Flashcards
Flashcards
AP Psychology Chapter 7 Flashcards
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| 6372926017 | consciousness | our awareness of ourselves and our environment | 0 | |
| 6372926018 | biological rhythms | periodic physiological fluctuations | 1 | |
| 6372929140 | circadian rhythm | the biological clock, regular bodily rhythms | 2 | |
| 6372929141 | REM Sleep | rapid eye movement sleep, the stage where vivid dreams most often occur | 3 | |
| 6372929142 | Alpha waves | the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state | 4 | |
| 6372930590 | sleep | periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness | 5 | |
| 6372930591 | hallucinations | false sensory experiences | 6 | |
| 6372930592 | delta waves | the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep | 7 | |
| 6372932453 | insomnia | recurring problems in falling or staying asleep | 8 | |
| 6372932454 | narcolepsy | a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks | 9 | |
| 6372932455 | sleep apnea | a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings | 10 | |
| 6372935627 | night terrors | a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during stage 4 sleep. | 11 | |
| 6372937307 | dream | a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind | 12 | |
| 6372937308 | manifest content | according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream | 13 | |
| 6372938987 | latent content | according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream | 14 | |
| 6372938988 | REM rebound | the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation | 15 | |
| 6372938989 | hypnosis | a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will occur spontaneously | 16 | |
| 6372940997 | posthypnotic suggestion | a suggestion made during hypnosis session to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized | 17 | |
| 6372942825 | dissociation | a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others | 18 | |
| 6372942826 | psychoactive drug | a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood | 19 | |
| 6372942827 | tolerance | the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug | 20 | |
| 6372944660 | withdrawal | the discomfort and distress that follow the discontinued use of an addictive drug | 21 | |
| 6372944661 | physical dependence | a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms | 22 | |
| 6372947072 | psychological dependence | a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions | 23 | |
| 6372947073 | addiction | compulsive drug craving and use | 24 | |
| 6372947074 | depressants | drugs, that reduce neural activity and slow body functions | 25 | |
| 6372948229 | barbiturates | drugs that depress the activity of the CNS, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement | 26 | |
| 6372948230 | opiates | opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin, depress neural activity therefore lessening pain | 27 | |
| 6372948231 | stimulants | drugs that excite neural activity and speed up bodily functions | 28 | |
| 6372949730 | amphetamines | drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes | 29 | |
| 6372949731 | methamphetamines | a powerfully addicted drug that stimulates the CNS, speeds up bodily functions while improving mood and energy, lower base line dopamine levels | 30 | |
| 6372951677 | ecstasy | a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen, produces euphoria and social intimacy but with short and long term health risks | 31 | |
| 6372951678 | hallucinogens | psychedelic drugs such as LSD that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images | 32 | |
| 6372951679 | LSD | a powerful hallucinogenic drug | 33 | |
| 6372953268 | THC | the major active ingredient in marijuana, triggers a lot of effects including mild hallucinations | 34 | |
| 6372953269 | near-death experience | an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death | 35 | |
| 6372954583 | dualism | the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact | 36 | |
| 6372968642 | monism | the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing | 37 |
AP Biology: Functional Groups Flashcards
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| 8606340716 | hydroxyl | Alcohols, polar, hydrophobic. Found in Sugars and glycerol. Names end in -ol |  | 0 |
| 8606340717 | amino | Polar, a weak base, hydrophilic, and found in amino acids. AMINES |  | 1 |
| 8606340719 | carbonyl | TWO TYPES: The one pictured is a ketone and the -HC=O version at the end of a chain is an aldehyde. Found in sugars. Is polar and hydrophilic. |  | 2 |
| 8606340720 | sulfhydryl | Polar and hydrophilic. Found in amino acids and stabilize the structure of proteins. Called Thiols |  | 3 |
| 8606340722 | carboxyl | Polar, hydrophilic and a weak acid. Found in amino acids, fatty acids and vinegar |  | 4 |
| 8606340723 | phosphate | Polar, acidic, and hydrophilic. Found in ATP, DNA, and RNA. Transfers energy. Is an ANION |  | 5 |
| 8609442368 | methyl | NON POLAR, HYDROPHOBIC and found in fatty acids, waxes, oils, and some amino acids. |  | 6 |
| 8609461840 | Lipid |  | 7 | |
| 8609463899 | Carbohydrate |  | 8 | |
