| 8164009353 | consciousness | our awareness of ourselves and our environment, a part of the mind from which we can potentially retrieve a fact, an idea, an emotion, or a memory and combine it with critical thinking. | | 0 |
| 8165355098 | 3 main functions of conciousness | restricts our attention (selective attention); where sensation combines with memory, emotions, and motives; allows us to create a mental model of the world that we can manipulate (only HUMANS can do this!) | | 1 |
| 8164184963 | states of conciousness | spontaneous states: daydreaming, drowsiness, dreaming
physiologically enduced states: hallucinations, orgasms, food or oxygen starvation
psychologically enduced states: sensory deprivation, hypnosis, meditation | | 2 |
| 8164011682 | chronobiology | a field of biology that examines organisms and their adaptation to solar- and lunar-related rhythms. These cycles are known as biological rhythms. | | 3 |
| 8164013866 | biological rhythms | include circadian rhythms (24-hour clock) and Ultradian Rhythms (the cycles during our night's sleep) | | 4 |
| 8164013867 | cortisol | hormone that keeps you awake, may be associated with insomnia | | 5 |
| 8164017812 | melatonin | hormone that induces sleep, controlled by the pineal gland, connected to the wake-sleep cycles that builds up while we sleep. | | 6 |
| 8164019930 | circadian rhythms | the "body clock", 24-hour cycle that rules us all. This internal body clock is affected by external forces, such as sun rise and time zones. Ex: as we approach night time, our body temperatures begin to drop. | | 7 |
| 8164022675 | free running cycles | is a sleep pattern that is not adjusted to the 24-hour cycle in nature nor to any artificial cycle | | 8 |
| 8164022676 | entrainment | anything that impacts your sleep | | 9 |
| 8164025337 | social entrainment | our circadian rhythms being off due to your social experiences. | | 10 |
| 8164027767 | restorative theory | theory that REM sleep stimulates the brain in order to stimulate and restore neural pathways | | 11 |
| 8164027768 | memory consolidation theory | theory that dreams are used to sort through the day's experiences and help us remember the day's events | | 12 |
| 8164034990 | adaptive non-responding theory | theory for why we sleep that suggests that sleep was used to protect our ancestors from danger | | 13 |
| 8164034991 | twilight state | a dreamy state lacking touch with present reality, can sometimes be induced with narcotics | | 14 |
| 8165673476 | sleep | natural shift in state of consciousness, we forget the moment we fall asleep, we are less aware of our surroundings | | 15 |
| 8169443189 | sleep debt | when you deprive yourself of multiple nights of sleep, brain can remember sleep debt for 2 weeks, not solved by 1 long sleep | | 16 |
| 8169369620 | theories of sleep | protection, recuperation (brain can repair itself), memory (restore and rebuild our daily memories), creativity, growth | | 17 |
| 8164040431 | R.E.M | also called paradoxical sleep or Rapid Eye Movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage when vivid dreams commonly occur. Muscles are relaxed (only minor twitching) except for eyes and groin, heart rate rises and breathing is rapid and irregular, it acts as a mental recovery from the day and you spend less and less time in REM as you get older. REM rebound, as the night goes on you spend less time in NREM-3 and more in REM | | 18 |
| 8165478564 | sleep cycle | (Ultradian Rhythms) goes 1, 2, 3, 2, REM, 2, 3, 2, REM...
