, grows.12
14700934937Exponential growth equationdN/dt = rN r - intrinsic growth rate N - the initial population size dN/dt - amount of change in the population size per unit time.13
14700934938Mathematic model to calculate the size of a population over a length of timeN1 = N0e^rt14
14700934939Doubling timeA useful concept in population studies that gives perspective in terms of how easy a population is actually growing. Useful measure to illustrate speed and magnitude of growth.15
14700934940Doubling time equation70/(growth rate in percent)16
14700934941MalthusAn English economist and demographer; all biological populations have a potential for increase that exceeds the actual rate of increase, and the resources for the support of increase are limited. Recognized the potential for growth in all organisms and inspired Darwin to use this concept to explain change in populations over time.17
14700934942Environmental resistanceAll the factors that act to limit population growth. Any environmental factor that reduces population growth.18
14700934943Carrying capacity (K)Number of individuals of a given species that can be sustained indefinitely in a particular area. There is a limit to the number of individuals that can be supported. The maximum population of a given species that a particular habitat can sustain indefinitely without degrading the habitat.19
14700934944Logistic growthExponential growth with a steady decrease in the rate of population growth over time as a the population encounters environmental resistance or approaches the carrying capacity (S curve). Growth rates regulated by internal and external factors until they come into equilibrium with environmental resources. Growth rate slows as population approaches carrying capacity.20
14700934945Logistic growth equationdN/dt = rN (1 - N/K)21
14700934946When additions are greater than subtractions, the population _____________.Increases.22
14700934947When subtractions are greater than additions, the population _____________.Decreases.23
14700934948When addition equal subtractions, the population is _______.Stable.24
14700934949When resources are abundant, births tend to be ______ and deaths ____. Population tends to grow ________.High, low, rapidly. Exponential growth.25
14700934950When resources become scarce, births tend to go down and/or deaths tend to increase, population growth more ______, it _________, or ________.Slowly, stabilizes, declines. Logistic growth.26
14700934951NatalityProduction of new individuals.27
14700934952FecundityPhysical ability to reproduce.28
14700934953FertilityMeasure of actual number of offspring produced.29
14700934954ImmigrationOrganisms introduced into a new ecosystem.30
14700934955MortalityDeath rate.31
14700934956SurvivorshipPercentage of cohort (common age group) surviving to a certain age.32
14700934957Life expectancyProbable number of years of survival for an individual of a given age.33
14700934958Life spanLongest period of life reached by a given type of organism.34
14700934959EmigrationMovement of individuals out of a population.35
14700934960Arithmetic growthGrowth at a constant amount per unit time.36
14700934961Population oscillationsThe population goes up and down.37
14700934962OvershootMeasure of extent which population exceeds carrying capacity of its environment.38
14700934963DiebackNegative growth curve. Severity generally related to the extent of overshoot.39
14700934964Over time species may increase their capacity by developing ________.Adaptations. Humans may develop technologies.40
14700934965Some species maintain their capacity by ________________.Migrating to other areas.41
14700934966What has extended the earth's carrying capacity for humans?Technological, social, and other cultural advantages.42
14700934967Population densityThe number of individuals in a population found in a particular area or volume. Affect how rapidly it can grow or decline (ex: biotic factors like disease, abiotic factors like weather).43
14700934968Uniform distributionOften reflects intense infraspecific competition44
14700934969Intrinsic factorsOperate within or between individual organisms in the same species.45
14700934970Extrinsic factorsImposed from outside the population.46
14700934971Biotic factorsCaused by living organisms.47
14700934972Abiotic factorsCaused by non-living environmental components.48
14700934973Density dependent factorsHigher proportion of population is affected as population density increases. Tend to reduce population size by decreasing natality and/or increasing mortality as population size increases. Interspecific interactions - predator prey oscillations. Infraspecific interactions - territoriality, stress-related diseases.49
14700934974Density independent factorsConstant proportion of the population is affected regardless of population density. Tend to be abiotic components. Do not directly regulate population size. Natural disasters, fires, hurricanes, earthquakes, meteors, likelihood of death has nothing to do with population size.50
14700934975Stable population changeFluctuates slightly above and below carrying capacity as a population levels off.51