| 8609465612 | Amino Acid |  | 9 | |
| 8609470867 | 10 |
AP government chapter 14 Flashcards
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| 6704987382 | Budget | a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose | 0 | |
| 6704987383 | Deficit | the amount by which expenditures exceed income | 1 | |
| 6704987384 | Expenditures | Federal spending of revenues. Major areas of such spending are social services and the military. | 2 | |
| 6704987385 | Revenues | The financial resources of the federal government. The individual income tax and Social Security tax are two major sources of revenue. | 3 | |
| 6704987386 | Excise tax | a tax on the manufacturing of an item. Helped Hamilton to achieve his theory on a strong central government, supported by the wealthy manufacturers. This tax mainly targeted poor Western front corn farmers (Whiskey). This was used to demonstrate the power of the Federal Government, and sparked the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794. | 4 | |
| 6704987387 | Income tax | a personal tax levied on annual income | 5 | |
| 6704987388 | Sixteenth Amendment | The constitutional amendment adopted in 1913 that explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax. | 6 | |
| 6704987389 | Government corporations | A government organization that, like business corporations, provides a service that could be provided by the private sector and typically charges for its services. The U.S. Postal Service is an example. | 7 | |
| 6704987390 | Internal Revenue Service (IRS) | A government agency that prescribes the rules and regulations that govern the collection of tax revenues in the United States | 8 | |
| 6704987391 | Progressive tax | any tax in which the rate increases as the amount subject to taxation increases | 9 | |
| 6704987392 | Flat tax | proportional tax on individual income after a specified threshold has been reached | 10 | |
| 6704987393 | Social insurance taxes | taxes collected to pay for Social Security, Medicare, and unemployment compensation programs; regressive taxes | 11 | |
| 6704987394 | Federal debt | All the money borrowed by the federal government over the years and still outstanding. Today the federal debt is more than $9 trillion. | 12 | |
| 6704987395 | Tax loopholes | exceptions or oversights in the tax laq that allow some people and businesses to avoid paying taxes | 13 | |
| 6704987396 | Tax expenditures | revenue losses that result from special exemptions, exclusions, or deductions on federal tax law | 14 | |
| 6704987397 | Social Security Act | guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health | 15 | |
| 6704987398 | Medicare | a federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older | 16 | |
| 6704987399 | Incrementalism | the belief that the best predictor of this year's budget is last year's budget, plus a little bit more (an increment) | 17 | |
| 6704987400 | Uncontrollable expenditures | expenditures that are determined not by a fixed amount of money appropriated by Congress but by how many eligible beneficiaries there are for a program or by previous obligations of the government | 18 | |
| 6704987401 | Entitlements | Programs such as unemployment insurance, disaster relief, or disability payments that provide benefits to all eligible citizens. | 19 | |
| 6704987402 | House Ways and Means Committee | Writes the tax codes, subject to the approval of Congress (with Senate Finance Committee) | 20 | |
| 6704987403 | Senate Finance Committee | The Senate committee that, along with the Ways and Means Committee, writes the tax codes subject to the approval of Congress as a whole | 21 | |
| 6704987404 | Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 | an act designed to reform the congressional budgetary process; its supporters hoped that it would also make Congress less dependent on the president's budget and better able to set and meet its own budgetary goals | 22 | |
| 6704987405 | Impounding funds | power of the President to withhold from federal departments or agencies some or all of the funds appropriated by Congress | 23 | |
| 6704987406 | Congressional Budget Office (CBO) | An agency of Congress that analyzes presidential budget recommendations and estimates the cost of proposed legislation. | 24 | |
| 6704987407 | Office of Management & Budget (OMB) | Presidential staff agency that serves as a clearinghouse for budgetary requests and management improvements for government agencies. | 25 | |
| 6704987408 | Budget resolution | Set of budget guidelines that must pass both houses of Congress in identical form by April 15. | 26 | |
| 6704987409 | Reconciliation | the act of agreement after a quarrel, the resolution of a dispute | 27 | |
| 6704987410 | Authorization bill | a bill that sets up a federal program and specifies how much money may be appropriated for the program | 28 | |
| 6704987411 | Appropriations bill | An act of Congress that actually funds programs within limits established by authorization bills. Appropriations usually cover one year. | 29 | |
| 6704987412 | Continuing resolutions | when Congress cannot reach agreement and pass appropriations bills, these resolutions allow agencies to spend at the level of the previous year | 30 | |