during a night the amount of NREM-3 sleep will decrease and REM sleep will increase. |  | 19 |
| 8165507402 | NREM-1 | slowed breathing, irregular brain waves, theta waves are prominent, easily awakened, may experience sensations of falling |  | 20 |
| 8165509254 | NREM-2 | sleep spindles and EEG activity, mainly theta waves, spend half of night's sleep in NREM-2 | | 21 |
| 8165592096 | sleep spindles | NREM2, bursts of rhythmic brain-wave inactivity in response to K-complexes (ex: car honking) that keep us asleep | | 22 |
| 8165509255 | NREM-3 | can be called slow-wave sleep, delta sleep, or deep sleep. Vital for restoring body's growth hormones and good overall health which is why it occurs in the first 30 min of sleep. Plays a critical role in physicial growth (Pituitary) and physicial recovery | | 23 |
| 8164044028 | beta waves | brain waves of an alert waking state |  | 24 |
| 8164047569 | alpha waves | relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state (drowsy) | | 25 |
| 8164047570 | theta waves | NREM-2 sleep waves, slower, high amplitude, low frequency |  | 26 |
| 8164052535 | delta waves | large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep (NREM-3), high frequency, low amplitude |  | 27 |
| 8164052536 | hallucinations | false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus (Sensory experiences that occur without a sensory stimulus.) | | 28 |
| 8169131779 | hypnagogic sensations | sensations such as falling, floating, or feeling "pinned down" (during NREM-1) that may later be incorporated into your memories | | 29 |
| 8164056430 | sleep deprivation | Fatigue (NREM), impaired concentration (REM), depressed immune system (Viral Infections), slowed reaction time, greater vulnerability to accidents, higher risk of depression, increased ghrelin (hunger-arousing hormone) and decreases leptin (hunger supresses hormone)- makes you fat, | | 30 |
| 8164056431 | insomnia | Difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep, affects 10% of the population, "remedies" may actually worsen the problem: Sleeping pills: addicting, prevent Rem sleep and Alcohol: Prevents REM Sleep | | 31 |
| 8164059380 | hypersomnia | is a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, excessive sleep periods each day, or the inability to feel refreshed after sleep. | | 32 |
| 8164059381 | narcolepsy | sleep disorder where people may fall asleep at unpredictable or inappropriate times, person may go directly into REM sleep, affects less than .001 % of population, lack of neurotransmitter orexin (linked to alertness) | | 33 |
| 8164061809 | sleep apnea | sleep disorder where a person stops breathing during their sleep (stop breathing 300-500 times a night). Wake up momentarily, gasps for air, then falls back asleep. Common in overweight males, can be helped by a CPAP macheine. | | 34 |
| 8164061810 | night terrors | usually occur in children and are rarely remembered, REM-3 sleep, child may wake up screaming and have no idea why and have a rapid heartbeat and heavy breathing. | | 35 |
| 8164064170 | nightmares | scary dreams that occur during REM sleep | | 36 |
| 8164064225 | *incubus attacks | when you feel like there is another person on top of you preventing you from moving, usually sexual and scary | | 37 |
| 8164072214 | superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN) | cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls the circadian rhythm. ex: it responds to light by causing the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness. | | 38 |
| 8164075075 | somnambulism | sleep walking, NREM3, person can walk, talk and see, but will have little or no memory of the event when they wake up. | | 39 |
| 8164075076 | somnilloquy | sleep talking, can occur in any stage of sleep | | 40 |
| 8164077797 | dream | a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind usually in REM sleep. most dreams are negative and people commonly dream about failure, and people's dreams are rarely sexual contrary to popular belief | | 41 |
| 8179942884 | theories to why we dream | Freud's theory that we dream to satisfy our wishes that can't be expressed during the day or even directly through our dreams,
information processing theory that we dream to sift and sort through the days experiences and helps our memory
Physiological function theory: Neural activity during Rem sleep provides brain stimulation and growth.
activation-synthesis theory: dreaming is our brain's attempt to make sense of random neural firings in various parts of our brain.
Cognitive Theory: Dream are the embodiment of thoughts. | | 42 |
| 8164077798 | manifest content | the remembered story line of a dream (Freud's dream theory) | | 43 |
| 8164080532 | latent content | underlying or hidden meaning of a dream (Freud's dream theory) | | 44 |
| 8164082608 | REM rebound | is the tendency for REM sleep to increase after a period in which the subject has experienced REM deprivation, shows importance of REM sleep | | 45 |
| 8164082609 | hypnosis | a social interaction in which one person (subject) responds to another person's (the hypnotist) suggestions that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur, can be therapeutic and can alleviate pain by blocking our attention to painful stimuli (does not block sensory input to pain) | | 46 |
| 8164264482 | limits to hypnosis | hypnosis doesn't enhance the ability to recall forgotten events, may even evoke false memories;
a hypnotist can't force people to act against their will, they may perform unlikely acts, but not any more than a not-hypnotized person. | | 47 |
| 8164086711 | hidden observer | a level of us that is always aware (divided consciousness theory) | | 48 |
| 8164089175 | posthypnotic amnesia | person's inability to recall events or information obtained while in a hypnotic state. | | 49 |
| 8164091655 | posthypnotic suggestion | a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized, often by responding to a cue; has been used to alleviate headaches, asthma, and stress-related skin disorders. | | 50 |