14700934976Irruptive population changePopulations explode and then crash to a more stable level. Members of populations which exceed their resources will die unless they adapt or move to an area with more resources. Malthusian growth - population explosions followed by population crashes. Malthus concluded human populations send to grow until they exhaust their resources and then crash.52
14700934977Cyclic population changePopulations fluctuate and regular cyclic or boom-and-bust cycles. Population sizes often vary in regular cycles when the predator and prey populations are controlled by the scarcity of resources.53
14700934978Irregular population changeErratic changes in possibly due to chaos or drastic change.54
14700934979Reproductive patterns: opturnists and competitorsLarge number of smaller offspring with little parental care (r-selected species). Fewer, larger offspring with higher invested parental care (K-selected species).55
14700934980r-Selected Malthusian strategiesShort life, rapid growth, early maturity, many small offspring, little parental care, little investment in individual offspring, adapted to unstable environment, pioneers, colonizers, niche generalists, prey, regulated mainly by extrinsic factors, low trophic level.56
14700934981K-selected logistic strategiesLong life, slower growth, late maturity, fewer large offspring, high parental care and protection, high investment in individual offspring, adapted to stable environment, later stages of succession, niche specialists, predators, regulated mainly by intrinsic factors, high trophic level.57
14700934982Survivorship curveThe way to represent the age structure of a population. The populations of different species vary in how long individual members typically live. Type I - late loss population live to an old age. Type II - constant loss population die at all age. Type III - most members of early loss population, die at young ages.58
14700934983Survivorship curve patternsFull physiological life span, probability of death unrelated to age, mortality peaks both early and late in life, mortality peaks early in life.59
Powered by Quizlet.com

Period 4: 1800-1848 AP US History Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
15548613209FederalistPolitical party created in the 1790s led by Alexander Hamilton; favored a stronger national government; supported primarily by the bankers and moneyed interests0
15548613210Democratic-RepublicansPolitical party created in the 1790's; led by Thomas Jefferson; favored limited government and state rights; supported primarily by the "common man"1
15548613211Election of 1800(AKA Revolution of 1800) election that led to a peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist party to the Democratic Republican Party2
15548613212Hartford Convention, 1814Meeting of Federalists during the War of 1812 discuss strategy to gain more power in government; viewed as unpatriotic by many; as a result, the Federalist Party was no longer a significant force in American politics3
15548613213Era of Good FeelingsTerm used to describe the time period after the 2nd Party System in the United States after the Federalist Party fell from the national stage, leaving only the Democratic Party; associated with the presidency of James Monroe4
15548613214DemocratsPolitical party that brought Andrew Jackson into office in 1829; part of the 2nd Party System of the United States; supported Jeffersonian ideas of limited government and individualism; drew its support from the "common Man"5
15548613215Whig PartyPolitical Party created in 1834 as a coalition of anti-Jackson political leaders and dedicated to internal improvements funded by the national government6
15548613216Andrew JacksonLeader of the Democrats who became the seventh president of the US (1829-1837); known for his opposition to the 2nd Bank of the US, the Indian Removal Act, and opposition to nullification7
15548613217Henry ClayLeader of the Whig Party who proposed an "American System" to make the United States economically self-sufficient, mostly through protective tariffs; worked to keep the Union together through political compromise8
15548613218Nullification Crisis (1832-1833)After South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void, President Jackson obtained a Force Bill to use military actions against South Carolina; ended with a compromise to lower tariffs over an extended time; overall significance was the challenge of states to ignore federal law (later on with laws regarding slavery).9
15548613219John C. CalhounSouth Carolina political leader who defended slavery as a positive good and advocated the doctrine of nullification, a policy in which state could nullify federal law.10
15548613220John MarshallAppointed to the Supreme Court by John Adams in 1801; served as a chief justice until 1835; legal decisions gave the Supreme Court more power, strengthened the federal government, and supported protection of private property.11
15548613221Cotton BeltSouthern region in the US where most of the cotton is grown/deep; stretched from South Carolina to Georgia to the new states in the southwest frontier; had the highest concentration of slaves12
15548613222Judicial ReviewThe power of the Supreme Court to review the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress13
15548613223Market EconomyEconomic system based on the unregulated buying and selling of goods and services; prices are determined by the forces of supply and demand14
