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AP Language Fundamental Terms Flashcards

5778010374	Active Voice	any sentence with an active verb	0
5778010375	Ad Hominem	argument on the character of the person you're arguing against, rather than the actual issues at hand.	1
5778010376	Alliteration	repetition of a phonetic sound at the beginning of several words in a sentence.	2
5778010377	Allusion	a reference that recalls another WORK, TIME IN HISTORY, FAMOUS PERSON.	3
5778010378	Anadiplosis	form of repetition that has the last word of the clause beginnings the next creating a connection of ideas	4
5778010379	Analogy	A term that signifies a relational comparison between two objects or ideas	5
5778010380	Anaphora	the deliberate repetition of a word or a phrase at the BEGINNING of several successive poetic lines	6
5778010381	Anastrophe	the reversal of the natural order of words in a sentence or line of poetry ("the poisoned apple she ate to her gave cramps of a serious nature")	7
5778010382	Antithesis	an observation that is in opposition to your claim or an author's claim.	8
5778010383	Aphorism	an elemental truth	9
5778010384	Apostrophe	direct address of someone who is not present	10
5778010385	Appositive	a noun phrase that modifies the noun next to it	11
5778010386	Argument From Ignorance	an argument stating that something is true because it has never been proven false	12
5778010387	Asyndeton	the omission of conjunctions from a series of related independent clauses	13
5778010388	Bandwagon	"everyone's doing it" fallacy	14
5778010389	Begging The Question	argument occurs when the speaker states a claim that includes a word or phrase that requires defining	15
5778010390	Cause and Effect	fallacy that says this caused this	16
5778010391	Chiasmus	ABBA syntactical structure rather than normal ABAB syntactical structure	17
5778010392	Complex Sentence	A sentence structure that has a dependent clause and an independent clause	18
5778010393	Compound Sentence	two independent clauses joined together by a coordinating conjunction	19
5778010394	Compound-Complex Sentence	a combination of a compound and complex sentence	20
5778010395	Connotation	the associations or moods that accompany a word (negative or positive)	21
5778010396	Declarative Sentence	a basic statement or assertion	22
5778010397	Deductive	a form of logical argumentation that uses claims or premises;	23
5778010398	Denotation	dictionary definition	24
5778010399	Dependent Clause	clause that has a noun and a verb but cannot standalone due to it containing a subordinating conjuction	25
5778010400	Dialect	a regional speech pattern	26
5778010401	Diction	the particular words that an author uses in any essay (building block of composition)	27
5778010402	Distractor	a possible answer that seems to be correct but is wrong or not as good as the other answers	28
5778010403	Ellipsis	three dots that indicate the omission of words	29
5778010404	Epanalepsis	repeats the opening word or phrase at the end of the sentence to emphasize a statement or or idea	30
5778010405	Epistrophe	the ending of a series of lines, phrases , clauses, or sentences with the same word or words	31
5778010406	Ethos	appeal to credibility	32
5778010407	Etymology	the study of the origin of words and their historical uses.	33
5778010408	Euphemism	to us a nicer word for something find inapproprate	34
5778010409	Exclamatory Sentence	sentence that conveys excitement	35
5778010410	Fallacy	a failure of logical reasoning	36
5778010411	False Analogy	an argument using an inappropriate metaphor.	37
5778010412	False Dilemma	fallacy in the argument that the problem of debate only has two solutions	38
5778010413	Gerund	a verb ending in "ing" that serves as a noun	39
5778010414	Hyperbole	an exaggeration	40
5778010415	Imagery	one of the five sentences, evoked by what you have read.	41
5778010416	Imperative Sentence	command	42
5778010417	Independent Clause	a clause that can stand alone	43
5778010418	Inductive	type of logical argumentation that requires the use of examples; drawing conclusions based on specific evidence	44
5778010419	Inifinitive	the word "to" plus a verb that functions as a noun/predicate of a sentence	45
5778010420	Interrogative Sentence	a question	46
5778010421	Irony	the use of words meant to express the opposite of the literal meaning.	47
5778010422	Jargon	a pattern of speech/ vocab that is associated with a particular group of people	48
5778010423	Juxtaposition	making one idea more dramatic by placing it next to its opposite (foils)	49
5778010424	Logos	A rhetorical appeal to reason; strategy of argumentation; with rational tone	50
