Flashcards
EL PRESENTE PROGRESIVO, AP Flashcards
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| 14859168100 | estaba comiendo | I was eating | 0 | |
| 14859168101 | están discutiendo | they are discussing | 1 | |
| 14859168102 | sigue explicando | he keeps explaining | 2 | |
| 14859168103 | nos estamos preparando | we are getting ready | 3 | |
| 14859168104 | están escribiendo | you guys are writing | 4 | |
| 14859168105 | estás prestando atención | you are hearing | 5 | |
| 14859168106 | estaré leyendo | I will be reading | 6 | |
| 14859168107 | continuas diciendo | you continue saying | 7 | |
| 14859168108 | estaban pidiendo | they were ordering | 8 | |
| 14859168109 | se está duchando | he is taking a shower | 9 | |
| 14859168110 | se estaba cayendo | it was falling | 10 | |
| 14859168111 | están construyendo | they are building | 11 | |
| 14859168112 | estoy imprimiendo | I am printing | 12 | |
| 14859168113 | salieron sonriendo | they left smiling | 13 | |
| 14859168114 | estás trayendo | you are bringing | 14 | |
| 14859168115 | me estoy bañando | I am taking a bath | 15 | |
| 14859168116 | está durmiendo | he is sleeping | 16 | |
| 14859168117 | estábamos repitiendo | we were repeating | 17 | |
| 14859168118 | estarán aprendiendo | you all will be learning | 18 | |
| 14859168119 | nos estamos ayudando | we are helping each other | 19 | |
| 14859168120 | vinieron corriendo | they came running | 20 |
AP Psychology Chapter 4 Flashcards
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| 8184127099 | Sensation | Detecting physical energy from the environment and encoding it as neural signals | 0 | |
| 8184127100 | Bottom-Up Processing | Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information. Externally Driven. | 1 | |
| 8184127101 | Perception | Selecting, organizing, and interpreting what comes in your window as meaningful objects and events. | 2 | |
| 8184127102 | Top-Down Processing | Guided by higher level mental processes, such as experience, motivation, and expectations | 3 | |
| 8184127103 | Perceptual Adaptation | Ability to adjust to an artificially displaced field | 4 | |
| 8184127104 | Psychophysics | The study of how physical energy relates to our psychological experience | 5 | |
| 8184127105 | Transduction | Conversion of one form of energy into another | 6 | |
| 8184127106 | Absolute Threshold | The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time | 7 | |
| 8184127107 | Difference Threshold (JND) | The minimum difference a person can detect between any 2 stimuli 50% of the time | 8 | |
| 8184127108 | Weber's Law | Difference thresholds differ by a constant percentage rather than a constant amount. | 9 | |
| 8184127109 | Signal Detection Theory | Predicts when we will detect weak stimuli amid background noise Depends on experience, expectations, motivation, and fatigue level | 10 | |
| 8184127110 | Subliminal Messages | Stimuli below one's absolute threshold Unconsciously sensed Works to an extent | 11 | |
| 8184127111 | Sensory Adaptation | Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation | 12 | |
| 8184127112 | Wavelength | Determines Hue | 13 | |
| 8184127113 | Amplitude | Determines Brightness | 14 | |
| 8184127114 | Pupil | A small adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters |  | 15 |
| 8184127115 | Iris | A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil's opening |  | 16 |
| 8184127116 | Cornea | Protects the eye and bends light to provide focus |  | 17 |
| 8184127117 | Lens | The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus objects on the retina |  | 18 |
| 8184127118 | Accomodation | Lens changes shape to focus near or far images on the retina | 19 | |
| 8184127119 | Retina | Light sensitive inner surface of the eye containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information |  | 20 |
| 8184127120 | Optic Nerve | The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain |  | 21 |
| 8184127121 | Blind Spot | The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye No receptor cells Brain fills the "hole" without permission |  | 22 |
| 8184127122 | Fovea | The central focal point in the retina |  | 23 |
| 8184127123 | Acuity | Resolution | 24 | |
| 8184127124 | Nearsightedness | Too much curvature of the cornea/lens Near objects are more clear | 25 | |
| 8184127125 | Farsightedness | Not enough curvature of the cornea/lens Far objects are more clear | 26 | |
| 8184127126 | Rods | Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and grey Necessary for peripheral vision | 27 | |
| 8184127127 | Cones | Retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina Detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations | 28 | |
| 8184127128 | Feature Detectors | Nerve cells in the brain the respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angles, or movement | 29 | |