15548613224Embargo Act (1807)Passed by President Jefferson in order to pressure Britain and France to stop impressment and support the American rights to free trade with the other; a government-order ban on international trade; went into effect in 1808 and closed down virtually all U.S. trade with foreign nations; led to steep depression in the economy15
15548613225Panic of 1819Financial panic that began when the Second Bank of the US tightened credit and recalled government loans after the price of cotton dropped16
15548613226Second Bank of the United States (1816)Privately owned bank that operated as both a commercial and fiscal agent for the US government; established in 1816 under a charter that was supposed to last 20 years; Andrew Jackson was critical of the bank and its potential for corruption; ended when Jackson vetoed the extension of its charter and won reelection in the process17
15548613227Tariff of 1816First protective tariff in US history; designed primarily to help America's textile industry18
15548613228Tariff of Abominations 1828Tariff with such high rates that it set off tension between northerners and southerners over tariff issues (called the Nullification Crisis)19
15548613229Panic of 1837Economic collapse caused primarily by President Jackson's destruction of the Second Bank of the United States20
15548613230Slave CodesLaws that established the status of slaves denying them basic rights and classifying them as the property of slaveholders21
15548613231Second Great AwakeningAn upsurge in religious activity that began around 1800 and was characterized by emotional revival meetings; led to several reform movements (temperance, abolition) designed to perfect society with religious morals22
15548613232Charles FinneyPresbyterian minister who is credited and is known as the "Father of modern Revivalism"; advocated the abolition of slavery and equal education for women and African Americans23
15548613233Elizabeth Cady StantonAdvocate of women right's, including the right to vote; organized (with Lucretia Mott) the first women's rights convention at Seneca Falls, NY24
15548613234Dorothea DixPioneer in the moment for special treatment for the mentally ill25
15548613235Horace MannMassachusetts educator who called for publicly funded education for all children; called the "Father of Public Education in America"26
15548613236Utopian CommunitiesIdealistic reform movement based on the belief that a perfect society could be created on Earth; significant Utopian experiments were established at New Harmony, Indiana, Book Farm, Massachusetts and the Oneida Community in New York; usually such attempts were short-lived27
15548613237William Lloyd GarrisonRadical abolitionist in Massachusetts who published the liberator, an antislavery newspaper28
15548613238Hudson River School 1825-1875The first native school of painting in the US; painted primarily landscapes; themes included deep nationalism, grandeur of nature, and transcendentalism29
15548613239TranscendentalismPhilosophical and literary movement that believed God existed within human being and nature; believed intuition was the highest source of knowledge; advocated for introspection by surrounding oneself with nature30
15548613240Ralph Waldo EmersonPhilosopher, writer, and poet who became a central figure in the Transcendalist movement in American31
15548613241Henry David ThoreauWriter and naturalist; with Ralph Waldo Emerson, he was one of America's best known transcendentalists32
15548613242Samuel SlaterKnown as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution"; brought British textile technology to the United States to create the first factory33
15548613243John DeereInvented the steel plow in 1837, which revolutionized farming; the steel plow broke up soil without the soil getting stuck to the plow34
15548613244Lowell SystemMethod of factory management that evolved in the textile mills of Lowell, MA35
15548613245Erie Canal (1817-1825)350 mile canal built by the state of NY that stretched from Buffalo to Albany; the canal revolutionized shipping in NY and opened up new markets (evidence of the Market Revolution)36
15548613246National Road (1811)AKA Cumberland Road; first significant road built in the US at the expense of the federal government; stretched from the Potomac River to the Ohio River37
15548613247Cult of DomesticityThe belief that a woman's proper role in life was found in domestic pursuits (raising children, taking care of the house); strongly believed by many throughout the 19th century38
15548613248Louisiana Purchase (1803)U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River39
15548613249Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-1806)Expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark40
15548613250War HawksMembers of Congress from the West and South elected in 1810 who wanted war with Britain in the hopes of annexing new territory and ending British trade with the Indians of the Northwest41
15548613251War of 18121812-1815, War between the U.S. and Great Britain caused primarily by the perceived British violation of American neutral rights on the high seas (impressment); ended with an agreement of "status quo ante" (a return to how things were before the war)42
