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AP World History Period 4 Flashcards

9898009694	Renaissance	1400-1600	0
9898009695	American Revolution	1775-1783	1
9898009696	Reign of Akbar	1556-1605	2
9898009697	Beginning of Atlantic slave trade	1441	3
9898009698	Brazil runaway slave community	1690	4
9898009699	British/Dutch East India Company	1600-1602	5
9898009700	Heliocentral view	1543	6
9898009701	Jamestown	1607	7
9898009702	Mughal Empire	1526-1707	8
9898009703	Protestant reformation	1517	9
9898009704	Russian expansion into Siberia	1550	10
9898009705	Safavid Empire	1501-1722	11
9898009706	Songhai Empire	1464-1591	12
9898009707	Spanish conquest of Aztecs	1519-1521	13
9898009708	Spanish conquest of Incas	1532-1540	14
9898009709	Thirty Years' War	1618-1648	15
9898009710	Tokugawa Japan	1603	16
9898009711	African diaspora	The spreading of Africans to many other parts of the world,	17
9898009712	Akbar	the grandson of Babur, who brought the height of the Mughal empire. Also expanded his empire to control much of the subcontinent.	18
9898009713	Aurangzeb	commonly known as Aurangzeb Alamgir and by his imperial title Alamgir and simply referred to as Aurangzeb was the sixth Mughal Emperor and ruled over most of the Indian subcontinent during some parts of his reign. His reign lasted for 49 years from 1658 until his death in 1707.	19
9898009714	Benin	Not really a significant player in the slave trade - relied on traditional products, such as ivory, textiles, and their unique bronze castings	20
9898009715	Bhakti	"attachment, participation, devotion to, fondness for, homage, faith or love, worship, piety to (as a religious principle or means of salvation)". Bhakti, in Hinduism, refers to devotion and the love of a personal god or a representational god by a devotee.	21
9898009716	cartaz	a naval trade license or pass issued by the Portuguese in the Indian ocean during the sixteenth century (circa 1502-1750), under the rule of the Portuguese empire. It shared similarities with the British navicert system of 1939-45. Its name derives from the portugueses cartas mesinha letter.	22
9898009717	Catholic Counter-Reformation	the church's actions to revive their reputation and membership roles in 1545 (regained control of most of southern Europe, Austria, Poland, and much of Hungary)	23
9898009718	Columbian exchange	the global diffusion of crops, other plants, human beings, animals, and distance that took place after the European exploring voyages of the New World	24
9898009719	conquistadores	went to search for gold and convert the natives to Christianity in the interior of Mexico	25
9898009720	Council of Trent	The Council of Trent, held between 1545 and 1563 in Trento and Bologna, northern Italy, was one of the Roman Catholic Church's most important ecumenical councils. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation. Four hundred years later, when Pope John XXIII initiated preparations for the Second Vatican Council, he affirmed the decrees it had issued: "What was, still is."	26
9898009721	creoles	composed of those born in the new world; a quickly growing class	27
9898009722	Dahomey	a kingdom that used firearms to create its powerbase, in Contrast to the Asante, the Dahomey leaders were authoritarian, and often brutal in forcing compliance to the royal court	28
9898009723	Daimyo	power territorial lords, who held local control of areas. Some Daimyos had more influence than others, but each maintained his own governments and had his own samurai	29
9898009724	Darwin, Charles	an English naturalist and geologist, best known for his contributions to evolutionary theory. He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors, and in a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding.	30
9898009725	deism	God built the universe and let it run. Clockmaker theory	31
9898009726	devshirme	a system that required Christian's of the area to contribute young boys to be the sultans slaves	32
9898009727	Edict of Nantes	The granting of tolerance to Protestants through this, which was later revoked by King Louis XIV	33
9898009728	European Enlightenment	the emphasis on human abilities and accomplishments and the importance of independent and rational thought	34
9898009729	Freud, Sigmund	an Austrian neurologist and the father of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst	35
9898009730	Galilei, Galileo	used the first telescope during the Renaissance in 1609, where he made many large discoveries in the solar system, until he was put under house arrest for spreading conflicting ideas	36
9898009731	Huguenots	a member of a French Protestant denomination with origins in the 16th or 17th centuries. Historically, Huguenots were French Protestants inspired by the writings of John Calvin in the 1530s, who became known by that originally derisive designation by the end of the 16th century. The majority of Huguenots endorsed the Reformed tradition of Protestantism.	37
9898009732	Jesuits in China	a religious order converting people to return to the church (went to Asia + Americas in 1500's)	38
9898009733	Little Ice Age	a period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period. While it was not a true ice age, the term was introduced into the scientific literature by François E. Matthes in 1939.	39
9898009734	Luther, Martin	a German monk who wrote the 95 theses in 1517, which were 95 propositions that criticized the Catholic Church	40