| 8184127129 | Parallel Processing | The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously | 30 | |
| 8184127130 | Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision | The eye has 3 types of color receptors (red, green, and blue) Cones work in 3's |  | 31 |
| 8184127131 | Color Blind | People who lack a chemical produced by one or more types of cones | 32 | |
| 8184127132 | Opponent Process Theory of Color Vision | Certain neurons can be either excited or inhibited depending on the wavelength of light Complementary wavelengths have opposite effects. |  | 33 |
| 8184127133 | Wavelength | Pitch Measured in Hz (Hertz) | 34 | |
| 8184127134 | Amplitude | Loudness | 35 | |
| 8184127135 | Decibels | Unit of measurement for sound (dB) | 36 | |
| 8184127136 | Transduction in the Ear | Vibration/mechanical energy -> neural impulses | 37 | |
| 8184127137 | Hair Cells | Bent by the vibrations and transduce mechanical energy to neural impulses In the cochlea |  | 38 |
| 8184127138 | Frequency Theory | The theory that the rate of nerve impulses travelling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a sound (Explains low-pitch) | 39 | |
| 8184127139 | Place Theory | The theory that links pitch with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated. | 40 | |
| 8184127140 | Conduction Deafness | Caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea |  | 41 |
| 8184127141 | Sensorineural Deafness | Caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves | | 42 |
| 8184127142 | Four Skin Senses | Pressure, Warmth, Cold, and Pain | 43 | |
| 8184127143 | Gate Control Theory of Pain | The spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass onto the brain | 44 | |
| 8184127144 | Five Taste Sensations | Sweet. Salty, Bitter, Sour, Umami | 45 | |
| 8184127145 | Gestalt Psychology | Emphasize the tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes |  | 46 |
| 8184127146 | Figure Ground Relationship | The organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings |  | 47 |
| 8184127147 | Proximity | We group nearby objects together |  | 48 |
| 8184127148 | Similarity | We group similar objects together |  | 49 |
| 8184127149 | Continuity | We perceive smooth continuous patterns rather than disconnected ones |  | 50 |
| 8184127150 | Connectedness | Uniform and Linked |  | 51 |
| 8184127151 | Depth Perception | The ability to see objects in 3D although the images that strike the retina are 2D Allows us to judge distance | 52 | |
| 8184127152 | Monocular Cues | Available to either eye alone | 53 | |
| 8184127153 | Linear Perspective | Parallel lines appear to converge with distance The more they converge, the greater their perceived distance |  | 54 |
| 8184127154 | Interposition | If one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer |  | 55 |
| 8184127155 | Relative Size | If we assume 2 objects are similar in size, most people perceive the one that casts the smaller retinal image as farther away |  | 56 |
| 8184127156 | Relative Height | We perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther away |  | 57 |
| 8184127157 | Light and Shadow | Nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes Dimmer seems farther away |  | 58 |
| 8184127158 | Binocular Cues | Depends on both eyes | 59 | |
| 8184127159 | Retinal Disparity | By comparing the images from the retinas in the 2 eyes, the brain computes distance Greater the difference/disparity the closer the object |  | 60 |
| 8184127160 | Phi Phenomenon | An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession |  | 61 |
| 8184127161 | Perceptual Constancy | Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change Consistent shape, size, lightness, and color | 62 | |
| 8184127162 | Perceptual Set | A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another | 63 | |
| 8184127163 | Extrasensory Perception (ESP) | Claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input | 64 | |
| 8184127164 | Telepathy | One person sending thoughts to another or perceiving another's thoughts |  | 65 |
| 8184127165 | Clairvoyance | Perceiving remote events |  | 66 |
| 8184127166 | Precognition | Perceiving future events | 67 | |
| 8184127167 | Psychokinesis | "Mind over matter" |  | 68 |
| 8184127168 | Visual Capture | The tendency for vision to dominate the other senses | 69 | |
| 8184127169 | Papillae | Tiny bumps on the surface of the tongue covered in taste buds |  | 70 |
| 8184127170 | 5 Taste Sensations | Sweet, salty, bitter, sour, umami | 71 | |
| 8184127171 | Olfactory Bulb | Brain structure responsible for our sense of smell Processes info about odors after receiving sensory input form the nose |  | 72 |
| 8184127172 | Kinesthetic Sense | The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts | 73 | |
