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AP Psychology: Unit 3 Flashcards

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5454151265biological psychologiststhe scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes.0
5454151266neurona nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.1
5454151267dendritesthe bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.2
5454151268axonthe neuron extension that passes and electrical messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands.3
5454151269myelin sheatha layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.4
5454151270action potentiala neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.5
5454151271refractory perioda period of inactivity after a neuron has fired.6
5454151272thresholdthe level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.7
5454151273all-or-nothing responsea neuron's reaction of either firing or not firing.8
5454151274synapsethe junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.9
5454151275neurotransmitterschemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, they travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.10
5454151276reuptakea neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron.11
5454151277endorphins"morphine within"—natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.12
5454151278AgonistA chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter.13
5454151279AntagonistsChemical substances that block or reduce a cell's response to the action of other chemicals or neurotransmitters.14
5454151280nervous systemthe body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems.15
5454151281Central nervous system (CNS)the brain and the spinal cord16
5454151282Peripheral nervous system (PNS)the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body17
5454151283nervesbundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs.18
5454151284sensory (afferent) neuronsneurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.19
5454151285motor (efferant) neuronsneurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.20
5454151286interneuronsneurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.21
5454151287Somatic nervous systemthe division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles (skeletal nervous system)22
5454151288Autonomic nervous systemthe part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs. It's sympathetic system arouses and parasympathetic calms.23
5454151289Sympathetic nervous systemthe division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. (If you get scared)24
5454151290Parasympathetic nervous systemthe division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy (Your PARents come home and calm you down)25
5454151291Reflexessimple, automatic responses to sensory stimuli, such as the knee-jerk response26
5454151292Endocrine systemthe body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream27
5454151293Hormoneschemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues28
5454151294Adrenal glandsa pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress29
5454151295Pituitary gland"THE MASTER GLAND" the endocrine system's most influential gland under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands30
5454151296Lesiontissue destruction. It can occur naturally or experimentally by the caused distruction/remove of brain tissues31
5454151297Electroencephalogram (EEG)An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.32
5454151298CT (computed tomography) scana series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representaion of a slice through the body. Aslo called a CAT scan33
5454151299(PET) Positron emission tomography scanA visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.34
5454151300MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)a TECHNIQUE THAT USES MAGNETIC FIELDS AND RADIO WAVES TO PRODUCE COMPUTER generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissues.35
5454151301fMRI (functional MRI)A technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function.36
5454151302Brainstemthe oldest part and central core of brain. AKA reticular formation, or reticular activating system. In charge of automatic survival functions37
5454151303MeduallaThe base of the brainstem. Controls heartbeat and breathing.38
5454151304Ponssleep and arousal39
5454151305Thalamusthe brains 'sensory switch board' Located at top of brainstem; directs messages to the sensory areas and transmits them to cerebellum and medulla.40
5454151306Reticular FormationPlays an important role in controlling arousal.41
5454151307Cerebellum"little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions including processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory.42
5454151308Limbic systemA system of neural structures at the border of brainstem. Associated with emotions like fear, agression, and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the Hippocampus, Amygdala and hypothalamus.43
5454151309Amygdala2Lima bean sized neural clusters in the limbic system, linked to emotion. Includes rage and fear.44
5454151310HippocampusLimbic system. Learning and memory matcher.45
5454151311hypothalamousA neural structure lying below the thalamus, it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature) helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.46
5454151312Cerebral cortexFabric of interconnected neuron cells. Higher order thinking. Takes meaning and puts it to focus. The body's ultimate control and information-processing center.47
5454151313Glial CellsCells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons.48
5454151314Frontal Lobethe portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements.49
5454151315Parietal lobeThe portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; includes the sensory cortex. Receives sensory input for touch and body position.50
5454151316Occipital lobethe portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes the visual areas, which receive visual info from the opposite visual feild.51
5454151317Temporal lobeThe portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughyl above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each of which revieves aditory info primarily from the opposite end.52
5454151318motor cortexan area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.53
5454151319somatosensory cortexthe area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.54
5454151320association areasareas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking55
5454151321PlasticityThe brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.56
5454151322NeurogenesisFormation of new neurons57
5454151323Corpus CallosumLarge band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.58
5454151324Consciousnessour awareness of ourselves and our environment.59
5454151325environmentevery nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us, Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us.60
5454151326chromosomesthreadlike structure made of DNA molecules that contain the genes61
5454151327DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) .(deoxyribonucleic acid) a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes62
5454151328genesThe segment of a chromosome that encodes the directions for the inherited physical and mental characteristics of an organism; the functional units of a chromosome.63
5454151329identical twins (monozygotic)twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms64
5454151330fraternal twins (dizygotic)twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs; no genetically closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment65
5454151331heritabilitythe proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes; this may vary depending on population range and the environment being studied66
5454151332interactionthe interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)67
5454151333epigeneticsThe study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change.68
5454151334natural selectionthe principle that, among range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations69
5454151335mutationsA random error in gene replication that leads to a change70
5454151336DopamineNeurotransmitter. Pleasure & reward; Imbalance = Schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease71
5454151337SerotoninNeurotransmitter. Regulates sleep, mood, pain, aggression, appetite, and sexual behavior; imbalance = depression, anxiety72
5454151338norepinephrineNeurotransmitter; Controls heart rate, sleep, stress, appetite; imbalance = depression; high blood pressure73
5454151339Acetylcholine (Ach)Neurotransmitter; learning and memory; imbalance = alzheimer's and some muscular disorders74
5454151340GABAneurotransmitter; inhibitory; imbalance = anxiety & epilepsy75
5454151341Glutamateneurotransmitter; excitatory; learning and memory; imbalance = brain damage (after stroke)76
5454151342Endorphinsneurotransmitter; pleasure and pain; imbalance = lowered levels can result from opiate addiction77
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AP Vocabulary Lesson 9 Flashcards

