| 5526133258 | memory | the persistence of learning over time through storage and retrieval of information. | | 0 |
| 5526133259 | encoding | the processing of information into the memory system. | | 1 |
| 5526133260 | storage | the retention of encoded information over time. | | 2 |
| 5526133261 | retreival | the process of getting formation out of memory. | | 3 |
| 5526133262 | parallel processing | the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously. | | 4 |
| 5526133263 | sensory memory | the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. | | 5 |
| 5526133264 | short-term memory | activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as seven digits of a phone number while dialing. | | 6 |
| 5526133265 | long-term memory | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system that includes knowledge, skills, and experience. | | 7 |
| 5526133266 | working memory | a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information. | | 8 |
| 5526133267 | explicit memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." | | 9 |
| 5526133268 | effortful processing | encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. | | 10 |
| 5526133269 | automatic processing | unconscious encoding of the incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information. | | 11 |
| 5526133270 | implicit memory | retention independent of conscious recollection. | | 12 |
| 5526133271 | iconic memory | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second. | | 13 |
| 5526133272 | echoic memory | a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled for about 3 or 4 seconds. | | 14 |
| 5526133273 | chunking | organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically. | | 15 |
| 5526133274 | mnemonics | memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. | | 16 |
| 5526133275 | spacing effect | the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention that is achieved through massed study or practice. | | 17 |
| 5526133276 | testing effect | enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning. | | 18 |
| 5526133277 | shallow processing | encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words. | | 19 |
| 5526133278 | deep processing | encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention. | | 20 |
| 5526133279 | hippocampus | a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage. | | 21 |
| 5526133280 | flashbulb memory | a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. | | 22 |
| 5526133281 | long-term potentiation | an increase in a synapses' firing potential after brief, rapids stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. | | 23 |
| 5526133282 | recall | a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test. | | 24 |
| 5526133283 | recognition | a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test. | | 25 |
| 5526133284 | relearning | a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when leaning material for a second time. | | 26 |
| 5526133285 | priming | the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception. | | 27 |
| 5526133286 | mood-congruent memory | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood. | | 28 |
| 5526133287 | serial position effect | our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. | | 29 |
| 5526133288 | anterograde amnesia | an inability to form new memories. | | 30 |
| 5526133289 | retrograde amnesia | an inability to retrieve information from one's past. | | 31 |
| 5526133290 | proactive interference | the disruptive effect of old information on new information. | | 32 |
| 5526133291 | retroactive interference | the disruptive effect of new information on old information. | | 33 |
| 5526133292 | repression | in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. | | 34 |
| 5526133293 | misinformation effect | incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event. | | 35 |
| 5526133294 | source amnesia | attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. | | 36 |
| 5526133295 | deja vu | the eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience. | | 37 |
| 5526133296 | cognition | all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. | | 38 |
| 5526133297 | concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. | | 39 |
| 5526133298 | prototype | a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories. | | 40 |
| 5526133299 | creativity | the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas. | | 41 |
| 5526133300 | convergent thinking | narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution. | | 42 |
| 5526133301 | divergent thinking | expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions). | | 43 |
| 5526133302 | algorithm | a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. | | 44 |
| 5526133303 | heuristic | a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently. | | 45 |
| 5526133304 | insight | a sudden and novel realization of the solution to a problem. | | 46 |
| 5526133305 | confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and ignore or distort contrary evidence. | | 47 |
| 5526133306 | mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. | | 48 |
| 5526133307 | intution | an effortless, immediate autonomic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning. | | 49 |
| 5526133308 | representative heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes. | | 50 |
| 5526133309 | availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory. | | 51 |
| 5526133310 | overconfidence | the tendency to be more confident than correct--to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments. | | 52 |
| 5526133311 | belief perseverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. | | 53 |
| 5526133312 | framing | the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments. | | 54 |
| 5526133313 | language | our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning. | | 55 |
| 5526133314 | phoneme | in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit. | | 56 |
| 5526133315 | morpheme | in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word. | | 57 |
| 5526133316 | grammar | in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. | | 58 |
| 5526133317 | babbling stage | beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language. | | 59 |
| 5526133318 | one-word stage | the stage in speech development, from about, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words. | | 60 |
| 5526133319 | two-word stage | beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements. | | 61 |
| 5526133320 | telegraphic speech | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs. | | 62 |
| 5526133321 | aphasia | impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding). | | 63 |
| 5526133322 | Broca's area | controls language expression—an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. | | 64 |
| 5526133323 | Wernicke's area | controls language reception—a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe. | | 65 |
| 5526133324 | linguistic determinism | Whorf's hypothesis that language predetermines the way we think | | 66 |