| 8184127173 | Vestibular Sense | The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance | 74 | |
| 8184127174 | Selective Attention | The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus | 75 | |
| 8184127175 | Cocktail Party Effect | Being able to focus one's attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli | 76 | |
| 8184127176 | Inattentional Blindness | Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere | 77 | |
| 8184127177 | Change Blindness | Failing to notice change in the environment | 78 | |
| 8184127178 | Visual Cliff Experiment | Tested depth perception in infants | 79 | |
| 8184127179 | Human Factors Psychology | A branch of psychology the explore how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use | 80 | |
| 8184127180 | Parapsychology | The study of paranormal phenomena Including ESP and Psychokinesis | 81 | |
| 8184127181 | Decibels | Unit of measurement for sound (dB) | 82 | |
| 8184127182 | Transduction in the Ear | 83 |
Flashcards
Flashcards
Terms - AP English Language and Composition Flashcards
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| 14009494587 | Allegory | *The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning.* In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence. |  | 0 |
| 14009494588 | Alliteration | *The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells").* Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage. |  | 1 |
| 14009494589 | Allusion | *A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art.* Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion. |  | 2 |
| 14009494591 | Analogy | *A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. * An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging. |  | 3 |
| 14009494592 | Antecedent | *The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.* The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences. A question from the 2001 AP test as an example follows: "But it is the grandeur of all truth which can occupy a very high place in human interests that it is never absolutely novel to the meanest of minds; 'it' exists eternally, by way of germ of latent principle, in the lowest as in the highest, needing to be developed but never to be planted." The antecedent of "it" is...? [answer: "all truth"] |  | 4 |
| 14009494593 | Antithesis | *The opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite.* |  | 5 |
| 14009494594 | Aphorism | *A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle.* (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) An aphorism can be a memorable summation of the author's point. |  | 6 |
| 14009494595 | Apostrophe | *A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer.* The effect may add familiarity or emotional intensity. William Wordsworth addresses John Milton as he writes, "Milton, thou shouldst be living at this hour: / England hath need of thee." Another example is Keats' "Ode to a Grecian Urn," in which Keats addresses the urn itself: "Thou still unravished bride of quietness." Many apostrophes imply a personification of the object addressed. |  | 7 |
| 14009494596 | Atmosphere | *The emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described.* Even such elements as a description of the weather can contribute to the atmosphere. Frequently atmosphere foreshadows events. Perhaps it can create a mood. |  | 8 |
| 14009494598 | Clause | *A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb.* An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause, cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause. The point that you want to consider is the question of what or why the author subordinates one element should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in your own writing. |  | 9 |
| 14009494599 | Colloquial/Colloquialism | *The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing.* Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone. Colloquial expressions in writing include local or regional dialects. |  | 10 |
| 14009494601 | Connotation | *The non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning.* Connotations may involve ideas, emotions, or attitudes. |  | 11 |
| 14009494602 | Denotation | *The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color.* (Example: the "denotation" of a knife would be a utensil used to cut; the "connotation" of a knife might be fear, violence, anger, foreboding, etc.) | | 12 |
| 14009494603 | Diction | *Related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness.* For the AP exam, you should be able to describe an author's diction (for example, formal or informal, ornate or plain) and understand the ways in which diction can complement the author's purpose. Diction, combined with syntax, figurative language, literary devices, etc., creates an author's style. |  | 13 |