9898009735	Manila	ships that traveled across the pacific ocean picking up and trading goods, like Asian luxury goods, and silver	41
9898009736	Karl Marx	was a journalist who wrote on revolutionary socialism and wrote "The Communist Manifesto"	42
9898009737	mestizo	composed of European and Amerindian children, part of the castas	43
9898009738	Middle Passage	the first leg of the atlantic circuit, where ships took slaves to the new world	44
9898009739	Mulattoes	composed of European and African children, also part of the castas	45
9898009740	Ninety-five Theses	the theses of Luther against the sale of indulgences in the Roman Catholic Church, posted by him on the door of a church in Wittenberg, October 31, 1517.	46
9898009741	peninsulares	a fading social class in the new world, composed of the people born in the old world	47
9898009742	Protestant Reformation	a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches	48
9898009743	Scientific Revolution	a new vision of science developed during the renaissance in the 17th + 18th century	49
9898009744	settler colonies	a form of colonial formation whereby foreign people move into a region. An imperial power oversees the immigration of these settlers who consent, often only temporarily, to government by that authority.	50
9898009745	shogun	a hereditary commander-in-chief in feudal Japan. Because of the military power concentrated in his hands and the consequent weakness of the nominal head of state (the mikado or emperor), the shogun was generally the real ruler of the country until feudalism was abolished in 1867.	51
9898009746	Sikhism	started by Nanuk, who became the first Guru of Sikhism. Sikhism was a following of people who formed a community free of caste divisions	52
9898009747	silver drain	the concept of how most of the silver in late 1500's to early 1600's ended up in China. The main sources of silver came from the Americas, specifically from Potosi, a mountain containing vastly immense deposits of silver. The Spanish controled Potosi and made many Native American slaves mine the silver for them. From Potosi, the silver was sold to European countries. From there, the silver was then sold to China. China was in desparate need of silver because they had to pay their taxes in silver. Since China was in need for the silver so badly, the price of silver skyrocketed. The Europeans and Japanese would trade the silver in return recieve expensive silks and porcelains. The silver was also used as the standard Spanish coin, also known as a "piece of eight". This series of exchanges is important because it created a global network of exchange.	53
9898009752	soft gold		54
9898009748	Thirty Years' War	War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia	55
9898009749	trading post empire	Trading-post empires are those empires in the earlier centuries (13-15th) which traded vast goods and set up trading posts. Trading posts were built by European traders along the coasts of Africa and Asia as a base for trade with the interior. Trading posts (or 'Factories') were islands of European law and sovereignty, but European authority seldom extended very fat beyond the fortified post.	56
9898009750	Voltaire	wrote witty criticisms of the French monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church. He believed both institutions to be despotic and intolerant, limiting freedoms	57
9898009753	Wahhabi Islam		58
9898009751	yasak	a Turkic word for "tribute" that was used in Imperial Russia to designate fur tribute exacted from the indigenous peoples of Siberia.	59

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AP World History Period 5 Flashcards

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9898027748	abolitionist movement	An international movement that between approximately 1780 and 1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as morally repugnant and abolishing it in much of the world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States.	0
9898027749	Creoles	Native-born elites in the Spanish colonies.	1
9898027750	Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen	Document drawn up by the French National Assembly in 1789 that proclaimed the equal rights of all men; the declaration ideologically launched the French Revolution.	2
9898027751	Declaration of the Rights of Woman	Short work written by the French feminist Olympe de Gouges in 1791 that was modeled on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and that made the argument that the equality proclaimed by the French revolutionaries must also include women.	3
9898027752	Estates-General	French representative assembly called into session by Louis XVI to address pressing problems and out of which the French Revolution emerged; the three estates were the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners.	4
9898027753	French Revolution	Massive dislocation of French society (1789-1815) that overthrew the monarchy, destroyed most of the French aristocracy, and launched radical reforms of society that were lost again, though only in part, under Napoleon's imperial rule and after the restoration of the monarchy.	5
9898027754	gens de couleur libres	Literally, "free people of color"; term used to describe freed slaves and people of mixed racial background in Saint Domingue on the eve of the Haitian Revolution.	6