5778010425	Loose Sentence	An independent clause followed by many dependent clauses	51
5778010426	Malapropism	Word play where a word is falsely substituted for another that sounds similar, usually pretty funny ("He is the very PINEAPPLE of politeness")	52
5778010427	Metaphor	A figure of speech where something is compared to something that is known to better gauge its importance.	53
5778010428	Metonymy	a minor figure of speech in which the name of one thing is substituted for another with which it is close associated with. (the "crown" = the king)	54
5778010429	Non Sequitur	an argument by misdirection	55
5778010430	Object	a noun towards which thought, feeling, or action is directed	56
5778010431	Onomatapoeia	a minor figure of speech in which a sound imitates the thing or action associated with it.	57
5778010432	Oxymoron	two words that together create a sense of opposition	58
5778010433	Paradox	a major figure of speech often used in rhet. analysis that seeks to create a mental discontinuity , which then forces the reader to pause and seek clarity.	59
5778010434	Parallel Syntax	a pattern of language that creates a rhythm of repetition often combined with some other language of repetition. (""(drinking coffee and eating food) (We ... We ...)	60
5778010435	Parentheticals	a phrase inside parentheses	61
5778010436	Participle	a verbal that is used as an adjective that ends it -ing or -ed	62
5778010437	Passive Voice	passive voice where something HAPPENS TO someone	63
5778010438	Pathos	appeal to emotion	64
5778010439	Periodic Sentence	several dependent clauses followed by its independent clause	65
5778010440	Personification	giving human attributes to a non human object	66
5778010441	Phrase	a grouping of words that defines or clarifies; does not have a verb (i.e. prepositional phrase)	67
5778010442	Point of View	The perspective from which a book is written	68
5778010443	Poisoning the Well	When a person is introduced as unreliable before even seeing anything bad	69
5778010444	Polysyndeton	The use of using consecutive coordinating conjunctions even when they are not needed, to make the reader breathless.	70
5778010445	Predicate	The verb that conveys the meaning or carries the action of a sentence	71
5778010446	Predicate Adjective	An adjective that FOLLOWS the linking verb (was grey)	72
5778010447	Predicate Nominative	A noun/pronoun that uses a linking verb to describe the subject in the sentence	73
5778010448	Premise	a claim	74
5778010449	Prompt	the language/ paragraph that defines the essay task	75
5778010450	Pun	a play on words	76
5778010451	Red Herring	an argument that distracts by raising issues irrelevant to the case	77
5778010452	Repetition	rhetorical stress that calls the reader's attention to a particular word for emphasis of meaning	78
5778010453	Rhetorical Question	a question whose answer is assumed	79
5778010454	Rhetorical Shift	occurs when author significantly alters her diction/syntax (occur @ critical points in an argument)	80
5778010455	Simile	a crucial figure in a speech in an argument when what is unknown is compared to something that is known using like or as	81
5778010456	Simple Sentence	an independent clause	82
5778010457	Slippery Slope (Domino Theory )	logical fallacy that argues that one thing leads to another	83
5778010458	Stem	multiple choice question	84
5778010459	Straw Man	occurs when a person is engaging in an argument with essentially noone, defining his opponent's argument without him or her actually being there	85
5778010460	Subject	the formal term for the noun that is the basic focus of the sentence	86
5778010461	Subordinating Conjuction	A conjunction that makes an independent clause a dependent one (i.e "WHEN I go to work")	87
5778010462	Syllogism	three part argument, with a minor premise, major premise, then a truth	88
5778010463	Synecdoche	a minor figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole (all HANDS on deck)	89
5778010464	Syntax	the study of the rules of grammar that define the formation of sentences	90
5778010465	Synthesis	to unite or synthesize a variety of sources to achieve a common end.	91
5778010466	Theme	the basic message or meaning conveyed through elements of character and conflict	92
5778010467	Thesis	the writer's statement of purpose	93
5778010468	Tricolon	a sentence with three equally distinct and equally long parts, used for dramatic purposes	94
5778010469	Understatement	creates exaggeration by showing restraint	95
5778010470	Zeugma	minor device in which two or more elements in a sentence are tied together by the same verb/noun (i.e "She dashed his hopes and out of his life when she walked through the the door")	96