| 8164376294 | social influence theory | belief that hypnosis is not an altered state of concious, but rather a power of social influence that causes subjects to behave like "good hypnotic subjects" the more they like and trust a hypnotist, and the more they believe they are hypnotised. | | 51 |
| 8164414873 | divided consciousness theory | belief that hypnosis is more than a person playing the role of a "good subject" and believe that hypnosis evokes a separate state of consciousness (dissociation) Ex: ice water experiment | | 52 |
| 8164091656 | dissociation | a split between levels of consciousness which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously as others. Used in hypnosis to alleviate pain by separating the physical stimulus of pain from the emotional suffering that defines our experience of pain | | 53 |
| 8164094496 | psychoactive drug | a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods, small enough to pass through the blood-brain barrier, (Alcohol, Marijuana, and Cocaine, etc.) | | 54 |
| 8164094497 | addiction | A compulsive craving for and use of a drug despite the known consequences, Drug addiction is not a disease | | 55 |
| 8164096730 | tolerance | Diminishing effect with regular use of drug, the user needs to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect, body begins to stop producing these chemicals naturally | | 56 |
| 8180113838 | Neuroadaptation | when the user's brain chemistry adapts to offset the drug effects | | 57 |
| 8164096731 | withdrawl | Discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use. | | 58 |
| 8164100489 | physical dependence | Physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms (physical pain and intense cravings) | | 59 |
| 8164100490 | psychological dependence | A psychological need to use a drug, Ex: to relieve negative emotions | | 60 |
| 8164103609 | depressants | Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions, ex: alcohol, barbiturates (prescribed as tranquilizers), and opiates (Heroin and Morphine). | | 61 |
| 8164105870 | stimulants | Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. Ex: Caffeine, Nicotine, Amphetamines, Cocaine, meth. | | 62 |
| 8180193457 | amphetamines | Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes, increases the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine, results in short-term energy and euphoria, but eventually reduces baseline dopamine level, leaving user permanently depressed, Ex: Cocaine | | 63 |
| 8164105887 | hallucinogens | Psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input, Ex: LSD | | 64 |
| 8164109302 | barbiturates | Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment (tranquilizers), Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal are sometimes prescribed for sleep or to reduce anxiety. | | 65 |
| 8164109303 | opiates | Opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. | | 66 |
| 8164114897 | ecstasy | (also called MDMA) is a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen, short-term health risks and long-term effects that include: high blood pressure, harm to serotonin-producing neurons, death, and it affects mood and cognition. | | 67 |
| 8164117524 | LSD | (Lysergic acid diethylamide)is a powerful hallucinogenic drug that can cause reactions such as anxiety, paranoia, and delusions | | 68 |
| 8164117525 | THC | the major ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects including mild hallucinations. | | 69 |
| 8164117526 | cocaine | a powerful and addictive stimulant, derived from the coca plant, producing temporarily increased alertness and euphoria, traps dopamine in synaptic gap and dopamine particles bind to receptor sites over and over and overstimulate the cell. | | 70 |
| 8164120832 | methamphetamine | a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the CNS with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels, works by entering the dopamine vesicles and pushing dopamine neurotransmitters out of the cell and into the synapse where they can connect to the receptor sites | | 71 |
| 8164124908 | near-death experience | an altered state of consciousness reported after almost dying (such as by cardiac arrest) often similar to drug-induced hallucinations which might be caused by the brain being under stress such as oxygen deprivation. | | 72 |
| 8164138197 | Allan Hobson & Robert McCarley | psychiatrists and neurophysiologists at Harvard's medical school who believed that dreams are nothing more than your attempt to interpret random electrical impulses produced by your brain in REM sleep. | | 73 |
| 8164143587 | Eugene Aserinsky | discovered REM sleep, and found that dreams occur in REM sleep | | 74 |
| 8164145512 | Nathaniel Kleitman | | | 75 |
| 8164148586 | William Dement | studied what would happen if a person was deprived of dreaming and REM sleep. He discovered that as a person is deprived of REM sleep, they try to spend more and more time in REM which is known as REM rebound, this shows the importance of REM sleep and dreaming. | | 76 |
| 8164148587 | Sigmund Freud | theorized that dreams are the expression of un-conscious wishes that we are unable to have while awake. He also believed that dreams have a manifest content (surface meaning) and a latent content (true, underlying meaning) | | 77 |
| 8164152273 | Ernest Hilgard | believed hypnosis involves not only social influence but also a special dual processing state of dissociation (Divided-conciousness theory). He viewed hypnotic dissociation as a vivid form of everyday mind splits (dual processing) | | 78 |
| 8164152274 | Martin Orne & Frederick Evans | showed that both hypnotized and unhypnotized subjects who were told to throw acid in a researcher's face followed through on the request, which shows that hypnotized people don't do anything that unhypnotized people can't also be convinced to do. | | 79 |