9898027755	Haiti	Name that revolutionaries gave to the former French colony of Saint Domingue; the term means "mountainous" or "rugged" in the Taino language.	7
9898027756	Haitian Revolution	The only fully successful slave rebellion in world history; the uprising in the French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue (later renamed Haiti) was sparked by the French Revolution and led to the establishment of an independent state after a long and bloody war (1791-1804).	8
9898027757	Hidalgo-Morelos Revolution	Socially radical peasant insurrection that began in Mexico in 1810 and that was led by the priests	9
9898027758	Latin American Revolutions	Series of risings in the Spanish colonies of Latin America (1810-1826) that established the independence of new states from Spanish rule but that for the most part retained the privileges of the elites despite efforts at more radical social rebellion by the lower classes.	10
9898027759	Toussaint L'Ouverture	First leader of the Haitian Revolution, a former slave (1743-1803) who wrote the first constitution of Haiti and served as the first governor of the newly independent state.	11
9898027760	Napoleon Bonaparte	French head of state from 1799 until his abdication in 1814 (and again briefly in 1815); preserved much of the French Revolution under an autocratic system and was responsible for the spread of revolutionary ideals through his conquest of much of Europe.	12
9898027761	Nation	A group of people who have a sense of common identity and destiny, thanks to ties of blood, culture, language, or common experience.	13
9898027762	Nationalism	The focusing of citizens' loyalty on the notion that they are part of a "nation" with a unique culture, territory, and destiny; first became a prominent element of political culture in the nineteenth century.	14
9898027763	American Revolution	Successful rebellion conducted by the colonists of parts of North America (not Canada) against British rule (1775-1787); a conservative revolution whose success assured property rights but established republican government in place of monarchy.	15
9898027764	the Reign of Terror	Term used to describe the revolutionary violence in France in 1793-1794, when radicals under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre executed tens of thousands of people deemed enemies of the revolution.	16
9898027765	Third Estate	In prerevolutionary France, the term used for the 98 percent of the population that was neither clerical nor noble, and for their representatives at the Estates General; in 1789, it declared itself a National Assembly and launched the French Revolution.	17
9898027766	Bourgeoisie	Term that Karl Marx used to describe the owners of industrial capital; originally meant "townspeople."	18
9898027767	Crimean War	Major international conflict (1854-1856) in which British and French forces defeated Russia; the defeat prompted reforms within Russia.	19
9898027768	Sigmund Freud	Austrian doctor and the father of modern psychoanalysis (1856-1939); his theories about the operation of the human mind and emotions remain influential today	20
9898027769	Karl Marx	German expatriate in England who advocated working-class revolution as the key to creating an ideal communist future.	21
9898027770	Proletariat	Term that Karl Marx used to describe the industrial working class; originally used in ancient Rome to describe the poorest part of the urban population.	22
9898027771	Steam engine	Mechanical device in which the steam from heated water builds up pressure to drive a piston, rather than relying on human or animal muscle power; the introduction of this item allowed a hitherto unimagined increase in productivity and made the Industrial Revolution possible.	23
9898027772	Boxer Rebellion	Rising of Chinese militia organizations in 1900 in which large numbers of Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed	24
9898027773	Daimyo	Feudal lords of Japan who retained substantial autonomy under the Tokugawa shogunate and only lost their social preeminence in the Meiji restoration.	25
9898027774	Meiji Restoration	The overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan in 1868, restoring power at long last to the emperor	26
9898027775	Matthew Perry	U.S. navy commodore who in 1853 presented the ultimatum that led Japan to open itself to more normal relations with the outside world.	27
9898027776	Opium Wars	Two wars fought between Western powers and China (1839-1842 and 1856-1858) after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods; China lost both wars and was forced to make major concessions.	28
9898027777	Russo-Japanese War	Ending in a Japanese victory, this war established Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia and precipitated the Russian Revolution of 1905.	29
9898027778	Samurai	Armed retainers of the Japanese feudal lords, famed for their martial skills and loyalty; in the Tokugawa shogunate, they gradually became an administrative elite, but they did not lose their special privileges until the Meiji restoration.	30
9898027779	The Sick Man of Europe	Western Europe's unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a name based on the sultans' inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal problems; it fails to recognize serious reform efforts in the Ottoman state during this period.	31
9898027780	Social Darwinism	An application of the concept of "survival of the fittest" to human history in the nineteenth century.	32