| 6704987413 | Discretionary spending | Spending set by the govt through appropriations bills, including operation expenses &salaries of govt employees (defense, environment, education, space exploration) | 31 |
Flashcards
AP Biology Chapter 51 Flashcards
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| 8455657396 | Ethology | The scientific study of animal behavior | 0 | |
| 8455657397 | Behavior | The nervous system's response to a stimulus | 1 | |
| 8455657398 | Proximate causation | How explanations (environmental stimuli that triggers behavior and genetic, physiological, and anatomical mechanisms underlying a behavior) | 2 | |
| 8455657399 | Ultimate causation | Why explanations (evolutionary significance of a behavior) | 3 | |
| 8455657400 | Fixed action pattern | A sequence of unlearned, innate behaviors that are unchangeable | 4 | |
| 8455657401 | Sign stimulus | The stimulus that triggers a fixed action pattern | 5 | |
| 8455657402 | Kinesis | A simple change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus | 6 | |
| 8455657403 | Taxis | A more or less automatic movement toward or away from a stuimulus | 7 | |
| 8455657404 | Migration | A regular long distance change in location | 8 | |
| 8455657405 | Communication | The transmission and reception of signals | 9 | |
| 8455657406 | Signal | A behavior that causes a change in another animal's behavior | 10 | |
| 8455657407 | Innate behavior | A behavior that is developmentally fixed and under strong genetic influence | 11 | |
| 8455657408 | Learning | The modification of behavior based of specific experiences | 12 | |
| 8455657409 | Pheromones | Chemical substances that are emitted by animals that communicate through odors | 13 | |
| 8455657410 | Habituation | A simple form of learning that involves loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no information | 14 | |
| 8455657411 | Imprinting | A behavior that includes learning and innate components and is generally irreversible | 15 | |
| 8455657413 | Sensitive period | A limited developmental phase that is the only time when certain behaviors can be learned | 16 | |
| 8455657416 | Associative learning | Animals associate one feature of their environments with another | 17 | |
| 8455657417 | Classical conditioning | A type of associative learning in which an arbitrary stimulus is associated with a reward of punishment | 18 | |
| 8455657418 | Operant conditioning | A type of associative learning in which an animal learns to associate one of its behaviors with a reward or punishment | 19 | |
| 8455657419 | Cognition | A process of knowing which includes awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgement | 20 | |
| 8455657421 | Problem solving | The process of devising a strategy to overcome an obstacle | 21 | |
| 8455657422 | Twin Studies | Allow researchers to compare the relative influences of genetics and environment on behavior | 22 | |
| 8455657423 | Foraging | Food obtaining behavior, includes recognizing, searching for, capturing, and eating food items | 23 | |
| 8455657424 | Optimal foraging model | Views foraging behavior as a compromise between benefits of nutrition and costs of obtaining food | 24 | |
| 8455657425 | Monogamous | One male one female same morphologies | 25 | |
| 8455657426 | Promiscuous | No strong pair bonds or lasting relationships | 26 | |
| 8455657427 | Polygamous | Individual of one sex mates with several individuals of the other sex | 27 | |
| 8455657428 | Polygyny | One male mates with many females (males are larger) | 28 | |
| 8455657429 | Polyandry | One female mates with many males (females are larger) | 29 |
Flashcards
AP Biology Evolution Flashcards
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| 9685924363 | homologous structures | structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry |  | 0 |
| 9685924364 | vestigial structures | remnants of features that served important functions in the the organism's ancestors |  | 1 |
| 9685924365 | convergent evolution | the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages |  | 2 |
| 9685924366 | Hardy-Weinberg | the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work |  | 3 |
| 9685924367 | gene pool | the aggregate of all of the alleles for all of the loci in individuals in a population |  | 4 |
| 9685924368 | population | a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring |  | 5 |
| 9685924369 | natural selection | a process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are organisms with other characteristics |  | 6 |
| 9685924370 | genetic drift | changes in the gene pool due to random events | 7 | |
| 9685924371 | founder effect | when a individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population |  | 8 |
| 9685924372 | bottleneck effect | when there is a severe drop in population size, certain alleles may be overrepresented among the survivors, others may be underrepresented, and some may be absent altogether |  | 9 |
| 9685924373 | gene flow | the transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes | 10 | |