15548613252Monroe Doctrine (1823)President Monroe's unilateral declaration that the Americas would be closed to further European colonization and that the U.S. would not allow European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere; in return the U.S. pledged to stay out of European conflicts and affairs; significant foreign policy state that lasted through most of the 19th century43
15548613253TecumsehShawnee leader who attempted to establish an Indian confederacy among tribes from around the continent that he hoped would be a barrier to white expansion; defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 by U.S. forces led by General William Henry Harrison, slowing the momentum of Pan-Indian unity44
15548613254Indian Removal Act (1830)Law that provided for the removal of all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi and the purchase of Indian lands for white resettlement45
15548613255Worcester v. Georgia (1832)A Supreme Court ruling that declared a state did not have the power to enforce laws on lands that were not under state jurisdiction; John Marshall wrote that the state of Georgia did not have the power to remove Indians; this ruling was largely ignored by President Andrew Jackson46
15548613256Trail of Tears (1838)Forced march of the Cherokee people from Georgia to Indian Territory in the winter; a large percentage of Cherokee died on the journey47
15548613257The American SystemConsisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: (1) a tariff to protect and promote American industry; (2) a national bank to foster commerce; (3) federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture; supported heavily by Henry Clay48
15548613258Missouri Compromise (1820)Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance between slave and free states in representation in the federal government; established a geographic line that would determine whether new states (made from the western territories) would be added to the union as slave or free states49
15548613259Spoils SystemPublic offices given as a reward for political support. Most iconically used by Andrew Jackson after his first election, which then became a precedent for future federal leaders.50
15548613260Marbury v. Madison (1803, Marshall)The Court established its role as the arbiter of the constitutionality of federal laws, the principle is known as judicial review.51
15548613261interchangeable partsParts that were identical and which could be substituted for one another; developed by Eli Whitney for the manufacturing of muskets; became a hallmark of the American factory system52
15548613262tariffA tax imposed on imported goods and services. Tariffs are used to restrict trade, as they increase the price of imported goods and services, making them more expensive to consumers.53
15548613263embargoA government order prohibiting commerce in or out of a port54
15548613264Erie CanalA canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. Connected Great Lakes farms and western markets with New York City leading to its rise as a center of trade and commerce.55
15548613265SteamboatInvented by Fulton and revolutionized river transportation56
15548613266Haitian RevolutionA major influence of the Latin American revolutions because of its success; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Overture.57
15548613267Bank WarAndrew Jackson vetoed the recharter bill of the Second Bank of the United States on July 10, 1832, which was a blow against monopolies, "New England aristocrats", and foreign domination, but a victory for labor. Jackson created pet banks and destabilized the national currency.58
15548613268Corrupt Bargainwhat Jackson and followers called the Clay/Adams deal that kept him from election in 1824.59
15548613269Nat Turnerthe largest and deadliest slave uprising in U.S. history; resulted in new laws (South) prohibiting education of slaves and free black people, restricting rights of assembly and other civil rights for free black people, and requiring white ministers to be present at all worship services.60
15548613270Mormonsmembers of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints founded by Joseph Smith in 1830; Relocated to Utah to escape religious persecution, settling in Salt Lake City, Utah61
15548613271TemperanceModeration, or sometimes total abstinence, as regards drinking alcohol.62
15548613272NativistOne who advocates favoring native-born citizens over aliens or immigrants.63
15548613273IrishPoorest Immigrant group. Came to US due to potato famine. Often hated by Americans.64
15548613274GermansImmigrant group that settled in farming communities in the midwest65
15548613275Jacksonian DemocracyThe time period 1829 to 1837 when Andrew Jackson was president. This era was also known as the Age of the Common Man.66
15548613276ImpressmentPractice of the British navy of stealing Americans and forcing them into service in the British Navy.67
15548613277Missouri CompromiseAn 1820 compromise crafted by Henry Clay, it consisted of three bills. * Admit Missouri as a slave-holding state * Admit Maine as a free state * Prohibit slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36 3068
15548613278King AndrewNickname given to President Andrew Jackson when his opponents did not like his use of the veto power.69