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Terminology for AP Language and Composition Flashcards

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6980533975	Alliteration	The repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables	0
6980538127	Allusion	An indirect reference, often to another text or an historic event	1
6980540238	Analogy	An extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things	2
6980541774	Anaphora	The repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses	3
6980543783	Anecdote	A short account of an interesting event	4
6980545490	Annotation	Explanatory or critical notes added to a text	5
6980546518	Antecedent	The noun to which a later pronoun refers	6
6980562770	Antimetabole	The repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast	7
6980563864	Antithesis	Parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas	8
6980573677	Aphorism	A short, astute statement of a general truth	9
6980576921	Appositive	A word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun	10
6980578952	Archaic diction	The use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language	11
6980583011	Argument	A statement put forth and supported by evidence	12
6980588991	Aristotelian triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience	13
6980592216	Assertion	An emphatic statement;declaration. An assertion supported by evidence becomes an argument	14
6980594485	Assumption	A belief or statement taken for granted without proof	15
6980597073	Asyndeton	Leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses	16
6980600199	Attitude	The speaker's position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone	17
6980601455	Audience	One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed	18
6980603959	Authority	A reliable, respected source-someone with knowledge	19
6983920596	Bias	Prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue	20
6983922881	Cite	Identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source	21
6983930144	Claim	An assertion, usually supported by evidence	22
6983941983	Close reading	A careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text	23
6983949019	Colloquial/ism	An informal or conversational use of language	24
6983950283	Common ground	Shared beliefs, values, or positions	25
6983955393	Complex sentence	A sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause	26
6983959155	Concession	A reluctant acknowledgment or yielding	27
6983961486	Connotation	That which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning	28
6983963690	Context	Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning	29
6983965941	Coordination	Grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and, or but	30
6983976904	Counterargument	A challenge to a position; an opposing argument	31
6983979085	Cumulative sentence	An independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail	32
6983988053	Declarative sentence	A sentence that makes a statement	33
6983989979	Deduction	Reasoning from general to specific	34
6983995126	Denotation	The literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition	35
6983995819	Diction	Word choice	36
6984192579	Documentation	Bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing	37
6984195782	Elegiac	Mournful over what passed or been lost; often used to describe tone	38
6984198035	Epigram	A brief witty statement	39
6984199206	Ethos	A Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle's rhetorical appeals	40
6984202132	Figurative Language	The use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect	41
6984205701	Figure of speech	An expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning	42
6984209592	Hyperbole	Exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis	43
6984210764	Imagery	Vivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing,	44
6984215122	Imperative sentence	A sentence that requests or commands	45
6984219616	Induction	Reasoning from specific to general	46
6984221017	Inversion	A sentence in which the verb precedes the subject	47
6984221872	Irony	A contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result	48
6984226530	Juxtaposition	Placement of two things side by side for emphasis	49
6984228449	Logos	A Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals	50
6984232794	Metaphor	A figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison	51
6984240298	Metonymy	Use of an aspect of something to represent the whole	52
6984243005	Occasion	An aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing	53
6984244584	Oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms	54
6984246317	Paradox	A statement that seems contradictory but is actually true	55
6984248723	Parallelism	The repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns	56
6984249857	Parody	A piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or ridicule	57
6984253638	Pathos	A Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals	58
6984256707	Persona	The speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing	59
6984258130	Personification	Assigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects	60
6984259877	Polemic	An argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion	61
6984260691	Polysyndeton	The deliberate use of a series of conjunctions	62
6984265069	Premise	major, minor Two parts of a syllogism. The concluding sentence of a syllogism takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the minor premise	63
6984269244	Major premise	All mammals are warm-blooded	64
6984270734	Minor premise	All horses are mammals	65
6984274348	Conclusion	All horses are warm-blooded	66
6984276510	Propaganda	A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information	67
6984279920	Purpose	One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing	68
6984280856	Refute	To discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument	69
6984284137	Rhetoric	The study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion."	70
6984284971	Rhetorical modes	Patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration,description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation	71
6984289700	Rhetorical question	A question asked more to produce an effect than to summon an answer	72
6984293320	Rhetorical triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience	73
6984295278	Satire	An ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it	74
6984296763	Scheme	A pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect	75
6984297943	Sentence patterns	The arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions—such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex	76
6984302164	Sentence variety	Using a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect	77
6984303110	Simile	A figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things	78
6984311757	Simple sentence	A statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause	79
6984314130	Source	A book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information	80
6984315390	Speaker	A term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing	81
6984321882	Style	The distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech.	82
6984327590	Subject	In rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing	83
6984330391	Subordinate clause	Created by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause.	84
6984333739	Subordination	The dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence	85
6984335200	Syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise	86
6984336486	Syntax	Sentence structure	87
6984337698	Synthesize	Combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex	88
6984339057	Thesis	The central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer	89
6984341811	Thesis statement	A statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit	90
6984342822	Tone	The speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience	91
6984343832	Topic sentence	A sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis	92
6984347076	Trope	Artful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way; also called a figure of speech	93
6984348038	Understatement	Lack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect	94
6984348848	Voice	In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing	95
6984350666	Zeugma	A construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs—often in different, sometimes incongruent ways—two or more	96