9898027781	Taiping Uprising	Massive Chinese rebellion that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864; it was based on the millenarian teachings of Hong Xiuquan.	33
9898027782	Tanzimat Reforms	Important reform measures undertaken in the Ottoman Empire beginning in 1839; the term means "reorganization."	34
9898027783	Tokugawa Shogunate	Rulers of Japan from 1600 to 1868.	35
9898027784	Unequal treaties	Series of nineteenth-century treaties in which China made major concessions to Western powers.	36
9898027785	Young Turks	Movement of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed ca. 1900, eventually bringing down the Ottoman Empire	37
9898027786	Indian Rebellion of 1857-1858	Massive uprising of much of India against British rule; also called the Indian Mutiny or the Sepoy Mutiny from the fact that the rebellion first broke out among Indian troops in British employ.	38
9898027787	Scramble for Africa	Name used for the process of the European countries' partition of the continent of Africa between themselves in the period 1875-1900.	39
9898027788	Guillotine	defined the reign of terror, its fast-falling blade extinguished life immediately, introduced as a more humane way of beheading (vs. an ax)	40
9898027789	Mass Production	The manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small simple tasks.	41
9898027790	Steam Ships	technological innovation allowed Europeans to reach distant Asian and African ports quickly and predictably	42
9898027791	mercantilism	A set of economic principles based on policies which stress government regulation of economic activities to benefit the home country	43
9898027792	Capitalism	(1776) , an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations.	44
9898027793	Simon Bolivar	The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America; born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.	45
9898027794	Count Cavour	Italian statesman from Sardinia who used diplomacy to help achieve unification of Italy.	46
9898027795	Janissary	a soldier in the elite guard of the Ottoman Turks	47
9898027796	Muhammad Ali	Albanian soldier in the service of Turkey who was made viceroy of Egypt and took control away from the Ottoman Empire and established Egypt as a modern state (1769-1849).	48
9898027797	Canton System	served as a means for China to control trade with the west within its own country by focusing all trade on the southern port of Canton (now Guangzhou).	49
9898027798	Empress Dowager Cixi	Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported anti-foreign movements like the so-called Boxers, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces.	50

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AP World History: Ch. 23 Asian Transition in an Age of Global Change, Pt. 2 Flashcards

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5971065240	Zhu Yuanzhang	Military commander of peasant origins who founded the Ming Dynasty--known as the Hongwu Emperor (1638)	0
5971065241	Yuan Dynasty	Mongol Dynasty overthrown by the Ming Dynasty.	1
5971065242	Macao	Along with Canton, one of only two ports in Ming China where Europeans were allowed to trade.	2
5971065243	scholar-gentry	Looked at with suspicion by Hongwu, but their knowledge of bureaucracy was a necessary evil for bringing back the full revival of Chinese civilization.	3
5971065244	chief minister	Position abolished by Hongwu and taken on himself in order to consolidate his power.	4
5971065245	Yongle	Strong emperor who succeeded Hongwu	5
5971065246	Population Increase	In part caused by the importation of three plants, maize, sweet potatoes and peanuts, which could be grown in less than ideal circumstances.	6
5971065247	Proto-Globalization	Emergence of trade-based economy based on cross-cultural contacts in the early modern era.	7
5971065248	Xu Wei	Chinese artist who continued some monochromatic style or earlier periods, but was part of a new ming output that was busier and more colorful.	8
5971065249	The Golden Lotus	An example of the newly emerging literary style in China--the novel.	9
5971065250	Matteo Ricci	Along with Adam Schall, a Jesuit scholar at the Ming court; also skilled scientists; won few converts to Christianity using the "top-down" strategy employed in India.	10
5971065251	Chongzhen	Last emperor of the Ming Dynasty; died in 1644.	11
5971065252	Oda Nobunaga	The first Japanese daimyo to make extensive use of firearms; in 1573, deposed the last Ashikaga shogun; unified much of central Honshu; died in 1582.	12
5971065253	Daimyo	(in feudal Japan) one of the great lords who were vassals of the shogun.	13
5971065254	Toyotomi Hideyoshi	General under Nobunaga; succeeded as a leading military power in central Japan; continued efforts to break power of the daimyos; became military master of Japan in 1590; died in 1598.	14
5971065255	Tokugawa Ieyasu	Vassal of Toyotomi Hideyoshi; succeeded him as the most powerful military figure in Japan; granted title of shogun in 1603 and established the Tokugawa shogunate; established political unity in Japan.	15
5971065256	Edo	Tokugawa capital, modern-day Tokyo; center of Tokugawa shogunate.	16
5971065257	Deshima	Island port in Nagasaki Bay; the only port open to foreigners, the Dutch, after the 1640s.	17
5971065258	School of National Learning	18th-century ideology that emphasized Japan's unique historical experience and the revival of indigenous culture at the expense of Confucianism and other Chinese influences.	18