15548613279Force ActPermitted Andrew Jackson to organize troops to prevent South Carolina from secession.70
15548613280Results of the War of 1812-American Nationalism -War Heroes -Death of the Federalist Party71
15548613281Frederick DouglasFormer slave who became a significant leader in the abolitionist movement - Known for his great oratorical skills72
Powered by Quizlet.com

The Neuron - AP Psychology, Neuron Labeling AP Psychology Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
14918524993DendritesPart of neuron that receives messages from other neurons0
14918524994Axonwire-like structure that extends from cell body & connects terminal bulbs1
14918524995Axon Terminal (Bulbs)End of neuron, where message exits and enters synapse2
14918524996Myelin Sheatha fatty covering around axon of some neurons that speeds neural impulse3
14918524997Cell bodyContains nucleus and DNA of neuron4
14918524998NucleusCenter of cell body (Soma), contains DNA5
14918524999SynapseSpace between two neurons where chemical messengers cross - junction where end of axon meets another cell's dendrite6
14918525000receptor sitesholes in surface of dendrites shaped to fit specific neurotransmitters7
14918525003mirror neuronsFrontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. - brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy8
14918525004Interneuronsneurons that internally communicate and intervene between sensory inputs/motor outputs9
14918525006dendritesreceive messages from other cells10
14918525007axonextension of a neuron through which messages pass to other neurons, muscles, or glands11
14918525008terminal branches of axonform junctions with other cells12
14918525009myelin sheath13
14918525005how does a neural impulse travel?travels down the axon14
14918525010cell bodyLargest part of neuron; contains the nucleus and much of cytoplasm15
14918636089action potentialneurons fire electrical impulses generated by stimuli16
14918641909thresholdlevel of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse17
14918669986axon from one cell connects to dendrites of ______ cellsother18
14918673959excitatory signalsget neurons going19
14918678877inhibitory signalsslow neurons down20
14918684887sensory neuronsend info from organs/tissues to brain21
14918690495interneuronsallow for understanding messages from sensory neurons22
14918695693motor neuronsbrain sends signals to body in response to signals received23
14918722879reuptakeleftover chemicals in synapse gap reabsorbed by sending neuron24
14918740037neurotransmitters fit in receptor like alock and key25
14918745683dopaminemovement, learning, attention, emotion26
14918749390serotoninmood, hunger, sleep, arousal *(antidepressants raise levels)*27
14918759231norepinephrinealertness28
14918762129acetylcholinelearning, memory, muscle contractions29
14918765231endorphinschemicals released during pain/vigorous exercise30
14918771491drugssubstance that copies/blocks neurotransmitters31
Powered by Quizlet.com

AMSCO AP US History Chapter 22 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 22 World War I and its Aftermath, 1914-1920

Terms : Hide Images
12739794463Allied PowersIn World War I, Great Britain, France, and Russia were known by this name. (p. 455)0
12739794464Central PowersIn World War I, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire were known by this name. (p. 455)1
12739794467LusitaniaOn May 7, 1915 a British passenger ship was sunk by German torpedoes and 128 American passengers died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, and moved the country towards war. (p. 455).2
12739794514Sussex PledgeIn March 1916 an unarmed merchant ship, the Sussex, was sunk by the Germans. Germany made a pledge that they would not sink anymore merchant ships without warning. This kept the U.S. out of the war for a little while longer. (p. 456)3
12739794468propagandaBritain controlled the daily war news that was cabled to the United States. They supplied the American press with many stories of German soldier committing atrocities. (p. 457)4
12739794471Election of 1916 ("He kept us out of war")In this election, main concern of voters was whether or not the United States would become involved in World War I. Involving Taft, Teddy Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson. Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, enabling Wilson to win5
12739794475Zimmermann telegramIn March 1917, the U.S. newspapers carried the story that Britain had intercepted a telegram from the German government to the Mexican government offering German support if Mexico declared war against the U.S. (p. 459)6
12739794515Russian RevolutionThe revolution against the autocratic tsarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a republic in March 1917. (p. 459)7
12739794476declaration of warIn April 1917, President Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war against Germany. (p. 460)8
12739794477war industry boardsDuring World War I, they set production priorities and established centralized control over raw materials and prices. (P. 460)9
12739794478MAIN causes of WWIM- Militarism A- Alliances I- Imperialism N- Nationalism10
12739794479Blockades of U.S. shipsEarly in the war while the U.S. tried to remain neutral, both Britain and Germany blockaded and seized U.S. ships that were trying to reach the opposite country.11