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AP Language and Composition Vocabulary Flashcards

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7380690049	Alliteration	The repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables. Ex: Sally sells seashells down by the seashore.	0
7380690050	Allusion	An indirect reference, often to another text or a historic event. Ex: Jeanne d'Arc's smile rivaled that of the Mona Lisa.	1
7380690051	Analogy	An extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things. Ex: A butterfly's wing is as aerodynamic as a bird's wing.	2
7380690052	Anaphora	The repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses. Ex: The house is very spacious. The house has a very big backyard. The house is two stories high.	3
7380690053	Anecdote	A short account of an interesting event. Ex: They lived happily ever after, the end.	4
7380690054	Annotation	Explanatory or critical notes added to a text. Ex: The A.V.I.D. Cornell notes must be very well annotated.	5
7380690055	Antecedent	The noun to which a later pronoun refers. Ex: They celebrated their anniversary in a restaurant, it would be an afternoon to cherish forever. The event is the noun to which the later pronoun, it, would refer to. It, is the antecedent.	6
7380690056	Antimetabole	The repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast. Ex: "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country."-President John F. Kennedy	7
7380690057	Antithesis	Parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas. Ex: Smile and frown. Happiness and sadness. Courage and cowardness.	8
7380690058	Aphorism	A short, astute statement of a general truth. Ex: The journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.	9
7380690059	Appositive	A word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun. Ex: John, an account, loves finance. An accountant, is the appositive to John.	10
7380690060	Archaic diction	The use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language. Ex: Thou shalt not commit a crime, which means; you shall not commit a crime.	11
7380690061	Argument	A statement put forth and supported by evidence. Ex: You lost the game of Kahoot because you did not act fast enough. The evidence is: "Because you did not act fast enough."	12
7380690062	Aristotelian Triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see rhetorical triangle). Ex: The Aristotelian Triangle consists of the subject, the speaker, and the audience, such as that of a speech where the speaker talks about a certain subject to his audience.	13
7380690063	Assertion	An emphatic statement; declaration, of which is supported by evidence and becomes an argument. Ex: You got fired from your job because you arrived late every day. The evidence is: "Because you arrived late every day."	14
7380690064	Assumption	A belief or statement taken for granted without proof. Ex: You are a very tall person so you should be very good at playing basketball.	15
7380690065	Attitude	The speaker's position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone. Ex: The protagonist's ecstatic voice and tone about the event could be seen throughout the whole book.	16
7380690066	Audience	One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed. Ex: The people who came to see the play at the theatre were blown away by the performance that was given.	17
7380690067	Authority	A reliable, respected source-someone with knowledge. Ex: The administrators at school should be the first to contact if something were to happen at school. The authority, are the school administrators.	18
7380690068	Bias	Prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue. Ex: Gasoline fueled cars are better than electric cars, I should know because I've always owned one.	19
7380690069	Cite	Identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source. Ex: "It was a pleasure to burn"(Bradbury, Fahrenheit 451)	20
7380690070	Claim	An assertion, usually supported by evidence. Ex: Buy home insurance because every 10 seconds a home is broken into. The claim is that you should buy home insurance because every 10 seconds a home is broken into and yours might be one of them.	21
7380690071	Close reading	A careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text. Ex: After writing any piece of writing you should always proofread it. Ex: Authors after writing a book have people that proofread them.	22
7380690072	Colloquial/ism	An informal or conversational use of language. Ex: Ain't; You ain't allowed to talk with anybody else about the matter.	23
7380690073	Common ground	Shared beliefs, values, or positions. Ex: Having things in common. Ex: The two boys realized that they both liked to play soccer.	24
7380690074	Complex sentence	A sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Ex: Myself, as a junior will accomplish outstanding grades this academic year. The independent clause is "Myself." The dependent clause is "As a junior will accomplish outstanding grades this academic year."	25
7380690075	Concession	A reluctant acknowledgment or yielding. Ex: They both shook hands as an agreement.	26
7380690076	Connotation	That which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning (see denotation). Ex: You are a pig every time you eat.	27
7380690077	Context	Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning. Ex: What, when, where, how, and why.	28
7380690078	Coordination	Grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and, or but. Ex: F.A.N.B.O.Y.S (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so)	29
7380690079	Counterargument	A challenge to a position; an opposing argument. Ex: Yay or nay Ex: Salads are better than hamburgers because they are healthier for you.	30