5971065259	Neo-Confucianism	A movement in religious philosophy derived from Confucianism in China around AD 1000 in response to the ideas of Taoism and Buddhism.	19

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AP World History - Period 3 Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450

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9962195277	Bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats	0
9962195278	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam	1
9962195279	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar	2
9962195280	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty	3
9962195281	Muhammad	(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh	4
9962195282	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam	5
9962195283	Umma	community of the faithful within Islam	6
9962195284	Five Pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)	7
9962195285	Caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community	8
9962195286	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism	9
9962195287	Abu Bakr	succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph	10
9962195288	Jihad	Islamic holy war	11
9962195289	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads	12
9962195290	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam	13
9962195291	Mawali	non-Arab converts to Islam	14
9962195292	Dhimmis	"the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus	15
9962195293	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad	16
9962195294	Hadiths	"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam	17
9962195295	Wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasids	18
9962195296	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants	19
9962195297	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids	20
9962195298	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291	21
9962195299	Ulama	Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking	22
9962195300	Sufis	Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions	23
9962195301	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph	24
9962195302	Chinggis Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms	25
9962195303	Mamluks	Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves	26
9962195304	Arabic numerals	Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West	27
9962195305	Shrivijaya	trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam	28
9962195306	Malacca	flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya	29
9962195307	Mali	state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers	30
9962195308	Mansa	title of the ruler of Mali	31
9962195309	Ibn Battuta	Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world	32
9962195310	Sundiata	created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260	33
9962195311	Songhay	successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao	34
9962195312	East African trading ports	urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar	35
9962195313	Great Zimbabwe	with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa	36
9962195314	Greek Fire	Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople	37
9962195315	Icons	images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians	38
9962195316	Iconoclasm	the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration	39
9962195317	Manzikert	Seljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory	40
9962195318	Cyril and Methodius	Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic	41
9962195319	Kiev	commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c	42
9962195320	Rurik	legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 855	43
9962195321	Vladmir I	ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity	44
9962195322	Russian Orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire	45
9962195323	Tatars	Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact	46
9962195324	Middle Ages	the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c	47
9962195325	Gothic	an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls	48
9962195326	Vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily	49
9962195327	Manorialism	rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection	50
9962195328	Serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system	51
9962195329	Three-field system	practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure	52
9962195330	Clovis	King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496	53
9962195331	Carolingians	royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c	54
9962195332	Charles Martel	first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732	55
9962195333	Charlemagne	Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800	56
9962195334	Holy Roman Emperors	political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy	57
9962195335	Feudalism	personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service	58
9962195336	Vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	59
9962195337	William the Conqueror	invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England	60
9962195338	Magna Carta	Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law	61
9962195339	Parliaments	bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects	62