12739794480National Defense ActAct of 1916 that expanded the regular federal army from 90,000 to 175,000 and permitted gradual enlargement to 223,000, expanded the National Guard to 440,000, made provision for their training, and gave federal funds for summer training camps for civilians.12
12739794516Selective Service ActIn 1917, this law provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 30 for a military draft. Men were chosen by lottery. Eventually, 2.8 million were called by lottery, in addition to the nearly 2 million who volunteered. (p. 462)13
12739794483Committee on Public InformationA propaganda organization that created numerous posters, short films, and pamphlets explaining the war to Americans and encouraging them to purchase war bonds to gain support for World War I. (p. 461)14
12739794485American Protective LeagueAn organization that helped the Justice Department identify radicals and critics of the war by spying on their neighbors and carrying out ''slacker raids'' in which thousands of men were stopped on the streets of major cities and required to produce draft registration cards.15
12739794517Espionage ActIn 1917, this law imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. (p. 461)16
12739794518Sedition ActIn 1918, this law made it a crime to criticize the government or government officials. Opponents claimed that it violated citizens' rights to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, guaranteed by the First Amendment. About 1000 people were jailed because of the law, one of them was Eugene Debs. (p. 461)17
12739794519Schenck v. United StatesA 1919 Supreme Court case, in which the constitutionality of the Espionage Act was upheld in the case of a man who was imprisoned for distributing pamphlets against the draft. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes said the right to free speech could be limited when it represented a "clear and present danger" to public safety. (p. 461)18
12739794487wartime jobs for womenAs men joined the military many of their former jobs were taken by women. (p. 462)19
12739794489migration of blacks and HispanicsDuring World War I, many Mexicans crossed the border to take jobs in agriculture and mining. African Americans moved to the North for new job opportunities. (p. 462)20
12739794491American Expeditionary ForceIn the summer of 1918, hundreds of thousands of American troops went to France as members of this force under General John J. Pershing. (p. 463)21
12739794494November 11, 1918On this date, Germany signed a World War I armistice in which they agreed to surrender their arms, give up much of their navy, and evacuate occupied territory. (p. 463)22
12739794496Fourteen PointsAfter the end of World War I, President Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace. It called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms, and a general association of nations. (p. 464)23
12739794520Big FourThe term for the the four most important leaders (on the Allied side) during Word War I and at the Paris Peace Conference. They were Woodrow Wilson - United States, David Lloyd George - Great Britain, George Clemenceau - France, and Vittorio Orlando - Italy. (p. 465)24
12739794521Treaty of VersaillesThe World War I peace conference which included the victorious Allied Powers (United States, Great Britain, and France). The defeated Germany agreed to the following terms: 1) Germany had to disarm. 2) Germany had to pay war reparations. 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing the war. 4) Germany could not manufacture any weapons. 5) Germany had to accept French occupation of the Rhineland for 15 years. 6) Territories taken from Germany: Austria-Hungary, and Russia were given their independence (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia) 7) Signers joined the League of Nations which includes Article X; that each member nation would stand ready to protect the independence and territorial integrity of the other nations. (p. 465)25
12739794522League of NationsInternational organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation. However, it was greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. (p. 466)26
12739794501IrreconcilablesIn 1919, senators who voted against the Treaty of Versailles because it required the United States to join the League of Nations. (p. 466)27
12739794502ReservationistsIn 1919, senators who pledged to vote in favor of the Treaty of Versailles if certain changes were made. They were led by Henry Cabot Lodge. (p. 466)28
12739794524Red ScareAfter World War I, anti-communist hysteria caused this phenomenon. (p. 467)29
12739794508Palmer raidsPrompted by a series of unexplained bombings, in 1920, this operation was coordinated by Attorney General Mitchell Palmer. Federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organizations in many cities. (p. 467)30
12739794512Race Riots of 1919Racial tensions mounted, and race riots broke out in several cities, largely due to the increased minority populations caused by wartime migration for jobs. Some of the worst violence occurred in Chicago, where 13 days of rioting in 1919 left 38 people dead and some 500 injured.31
Powered by Quizlet.com

Pages

Subscribe to CourseNotes RSS

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!