7380690080	Cumulative sentence	An independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail. Ex: He fell, as he got up after tripping he kept on walking.	31
7380690081	Declarative sentence	A sentence that makes a statement. Ex: My name is Joseph. Ex: I am your teacher. Ex: I am your boss.	32
7380690082	Deduction	Reasoning from general to specific. Ex: The Scientific Method; ask a question, do research, form a hypothesis, test your hypothesis via an experiment, and analyze the data and draw a conclusion on your hypothesis.	33
7380690083	Denotation	The literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition. Ex: Car: a road vehicle, typically with four wheels, powered by an internal combustion engine and able to carry a small number of people.	34
7380690084	Diction	Word choice. Ex: What kind and what type of words you want to have in your writing.	35
7380690085	Documentation	Bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing. Ex: The bibliography in a piece of writing. Bibliography: the last page where you state the sources that you used in your writing.	36
7380690086	Elegiac	Mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone. Ex: The man feels melancholic after his friend's death.	37
7380690087	Epigram	A brief witty statement. Ex: Death is eminent.	38
7380690088	Ethos	A Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see logos and pathos). Ex: Is the source where you are getting your information for your claims credible?	39
7380690089	Figurative language	The use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect. Ex: Similes, oxymorons, idioms, hyperbole, alliteration, personification, puns, onomatopoeia, and metaphors.	40
7380690090	Figure of speech	An expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning. Ex: Similes, metaphors, personification, alliteration, onomatopoeia, hyperbole, and idioms.	41
7380690091	Hyperbole	Exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis. Ex: I am so hungry that I could eat a horse. It is implying that he/she can eat a whole horse in one meal, which is impossible due to the size ratio of that of a human and a horse.	42
7380690092	Imagery	Vivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing). Ex: The use of the five senses; sight, smell, taste, touch, and hearing.	43
7380690093	Imperative sentence	A sentence that requests or commands. Ex: Do all of your chores. It is demanding that you should do what you have been told since it is a command and not a suggestion.	44
7380690094	Induction	Reasoning from specific to general. Ex: When you observe, make a generalization, and provide an example on it. I looked into a bag, I opened it up and found it full of action figures, I realized they were my brother's.	45
7380690095	Inversion	A sentence in which the verb precedes the subject. Ex: Normal sentence: They are such wonderful players that no one can beat them. Inversion sentence: Such wonderful players are they that no one can beat them.	46
7380690096	Irony	A contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result. Ex: Wonderful weather is expected for today, yet it starts to rain immediately when I go outside and check.	47
7380690097	Juxtaposition	Placement of two things side by side for emphasis. Ex: Fire and water. Red and blue. A straight line and a crooked line.	48
7380690098	Logos	A Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals.(see ethos and pathos) Ex: Refers to the appeal and use of logic. Ex: Would you still buy a fur coat after you have seen what they do to those poor animals?	49
7380690099	Metaphor	A figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison. Ex: He is as tall as a building. It is implying he is very tall in comparison to others, yet he does not surpass 6 feet.	50
7380690100	Metonymy	Use of an aspect of something to represent the whole. Ex: The Golden Gate Bridge represents San Francisco. The Hollywood sign represents Los Angeles. The Statue of Liberty represents New York.	51
7380690101	Occasion	An aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing. Ex: What is the reason behind the action. Ex: Calling a meeting to discuss an issue with your co-workers.	52
7380690102	Oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms. Ex: "The coldest winter I ever spent was a summer in San Francisco"-Mark Twain It is implying that Twain experienced cold temperatures when he visited San Francisco, yet it was not in the winter time.	53
7380690103	Paradox	A statement that seems contradictory but is actually true. Ex: When there is a stop sign, but there is another that says to keep on going.	54
7380690104	Parallelism	The repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns. Ex: "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country."-President John F. Kennedy	55
7380690105	Parody	A piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or ridicule. Ex: Saturday Night Live does a lot of comical parodies about many controversial topics.	56
7380690106	Pathos	A Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and logos). Ex: The use of emotion to convey a message. The use of a dog in a shelter being melancholy so you can adopt him/her or others.	57
7380690107	Persona	The speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing. Ex: A character that the author gives himself or plays.	58
7380690108	Personification	Assigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects. Ex: Giving cars the ability to talk and think.	59
7380690109	Polemic	An argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion. Ex: The manager thinks he has power over his employees yet he has forgotten that he has a boss.	60