| 14009494604 | Didactic | From the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." *Didactic words have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.* | 14 | |
| 14009494605 | Euphemism | From the Greek for "good speech" *Euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept.* The euphemism may be used to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or ironic understatement. Saying "earthly remains" rather than "corpse" is an example of euphemism. |  | 15 |
| 14009494606 | Extended Metaphor | *A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.* |  | 16 |
| 14009494607 | Figurative Language | *Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid.* |  | 17 |
| 14009494608 | Figure of Speech | *A device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things.* Figures of speech include apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, and understatement. | 18 | |
| 14009494610 | Genre | *The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama.* However, genre is a flexible term; within these broad boundaries exist many subdivisions that are often called genres themselves. For example: Prose can be divided into fiction (novels and short stories) or nonfiction (essays, biographies, autobiographies, etc.). Poetry can be divided into lyric, dramatic, narrative, epic, etc. Drama can be divided into tragedy, comedy, melodrama, farce, etc. On the AP language exam, expect the majority of the passages to be from the following genres: autobiography, biography, diaries, criticism, essays, and journalistic, political, scientific, and nature writing. There may be fiction or poetry. |  | 19 |
| 14009494611 | Homily | *This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.* | 20 | |
| 14009494612 | Hyperbole | *A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement.* (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.") Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony. The opposite of hyperbole is understatement. bxxx |  | 21 |
| 14009494613 | Imagery | *The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions.* On a physical level, imagery uses terms related to the five senses: visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, and olfactory. On a broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing. For example, a rose may present visual imagery while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks and/or symbolizing some degree of perfection. An author may use complex imagery while simultaneously employing other figures of speech, especially metaphor and simile. In addition, this term can apply to the total of all the images in a work. On the AP language exam, pay attention to how an author creates imagery and to the effect of this imagery. |  | 22 |
| 14009494614 | Inference/Infer | *To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. * When a multiple choice question asks for an inference to be drawn from a passage, the most direct, most reasonable inference is the safest answer choice. If an inference is implausible, it's unlikely to be the correct answer. Note that if the answer choice is directly stated, it is not inferred and it is wrong. You must be careful to note the connotation - negative or positive - of the choices. |  | 23 |
| 14009494615 | Invective | *An emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.* (For example, in Henry IV, Part I, Prince Hal calls the large character of Falstaff "this sanguine coward, this bedpresser, this horseback breaker, this huge hill of flesh.") |  | 24 |
| 14009494616 | Irony/Ironic | *The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true.* Irony is often used to create poignancy or humor. In general, there are three major types of irony used in language: verbal irony, situational irony, and dramatic irony. |  | 25 |
| 14009494617 | Irony/Ironic - Verbal Irony | *When the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) meaning.* |  | 26 |
| 14009494618 | Irony/Ironic - Situational Irony | *When events turn out the opposite of what was expected; when what the characters and readers think ought to happen is not what does happen.* | | 27 |
| 14009494619 | Irony/Ironic - Dramatic Irony | *When facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work.* | | 28 |
| 14009494620 | Litotes | (pronounced almost like "little tee") *A form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite.* Litote is the opposite of hyperbole. Examples: "Not a bad idea," "Not many," "It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain" (Salinger, Catcher in the Rye) |  | 29 |