9962195340	Hundred Years War	conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism.	63
9962195341	Pope Urban II	organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control	64
9962195342	Investiture	the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV	65
9962195343	Gregory VII	11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops	66
9962195344	Thomas Aquinas	creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God	67
9962195345	Scholasticism	dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems	68
9962195346	Hanseatic League	an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance	69
9962195347	Guilds	associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities	70
9962195348	Black Death	bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia	71
9962195349	Period of the Six Dynasties	era of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han	72
9962195350	Jinshi	title given students who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office	73
9962195351	Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism	emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia	74
9962195352	Wuzong	Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism	75
9962195353	Southern Song	smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.	76
9962195354	Grand Canal	great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin	77
9962195355	Junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula	78
9962195356	Flying money	Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency	79
9962195357	Footbinding	male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.	80
9962195358	Taika reforms	attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army	81
9962195359	Fujiwara	mid-9th c Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power	82
9962195360	Bushi	regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies	83
9962195361	Samurai	mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor	84
9962195362	Seppuku	ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor	85
9962195363	Gempei wars	Waged for 5 years from 1180-1185, on the island of Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in the destruction of Taira and also resulted in the feudal age	86
9962195364	Bakufu	military government established by the Minamoto following Gempei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai	87
9962195365	Shoguns	military leaders of the bakufu	88
9962195366	Daimyos	warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states	89
9962195367	Sinification	extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions	90
9962195368	Yi	dynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence	91
9962195369	Trung Sisters	leaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 CE; demonstrates importance of women in Vietnamese society	92
9962195370	Khmers and Chams	Indianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi	93
9962195371	Nguyen	southern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi	94
9962195372	Chinggis Khan	born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227	95
9962195373	Shamanistic religion	Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits	96
9962195374	Batu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 1236	97
9962195375	Golden Horde	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c	98
9962195376	Ilkhan khanate	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire	99
9962195377	Hulegu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad	100
9962195378	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260	101
9962195379	Kubilai Khan	grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271	102
9962195380	White Lotus Society	secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty	103
9962195381	Ottoman Empire	Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire	104
9962195382	Ming Dynasty	replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China	105
9962195383	Ethnocentrism	judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history	106
9962195384	Muhammad's primary historical achievement	spread of Islam	107
9962195398	Silk Road Trade system		108
9962195399	Kingdom of Mali		109
9962195385	Inca and Rome both had	extensive road systems	110
9962195386	Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450	land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place	111
9962195387	Champa Rice	tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase	112
9962195388	Diasporic communities	merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas	113
9962195389	Trans Saharan trade	Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..	114
9962195390	Effect of Muslim conquests	collapse of other empires, mass conversion	115
9962195391	Tang Dynasty	followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence	116
9962195392	Black Death	plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe.	117
9962195400	Indian Ocean Maritime Trade		118
9962195393	Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade	Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu	119
9962195394	Timbuktu	trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people	120
9962195395	New forms of monetization	Checks, Bills of Exchange	121
9962195401	Bantu Migrations		122
9962195396	footbinding	began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming	123
9962195397	Marco Polo	traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan	124