7380690110	Polysyndeton	The deliberate use of a series of conjunctions. Ex: Joe likes pizza, and hamburgers, and hotdogs. Correct way-Joe likes pizza, hamburgers, and hotdogs.	61
7380690111	Premise	Major, minor, two parts of a syllogism. The concluding sentence of a syllogism that takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the minor premise. Ex: Most birds that have wings can fly. All penguins are birds and have wings. Therefore, all penguins should be able to fly.	62
7380690112	example of major premise	All mammals are warm-blooded.	63
7380690113	example of minor premise	All horses are mammals.	64
7380690114	example of conclusion	All horses are warm-blooded.	65
7380690115	Propaganda	A negative term for writing that is designed to sway opinion rather than present information. Ex: "Together we can do it!"	66
7380690116	Purpose	One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing. Ex: The author's purpose is to inform, entertain, persuade, and describe.	67
7380690117	Refute	To discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument. Ex: Refuting an argument: I am convinced that the idea will not work.	68
7380690118	Rhetoric	The study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion." Ex: Smoking causes cancer, and if you smoke you can be its next victim.	69
7380690119	Rhetorical modes	Patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include, but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation. Ex: The use of description, narration, example/illustration, process, cause and effect, classification, comparison and contrast, and persuasion/argumentation.	70
7380690120	Rhetorical question	A question asked more to produce an effect than to summon an answer. Ex: Why so serious?	71
7380690121	Rhetorical triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see Aristotelian triangle). Ex: The Rhetorical triangle consists of the subject, the speaker, and the audience.	72
7380690122	Satire	An ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it.	73
7380690123	Scheme	A pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect. Ex: Roses are red. Violets are blue. I am out of my head with thinking of you.	74
7380690124	Sentence patterns	The arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions—such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex. Ex: Active sentence: Joe gave Mary a ring. Passive sentence: A ring was given to Mary by Joe.	75
7380690125	Sentence variety	Using a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect. Ex: Using diction to create the sentence structure that you want in your writing.	76
7380690126	Simile	A figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things. Ex: She is as tall as a tree.	77
7380690127	Simple sentence	A statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause. Ex: The boy played with his toys.	78
7380690128	Source	A book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information. Ex: A school resource database.	79
7380690129	Speaker	A term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing. Ex: The host of a television show such as Jimmy Fallon or Jimmy Kimmel.	80
7380690130	Straw man	A logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position. Ex: Turning one's words against him/her.	81
7380690131	Style	The distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech. Ex: The way you want your writing to be.	82
7380690132	Subject	In rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing. Ex: What the writing will be about and will consist of.	83
7380690133	Subordinate clause	Created by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause. Ex: Main clause(I knew), subordinate clause(that she wanted to go home.)	84
7380690134	Subordination	The dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence. Ex: Main clause(I want), subordinate clause(to go to an amusement park.	85
7380690135	Syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise (see premise; major, and minor). Ex: Penguin-"Birds can fly, I am a bird, therefore, I should be able to fly."	86
7380690136	Syntax	Sentence structure. Ex: Normal syntax-Jane ate a cake. Inverted syntax-A cake, Jane ate.	87
7380690137	Synthesize	Combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex.	88
7380690138	Thesis	The central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer.	89
7380690139	Thesis statement	A statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit. Ex: The central idea you are writing about to which all parts of your work will refer to.	90
7380690140	Tone	The speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience. Ex: Happy, sad, content, mad, excited, etc.	91
7380690141	Topic sentence	A sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis.	92
7380690142	Trope	Artful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way; also called a figure of speech. Ex The use of a word, phrase, or image in a way not intended by its normal signification.	93
7380690143	Understatement	Lack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect. Ex: "It is a bit cold today." "You don't say."	94
7380690144	Voice	In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing. Ex: Active voice-You stole that cookie from the cookie jar. Passive voice-The cookie was stolen from the cookie jar.	95
7380690145	Zeugma	A construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs—often in different, sometimes in congruent ways—two or more words in a sentence. Ex: She (ran) out of time, and towards her doom.	96
7380690146	Asyndeton	Leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses. Ex: I ate. I played. I slept.	97