| 14009494621 | Loose Sentence/Non-periodic Sentence | *A type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses.* If a period were placed at the end of the independent clause, the clause would be a complete sentence. A work containing many loose sentences often seems informal, relaxed, or conversational. Generally, loose sentences create loose style. The opposite of a loose sentence is the periodic sentence. Example: I arrived at the San Diego airport after a long, bumpy ride and multiple delays. Could stop at: I arrived at the San Diego airport. |  | 30 |
| 14009494622 | Metaphor | *A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity.* Metaphorical language makes writing more vivid, imaginative, thought provoking, and meaningful. |  | 31 |
| 14009494623 | Metonymy | (mĕtŏn′ ĭmē) *A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name," metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.* For example, a news release that claims "the White House declared" rather than "the President declared" is using metonymy; Shakespeare uses it to signify the male and female sexes in As You Like It: "doublet and hose ought to show itself courageous to petticoat." The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional impact. |  | 32 |
| 14009494624 | Mood | *The prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work.* Setting, tone, and events can affect the mood. Mood is similar to tone and atmosphere. |  | 33 |
| 14009494625 | Narrative | *The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.* | 34 | |
| 14009494626 | Onomatopoeia | *A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words.* Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur. If you note examples of onomatopoeia in an essay passage, note the effect. |  | 35 |
| 14009494627 | Oxymoron | From the Greek for "pointedly foolish" *An oxymoron is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox.* Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness." This term does not usually appear in the multiple-choice questions, but there is a chance that you might find it in an essay. Take note of the effect that the author achieves with the use of oxymoron. |  | 36 |
| 14009494628 | Paradox | *A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.* (Think of the beginning of Dickens' Tale of Two Cities: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times....") | | 37 |
| 14009494629 | Parallelism | Also referred to as parallel construction or parallel structure, this term comes from Greek roots meaning "beside one another." *It refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity.* This can involve, but is not limited to, repetition of a grammatical element such as a preposition or verbal phrase. (Again, the opening of Dickens' Tale of Two Cities is an example: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of believe, it was the epoch of incredulity....") The effects of parallelism are numerous, but frequently they act as an organizing force to attract the reader's attention, add emphasis and organization, or simply provide a musical rhythm. |  | 38 |
| 14009494630 | Parallelism - Anaphora | *A sub-type of parallelism, when the exact repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive lines or sentences.* Example: MLK used anaphora in his famous "I Have a Dream" speech (1963). |  | 39 |
| 14009494632 | Pedantic | *An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish (language that might be described as "show-offy"; using big words for the sake of using big words).* |  | 40 |
| 14009494633 | Periodic Sentence | *The opposite of loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end.* This independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. The effect of a periodic sentence is to add emphasis and structural variety. It is also a much stronger sentence than the loose sentence. (Example: After a long, bumpy flight and multiple delays, I arrived at the San Diego airport.) |  | 41 |
| 14009494634 | Personification | *A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions.* Personification is used to make these abstractions, animals, or objects appear more vivid to the reader. |  | 42 |
| 14009494635 | Point of View | *In literature, the perspective from which a story is told.* There are two general divisions of point of view, and many subdivisions within those. In addition, be aware that the term point of view carries an additional meaning. When you are asked to analyze the author's point of view, the appropriate point for you to address is the author's attitude. In addition, be aware that the term point of view carries an additional meaning. When you are asked to analyze the author's point of view, the appropriate point for you to address is the author's attitude. | 43 | |
| 14009494636 | POV - First Person Narrator | *Tells the story with the first person pronoun, "I," and is a character in the story. * This narrator can be the protagonist, a secondary character, or an observing character. | 44 | |