| 9685924374 | directional selection | when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting the frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other |  | 11 |
| 9685924375 | disruptive selection | when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes |  | 12 |
| 9685924376 | stabilizing selection | acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants |  | 13 |
| 9685924377 | sexual selection | a form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates |  | 14 |
| 9685924379 | diploidy | the state of being diploid, that is having two sets of chromosomes | 15 | |
| 9685924380 | heterozygote advantage | when individuals who are heterozygous at a particular locus have greater fitness than do both kind of homozygous | 16 | |
| 9685924381 | frequency-dependent selection | fitness of a phenotype declines if it becomes too common in the population | 17 | |
| 9685924382 | speciation | the process by which one species splits into two or more species |  | 18 |
| 9685924383 | microevolution | changes over time in allele frequencies in a population | 19 | |
| 9685924384 | macroevolution | the broad pattern of evolution over long time spans | 20 | |
| 9685924385 | species | a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring- but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups | 21 | |
| 9685924386 | reproductive isolation | the existance of biological barriers that impede members of two species from producing viable offspring | 22 | |
| 9685924387 | hybrids | offspring that result from interspecific mating |  | 23 |
| 9685924388 | prezygotic barriers | impede mating or hinder fertilization if mating occurs (five types: habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, gametic) |  | 24 |
| 9685924389 | post zygotic barriers | prevents hybrid zygote from developing into a viable fertile adult through reducing hybrid viability, reducing hybrid fertility, or hybrid breakdown | 25 | |
| 9685924390 | allopatric speciation | gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations |  | 26 |
| 9685924391 | sympatric speciation | speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area (usually occurs due to polyploidy, habitat differentiation, and sexual selection) |  | 27 |
| 9685924392 | polyploidy | extra sets of chromosomes due to accidents during cell division |  | 28 |
| 9685924395 | punctuated equilibrium | the theory that in the evolution there are long periods of little morphological change punctuated by relatively short periods of significant change |  | 29 |
| 9685924398 | endosymbiosis | mitochondria and chloroplasts were formally small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells |  | 30 |
| 9685924399 | adaptive radiation | Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill vacant ecological roles in their communities |  | 31 |
| 9685924400 | homeotic genes | master regulatory genes that determine such basic features as where a pair of wings and a pair of legs will develop on a bird or how a plant's flower parts are arranged | 32 | |
| 9685924401 | phylogeny | the evolutionary history of a species or group of species |  | 33 |
| 9685924403 | phylogenetic tree | evolutionary history of a group of organisms represented in a branching diagram |  | 34 |
| 9685924404 | analogy | similarity due to convergent evolution |  | 35 |
| 9685924405 | homology | similarity due to shared ancestry |  | 36 |
| 9685924407 | outgroup | a species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that includes the species we are studying | 37 | |
| 9685924408 | maximum parsimony | a principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts |  | 38 |
| 9685924409 | molecular clock | a yardstick for measuring the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observation that some genes and other regions of genomes appear to evolve at constant rates | 39 | |
| 9685924411 | Darwin's Theory (five parts) | 1. Variation 2. Overproduction 3. Competition 4. Survival of the fittest 5. Overtime, emergence of new species (new alleles) | 40 | |
| 9685924412 | Cryptic species | Species which look almost identical but that are very different in other traits | 41 | |
| 9685924413 | Monophyletic | A branch on a phylogenetic tree that contains all decscendants of a common ancestor | 42 | |
| 9685924414 | Abiogenesis | origin of life from nonliving matter | 43 | |
| 9685924416 | last universal common ancestor (LUCA) | a common ancestor to all organisms that live and had lived on Earth | 44 | |
| 9685924417 | protocell | organic polymers enclosed in a membrane | 45 | |
| 9685924419 | geologic timescale | division of the history of Earth into eras, periods and epochs | 46 | |
| 9685924420 | extinction | total disappearance of all members of a species | 47 | |
| 9685924421 | mass extinction | total disappearance of a large number a species within a few million years | 48 | |
| 9685924423 | fitness | ability to produce surviving offspring | 49 | |
| 9685924430 | fossil | remains and traces of evidence of past life | 50 | |
| 9685924431 | paleontology | study of the fossil record | 51 |
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