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AP Language Vocabulary #9 Flashcards

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5654925205	tactic	noun. a plan for promoting a desired end result	0
5654925206	evasive	adj. elusive	1
5654925207	belligerent	adj. war-like	2
5654925208	bestow	verb. to present as a gift	3
5654925209	impair	verb. to diminish in ability	4
5654925210	desolate	adj. barren or devastated	5
5654925211	pacifist	noun. a person who is opposed to violence of any kind	6
5654925212	wield	verb. to exercise power or authority	7
5654925213	vicarious	adj. participating in someone else's life	8
5654925214	benevolent	adj. characterized by expressing good will	9
5654925215	consecrated	verb. to make or declare sacred	10
5654925216	trajectory	noun. the curve described by a projectile	11
5654925217	smug	adj. contentedly confident of one's ability	12
5654925218	sanctimonious	verb. making a hypocritical show of religious devotion	13
5654925219	unctuous	adj. characterized by excessive piousness	14
5654925220	augment	verb. to make larger	15
5654925221	insouciant	adj. free from concern, worry, or anxiety	16
5654925222	progeny	noun. a descendant or offspring	17
5654925223	dissipate	verb. to scatter in various directions	18
5654925224	devoid	adj. not possessing	19
5654925225	tentative	adj. uncertain	20
5654925226	frivolous	adj. characterized by lack of seriousness	21
5654925227	sentimental	adj. expressive of tender emotions or feelings	22
5654925228	alienation	noun. the act of causing someone to feel indifferent	23
5654925229	sublime	adj. elevated or lofty in thought	24
5654925230	superfluous	adj. being more than is sufficient	25
5654925231	founder	verb. to fail utterly	26
5654925232	sentinel	noun. a person or thing that watches	27
5654925233	indispensable	adj. incapable of being neglected	28
5654925234	myriad	adj. a very great number of	29
5654925235	succinct	adj. concise	30
5654925236	lucid	adj. easily understood	31
5654925237	pecuniary	adj. of or relating to money	32
5654925238	vex	verb. to irritate or annoy	33
5654925239	inevitable	adj. unable to be avoided	34

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AP Language Vocabulary #2 Flashcards

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4884136544	Fecund (adj)	1. Fruitful in offspring or vegetation 2. intellectually productive or inventive to a marked degree	0
4884137643	Ineffable (adj)	1. indescribable 2. not to be uttered : taboo	1
4884137644	Punitive (adj)	1. intended to punish someone or something 2. extremely or unfairly severe or high	2
4884139800	Epiphany (n)	1. a sudden perception of nature or meaning of something 2. revealing scene or moment	3
4884139801	Wry (adj) Wryly (adv)	1. humorous in a clever and often ironic way 2. showing both amusement and a feeling of being tired, annoyed, etc..	4
4884142519	Abhor (v) Abhorrence (n)	v1. to regard with extreme hate n1. the act of abhorring n2. the feeling of one who abhors	5
4884142520	Arduous (adj)	1. hard to accomplish or achieve 2. hard to climb	6
4884142535	Buttress (v)	1. to furnish or shore up; support, strengthen	7
4884145104	Capricious (adj) Caprices (n)	adj1. changing often and quickly; especially in mood or behavior n1. a sudden change; especially in someone's mood or behavior	8
4884147414	Endeavor (v)	1. to strive to achieve or reach 2. to attempt by exertion of effort 3. to work with set purpose	9

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AP Language Sept. 1 Flashcards

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4813252391	Ambiguity	The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage	0
4813252392	Antithesis	The opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite	1
4813430531	Conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects	2
4813430532	Diction	The writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness	3
4813430533	Invective	An emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language	4
4813430534	Metonymy	A figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it	5
4813430535	Parallelism	The grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity	6
4813440054	Syllogism	A deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion	7
4813440055	Synecdoche	A figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole or, occasionally, the whole is used to represent a part	8
4818418257	Understatement	The ironic minimalizing of fact; presents something as less significant that it is	9

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AP Language Set A Flashcards