| 14009494637 | POV - Third Person Narrator | *Relates the events with the third person pronouns, "he," "she," and "it."* There are two main subdivisions to be aware of: a. *third person omniscient*, in which the narrator, with godlike knowledge, presents the thoughts and actions of any or all characters b. *third person limited omniscient*, in which the narrator presents the feelings and thoughts of only one character, presenting only the actions of all the remaining characters. | 45 | |
| 14009494638 | Prose | *One of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms. * In prose the printer determines the length of the line; in poetry, the poet determines the length of the line. | | 46 |
| 14009494639 | Repetition | *The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.* |  | 47 |
| 14009494640 | Rhetoric | From the Greek for "orator" *Describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.* | 48 | |
| 14009494641 | Rhetorical Modes | *This flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and the purposes of the major kinds of writing.* The four most common rhetorical modes (often referred to as "modes of discourse") are as follows: exposition, argumentation, description, and narration. | 49 | |
| 14009494642 | Rhetorical Modes - The Purpose of Exposition (or Expository Writing) | *Is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion. * The AP language exam essay questions are frequently expository topics. | 50 | |
| 14009494643 | Rhetorical Modes - The Purpose of Argumentation | *Is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader.* Persuasive writing is a type of argumentation having an additional aim of urging some form of action. | 51 | |
| 14009494644 | Rhetorical Modes - The Purpose of Description | *Is to recreate, invent, or visually present a person, place, event or action so that the reader can picture that being described.* Sometimes an author engages all five senses in description; good descriptive writing can be sensuous and picturesque. Descriptive writing may be straightforward and objective or highly emotional an subjective. | 52 | |
| 14009494645 | Rhetorical Modes - The Purpose of Narration | *Is to tell a story or narrate an event or series of events. * This writing mode frequently uses the tools of descriptive writing. | 53 | |
| 14009494646 | Sarcasm | From the Greek meaning "to tear flesh" *Sarcasm involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something.* It may use irony as a device, but not all ironic statements are sarcastic (that is, intended to ridicule). When well done, sarcasm can be witty and insightful; when poorly done, it is simply cruel. |  | 54 |
| 14009494647 | Satire | *A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. * Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform human behavior, satire is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. It can be recognized by the many devices used effectively by the satirist: irony, wit, parody, caricature, hyperbole, understatement, and sarcasm. The effects of satire are varied, depending on the writer's goal, but good satire, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition. Some modern satirists include Joseph Heller (Catch 22) and Kurt Vonnegut (Cat's Cradle, Player Piano). | | 55 |
| 14009494648 | Semantics | *The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another.* | 56 | |
| 14009494649 | Style | The consideration of style has two purposes: (1) *An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices.* Some authors' styles are so idiosyncratic that we can quickly recognize works by the same author. We can analyze and describe an author's personal style and make judgments on how appropriate it is to the author's purpose. Styles can be called flowery, explicit, succinct, rambling, bombastic, commonplace, incisive, laconic, etc. (2) *Classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors. * By means of such classification and comparison, we can see how an author's style reflects and helps to define a historical period, such as the Renaissance or the Victorian period, or a literary movement, such as the romantic, transcendental, or realist movement. | 57 | |
| 14009494650 | Subject Complement | *The word (with any accompanying phrases) or clause that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes, the subject of the sentence by either (1) renaming it (the predicate nominative) or (2) describing it (the predicate adjective).* | 58 | |
| 14009494653 | Subordinate Clause | *Like all clauses, this word group contains both a subject and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but unlike the independent clause, the subordinate clause cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought. * Also called a dependent clause, the subordinate clause depends on a main clause (or independent clause) to complete its meaning. Easily recognized key words and phrases usually begin these clauses. For example: although, because, unless, if, even though, since, as soon as, while, who, when, where, how and that. Example: Yellowstone is a national park in the West "that is known for its geysers." "that is known for its geysers." = subordinate clause | 59 | |