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AP World History Review: Key Concepts Flashcards

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6674802444	Period 1	Beginnings to 600 BCE Technological and Environmental Transformations	0
6674811595	Period 2	600 BCE to 600 CE Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies	1
6674835191	Period 3	600 CE to 1450 CE Regional and Transregional Interactions	2
6674848680	Period 4	1450 CE to 1750 CE Global Interactions	3
6674854707	Period 5	1750 CE to 1900 CE Industrialization and Global Integration	4
6674861163	Period 6	1900 CE to Present Accelerating Global Change and Realignments	5

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AP World History Period 1 Flashcards

From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations, 2.5 million-1000 B.C.E.: Origins

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9954918174	Hunting and Gathering	Means of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization	0
9954918175	Civilization	Societies with reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, along with merchant and manufacturing groups	1
9954918176	Neolithic	The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished	2
9954918177	Nomads	Cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies	3
9954918178	Culture	Combination of ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction	4
9954918179	Agrarian revolution	Occurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture	5
9954918180	Pastoralism	A nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies	6
9954918181	Catal Huyuk	Early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification	7
9954918182	Bronze Age	From 4000 to 3000 B.C.E.; increased use of plow, metalworking; development of wheeled vehicles, writing	8
9954918183	Mesopotamia	Literally "between the rivers"; the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys	9
9954918184	Potter's wheel	A technological advance in pottery making; invented circa 6000 B.C.E.; encouraged faster and higher-quality ceramic pottery products	10
9954918185	Sumerians	People who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into city-states	11
9954918186	Cuneiform	A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets	12
9954918187	City-state	A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king	13
9954918188	Ziggurats	Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections	14
9954918189	Babylonian Empire	Unified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E.	15
9954918190	Hammurabi	The most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law	16
9954918191	Pharaoh	The term used to denote the kings of ancient Egypt; the term, "great house" refers to the palace of the pharaohs	17
9954918192	Pyramids	Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs	18
9954918193	Hieroglyphs	Form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform	19
9954918194	Kush	African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile circa 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries	20
9954918195	Monotheism	The exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization	21
9954918196	Phoenicians	Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean	22
9954918197	Harappa and Mohenjo Daro	Major urban complexes of Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern	23
9954918198	Aryans	Indo-European nomadic, warlike, pastorialists who replaced Harappan civilization	24
9954918199	Huanghe (Yellow) River Basin	Site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China	25
9954918200	Shang	1st Chinese dynasty	26
9954918201	Oracles	Shamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpreting animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing	27
9954918202	Ideographic writing	Pictograph characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing	28
9954918203	Big Geography	A term that draws attention to the global nature of world history.	29
9954918204	Paleolithic	The period that ended about 3,000 years after the end of the last Ice Age, it lasted until about 10,000 years ago. (Old Stone Age) The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.	30
9954918205	Human Migration	From Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas	31
9954918206	Eglitarian	Believing in the equality of all peoples	32
9954918207	tools	Humans developed a wider range of ____ specially adapted to different environments from tropics to tundra	33
9954918208	Neolithic Revolution	Global conversion to agriculture over hunter-gatherer lifestyles	34
9954918209	Patriarchy	Father based	35
9954918210	climatic change	Permanent agricultural villages emerged first in the lands of the eastern Mediterranean, possibly as a response to what?	36
9954918211	new weapons and modes of transportation	Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of of ____ and ___ that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizations	37
9954918212	Chariots and Horseback riding	name one mode of new transportation by the pastoralists	38
9954918213	arts and artisanship	Elites, both political and religious, promoted ____ and ____	39
9954918214	systems of record keeping	____ arose independently arose independently in all early civilization and subsequently were diffused	40
9954918215	New religious beliefs	_____ developed in this period continued to have strong influences in later periods	41