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5102066471	GUISE	general external appearance	0
5102066472	SEMBLANCE	an assumed or unreal appearance	1
5102066473	DISPARAGE	to speak of or treat slightingly	2
5102066474	PROSCRIBE	to denounce or condemn (a thing) as dangerous or harmful; banish exile	3
5102066475	ENCAPSULATE	to summarize or condense	4
5102066476	APHORISM	a short pithy instructive saying	5
5102066477	SINE QUA NON	an indispensable condition, element, or factor	6
5102066478	QUINTESSENTIAL	of the pure and essential essence of something; representing the perfect example of a class or quality	7
5102066479	ILLUSORY	causing illusion; deceptive; misleading	8
5102066480	DISPARATE	fundamentally different or distinct in quality or kind	9
5102066481	VINDICATE	to clear of accusation, blame, suspicion, or doubt with supporting proof	10
5102066482	APLOMB	confidence and composure under strain without arrogance	11
5102066483	AUSPICIOUS	promising success; favorable	12
5102066484	APODICTIC	incontestable because of having been proved	13
5102066485	UNTENABLE	incapable of being defended or justified	14
5102066486	DISSENT	to differ in sentiment from the majority	15
5102066487	UBIQUITOUS	being present everywhere at once	16
5102066488	PARADIGM	a cognitive framework shared by members of any discipline or group	17
5102066489	TRAVESTY	any grotesque or debased likeness or imitation	18
5102066490	CREDULOUS	willing to believe or trust too readily, especially without proper or adequate evidence	19

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AP Language: Vocabulary 7 Flashcards

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9189020543	acu, acut (acute, acupuncture)	sharp, pointed	0
9189020544	ambul (amble; ambulance; perambulate; preamble)	walk	1
9189020545	fa, fat (preface, profess, fate, confess)	say, speak	2
9189020546	gno (agnostic; prognosis; gnostic; ignominy; diagnosis)	To know	3
9189020547	gust (disgust, gusto, gustory)	taste	4
9189020548	acrimony	bitterness, sharpness	5
9189020549	discursive	rambling, moving from one topic to another randomly	6
9189020550	effulgent	radiant, splendorous, brilliantly shining	7
9189020551	imperinent	rude and disrespectful, lack of retraint (also could mean irrelevant)	8
9189020552	lagress	something given without expectation of a return, donation, gift	9
9189020553	obdurate	stubborn, unyielding, could also be a lack of sympathy/tender feelings if you were	10
9189020554	promulgate	to announce; to make known	11
9189020555	pulchritude	physical beauty, comeliness (sculpture/objects not people)	12

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Unit One Vocabulary - AP Language Flashcards

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4753687555	affinity	a preference	0
4753688332	fledgling	new	1
4753689077	hackneyed	worn-out	2
4753689078	incessant	nonstop	3
4753689542	opulence	riches	4
4753690218	proximity	closeness	5
4753690219	sagacious	intelligence	6
4753690870	supplant	to replace	7
4753691116	unassailable	undeniable	8
4753691280	voluminous	large	9
4771082210	brusque	blunt	10
4771082395	dispassionate	unemotional	11
4771082573	effervescent	lively	12
4771082991	indefatigable	never getting tired	13
4771083216	misanthrope	an antisocial person	14
4771083515	morose	gloomy	15
4771083727	nonchalance	lack of concern	16
4771083728	progeny	offspring	17
4771084253	stoic	showing no distress	18
4771084765	voracious	greedy	19
4834359708	coalesce	to join	20
4834359709	decadence	a decline	21
4834359710	exemplary	excellent	22
4834359711	exuberance	joy	23
4834359712	incidental	secondary	24
4834359713	insolvent	without money	25
4834359714	parsimonious	stingy	26
4834359715	prodigal	extravagant	27
4834359716	surreptitious	secret	28
4834359717	writhe	squirm	29
4834359718	brevity	briefness	30
4834359719	clemency	mercy	31
4834359720	frivolous	lighthearted	32
4834359721	heist	theft	33
4834359722	lampoon	to make fun of	34
4834359723	querulous	discontented	35
4834359724	reproach	disapproval	36
4834359725	respite	time off	37
4834359726	torpor	drowsiness	38
4834359727	unscathed	unhurt	39
4838215494	copious	plentiful	40
4838215495	dearth	a shortage	41
4838217337	eloquent	stirring/persuasive	42
4838219165	jargon	technical language	43
4838219744	levity	lightheartedness	44
4838220264	meander	to wander about	45
4838220812	peripheral	of little importance	46
4838220890	substantiate	to prove	47
4838221808	unobtrusive	not noticeable	48
4838223053	vacillate	to hesitate	49

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