| 14009494654 | Syllogism | From the Greek for "reckoning together" *Syllogism (or syllogistic reasoning or syllogistic logic) is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second called "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. * A frequently cited example proceeds as follows: major premise: All men are mortal. minor premise: Socrates is a man. conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is a mortal. A syllogism's conclusion is valid only if each of the two premises is valid. Syllogisms may also present the specific idea first ("Socrates") and the general second ("all men"). |  | 60 |
| 14009494655 | Symbol/Symbolism | *Generally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else. Usually a symbol is something concrete -- such as an object, action, character, or scene - that represents something more abstract. * However, symbols and symbolism can be much more complex. One system classifies symbols into three categories: natural symbols, conventional symbols, and literary symbols. On the AP exam, try to determine what abstraction an object is a symbol for and to what extent it is successful in representing that abstraction. | 61 | |
| 14009494656 | Symbol/Symbolism - Natural Symbols | *Are objects and occurrences from nature to symbolize ideas commonly associated with them (dawn symbolizing hope or a new beginning, a rose symbolizing love, a tree symbolizing knowledge).* |  | 62 |
| 14009494657 | Symbol/Symbolism - Conventional Symbols | *Are those that have been invested with meaning by a group (religious symbols such as a crossnor Star of David; national symbols, such as a flag or an eagle; or group symbols, such as a skull and crossbones for pirates or the scale of justice for lawyers).* |  | 63 |
| 14009494658 | Symbol/Symbolism - Literary Symbols | *Are sometimes also conventional in the sense that they are found in a variety of works and are more generally recognized. * However, a work's symbols may be more complicated, as is the jungle in Heart of Darkness. |  | 64 |
| 14009494659 | Synecdoche | *A figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole or, occasionally, the whole is used to represent a part. * Examples: To refer to a boat as a "sail"; to refer to a car as "wheels"; to refer to the violins, violas, etc. in an orchestra as "the strings." **Different than metonymy, in which one thing is represented by another thing that is commonly physically associated with it (but is not necessarily a part of it), i.e., referring to a monarch as "the crown" or the President as "The White House." |  | 65 |
| 14009494661 | Syntax | *The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. * Syntax is similar to diction, but you can differentiate them by thinking of syntax as groups of words, while diction refers to the individual words. In the multiple choice section of the AP exam, expect to be asked some questions about how an author manipulates syntax. In the essay section, you will need to analyze how syntax produces effects. |  | 66 |
| 14009494662 | Theme | *The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life.* Usually theme is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the theme may be directly state, especially in expository or argumentative writing. |  | 67 |
| 14009494663 | Thesis | *In expository writing, the thesis statement is the sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position.* Expository writing is usually judged by analyzing how accurately, effectively, and thoroughly a writer has proven the thesis. | 68 | |
| 14009494664 | Tone | *Similar to mood, tone describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both.* Tone is easier to determine in spoken language than in written language. Considering how a work would sound if it were read aloud can help in identifying an author's tone. Some words describing tone are playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, ornate, sardonic, somber, etc. | | 69 |
| 14009494666 | Understatement | *The ironic minimalizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is.* The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic. Understatement is the opposite of hyperbole. Example: Jonathan Swift's A Tale of a Tub: "Last week I saw a woman flayed, and you will hardly believe how much it altered her person for the worse." |  | 70 |
Flashcards
SUFFIXES AND ROOTS (AP Language) Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 14655443105 | able | able eg: capable | 0 | |
| 14655445778 | ade | result of action eg: lemonade | 1 | |
| 14655450430 | age | act of eg: salvage | 2 | |
| 14655450771 | al | relating to eg: manual | 3 | |
| 14655487602 | algia | pain eg: neuralgia | 4 | |
| 14655490426 | an | native of eg: African | 5 | |
| 14655527498 | ance | action eg: allowance | 6 | |
| 14655527994 | ant | performing, eg: assistant | 7 | |
| 14655531407 | ary | relating to eg: dictionary | 8 | |
| 14655532576 | ate | cause eg: segregate | 9 | |
| 14655534268 | cian | having a certain skill or art eg: musician | 10 | |
| 14655539330 | cule, | very small eg: molecule | 11 | |
| 14655539572 | cy | action eg: hesitancy | 12 | |
| 14655540994 | dom | quality eg: freedom | 13 | |
| 14655541785 | ee | one who receives the action eg: employee | 14 | |
| 14655542938 | en | made of eg: frozen | 15 | |
| 14655554471 | ence | action eg: difference | 16 | |
| 14655555478 | er | one who eg: teacher | 17 | |
| 14655559969 | escent | in the process of eg: adolescent | 18 | |
| 14655561013 | ese | the language of eg: Japanese | 19 | |
| 14655563032 | esis | action eg: genesis | 20 | |
| 14655565409 | ess | female eg: actress | 21 | |
| 14655565950 | et | small one eg: midget | 22 | |
| 14655566426 | fic | making eg: scientific | 23 | |
| 14655567958 | ful | full of eg: careful | 24 | |
| 14655569330 | fy | make eg: fortify | 25 | |
| 14655570624 | hood | order eg: manhood | 26 | |
| 14655650300 | ic | nature of eg: poetic | 27 | |
| 14655652284 | ice | condition eg: justice | 28 | |
| 14655652695 | id | a thing connected with or belonging to eg: fluid | 29 | |
| 14655655949 | ile | relating to eg: juvenile | 30 | |
| 14655661886 | ine | nature of eg: feminine | 31 | |
| 14655662304 | ion | act of eg: infection | 32 | |
| 14655667186 | ish | origin eg: foolish | 33 | |
| 14655669417 | ism | manner eg: alcoholism | 34 | |
| 14655670121 | ist | one who eg: artist | 35 | |
| 14655678346 | ite | nature of eg: dynamite | 36 | |
| 14655679549 | ity | state of eg: captivity | 37 | |
| 14655682478 | ive | causing eg: abusive | 38 | |
| 14655682974 | ize | make eg: emphasize | 39 | |
| 14655683812 | less | without eg: careless | 40 | |
| 14655685520 | ly | like eg: carelessly | 41 | |
| 14655686035 | ment | act of eg: contentment | 42 | |
| 14655687239 | ness | state of eg: carelessness | 43 | |
| 14655688897 | oid | resembling eg: asteroid | 44 | |
| 14655689518 | ology | study eg: biology | 45 | |
| 14655690420 | ous | full of eg: gracious | 46 | |
| 14655690952 | ship | office eg: friendship | 47 | |
| 14655691221 | some | tending to eg: lonesome | 48 | |
| 14655692137 | tude | state of eg: gratitude | 49 | |
| 14655692362 | ure | state of eg: culture | 50 | |
| 14655693419 | ward | in the direction of eg: forward | 51 | |
| 14655694610 | y | inclined to eg: cheery | 52 | |
| 14655697521 | ,acid, | bitter eg: acerbic | 53 | |
| 14655698342 | acu | sharp eg: acute | 54 | |
| 14655699139 | ag | do eg: agent | 55 | |
| 14655701798 | ali | other eg: alien | 56 | |
| 14655702766 | alt(us) | high eg: altitude | 57 | |
| 14655704342 | amor | love eg: amiable | 58 | |
| 14655705125 | anni | year eg: anniversary | 59 | |
| 14655706825 | anthrop | man eg: anthropology | 60 | |
| 14655707774 | anti(co) | old eg: antique | 61 | |
| 14655708344 | arch | rule eg: architect | 62 | |
| 14655708605 | aster, | star eg: asteroid | 63 | |
| 14655709702 | aud, | hear, listen eg: audio | 64 | |
| 14655710158 | aug, | increase eg: augur | 65 | |
| 14655711159 | auto | self eg: automobile | 66 | |
| 14655711459 | belli | war eg: rebellion | 67 | |
| 14655711841 | bibl | book eg: bible | 68 | |
| 14655712311 | bio | life eg: biology | 69 | |
| 14655712610 | brev | short eg: abbreviate | 70 | |
| 14655715221 | cad, cas | to fall eg: cadence | 71 | |
| 14655715719 | calor | heat eg: calorie | 72 | |
| 14655718455 | cap | take eg: capable | 73 | |
| 14655719424 | capit | head eg: decipitate | 74 | |
| 14655719994 | carn | flesh eg: carnivorous | 75 | |
| 14655722455 | caus | burn eg: caustic | 76 | |
| 14655722949 | cause | motive eg: because | 77 | |
| 14655723988 | ced | move eg: procedure | 78 | |
| 14655724465 | centri | center eg: concentric | 79 | |
| 14655725280 | chrom | color eg: chrome | 80 | |
| 14655725817 | chron | time eg: chronological | 81 | |
| 14655727062 | cide | kill eg: suicide | 82 | |
| 14655727643 | cit | to call eg: citation | 83 | |
| 14655728714 | civ | citizen eg: civic | 84 | |
| 14655729360 | clam | cry out eg: exclamation | 85 | |
| 14655730974 | claus | shut eg: include | 86 | |
| 14655731547 | gnosi | know eg: recognize | 87 | |
| 14655732199 | cardi | heart eg: cordial | 88 | |
| 14655733333 | corp | body eg: corporation | 89 | |
| 14655733870 | cosm | universe eg: cosmos | 90 |
Flashcards
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