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8836049396ambiguoushaving more than one meaning; unclear, uncertain: obscure, enigmatic, equivocal0
8836049397amiablefriendly, sociable, and congenial; civil and urbane; good-natured, obliging1
8836049398crasscoarse, crude, and unrefined2
8836049399discursiverambling, moving from one topic to another randomly3
8836049400docileeasily managed, obedient, passive, amenable, tractable4
8836049401estrangeto alienate, to separate; disaffect, wean5
8836049402exonerateto free from blame, obligation, or responsibility; to exculpate; absolve; acquite; vindicate6
8836049403gratuitousgiven freely, unwarratned7
8836049404hypothesizeto reach a conclusion based on an assumption or something not proven8
8836049405indignationanger as a result of something unjust; fury; ire, rage, wrath9
8836049406induceto bring on or to bring about; cause, effect, influence, persuade, prevail10
8836049407intractablestubborn, difficult to manage; headstrong, recalcitrant, refractory, unruly, willful11
8836049408introspectivethe quality of examining one's own mind or thoughts12
8836049409lucideasily understood, mentally sound; perspicuous13
8836049410meticuloustaking great care; punctilious, scrupulous14
8836049411misanthropea hater of mankind15
8836049412munificentvery generous16
8836049413plagiarizeto steal and to use another's writings as one's own17
8836049414profuseextravagantly abundant, flowing freely; lavish, lush, luxuriant, prodigal18
8836049415reclusea person who lives in solitude, a hermit19
8836049416satedsatisfied fully, indulged to excess; cloyed, glutted, gorged, palled, satiated, surfeited20
8836049417stupefyto dull the senses as to put into a stupor21
8836049418terseconcise; compendious, laconic, pithy, succinct, summary22
8836049419transientquickly passing, fleeting; ephemeral, evanescent, fugitive, transitory23
8836049420virtuosoone skilled in the fine arts as an accomplished musician, a savant24
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AP Environmental Science: Basics Flashcards

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6471112006InorganicNot formed from living things or the remains of living things0
6471112007Organicof, relating to, or derived from living matter and Carbon-containing1
6471112008NaturalFixed or determined by nature; pertaining to the constitution of a thing2
6471112009SyntheticArtificial3
6471112010KineticEnergy of motion4
6471112011Potential EnergyStored Energy5
6471112012Radioactive decayA spontaneous process in which unstable nuclei lose energy by emitting radiation6
6471112013Half lifethe time required for something to fall to half its initial value (in particular, the time for half the atoms in a radioactive substance to disintegrate)7
6471112014Law of Conservation of MatterThe principle that the total amount of matter is constant during any physical or chemical change (matter is neither created nor destroyed during these types of changes).8
64711120151st Law of ThermodynamicsThe principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.9
64711120162nd Law of ThermodynamicsEvery energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.10
6471112017EntropyA measure of disorder or randomness and a function of thermodynamic variables, as temperature, pressure, or composition, that is a measure of the energy that is not available for work during a thermodynamic process11
6471112018OrganismA living thing12
6471112019SpeciesComprising related organisms that share common characteristics and are capable of interbreeding.13
6471112020PopulationA group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area14
6471112021Communityan interacting group of various species in a common location. For example, a forest of trees and undergrowth plants, inhabited by animals and rooted in soil containing bacteria and fungi15
6471112022EcosystemA biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.16
6471112023ProducersMake their own food17
6471112024Autotrophsany organism capable of self-nourishment by using inorganic materials as a source of nutrients and using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis as a source of energy, as most plants and certain bacteria and protists.18
6471112025ConsumersAn organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains.19
6471112026HeterotrophsAn organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products.20
6471112027DecomposersBreak down organic matter21
6471112028Photosynthesiscarbon dioxide and water --> Glucose and oxygen Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.22
6471112029Cellular Respiration (reactants and products)C6H12O6 (Glucose) + 6O2--> 6CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) + 6H20 (Water) + ATP (Energy)23
6471112030AerobicProcess that requires oxygen24
6471112031AnaerobicDescribes a process that does not require oxygen.25
6471112032AdaptationA trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce26
6471112033MutationA rare change in the DNA of a gene, ultimately creating genetic diversity.27
6471112034Gene TraitRepresented in pairs with an upper case letter for the dominant (A) and a lower case letter for the recessive (a). Since half the genetic material is from each parent, the offspring's traits are represented as a combination of these.28
6471112035ChromosomeA threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each _____ consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.29
6471112036Gene poolCombined genetic information of all the members of a particular population30
6471112037Natural SelectionA process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.31
6471112038ExtinctionA term that typically describes a species that no longer has any known living individuals.32
6471112039Plate TectonicsA theory stating that the earth's surface is broken into plates that move. Geological processes, such as continental drift, volcanoes, and earthquakes, resulting from plate movement33
6471112040WeatheringThe breaking down of rocks and other materials on the Earth's surface.34
6471112041Climate ChangeChange in the statistical properties of the climate system when considered over periods of decades35
6471112042RocksA naturally formed aggregate, or mixture, of minerals; have varied chemical compositions36
6471112043MineralsA solid inorganic substance of natural occurrence.37
6471112044ClimateOverall weather in an area over a long period of time38
6471112045WeatherThe condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place.39
6471112046CO2carbon dioxide40
6471112047COCarbon Monoxide41
6471112048C6H12O6glucose42
6471112049CH4methane43
6471112050H2hydrogen44
6471112051H2Ooxidane/water45
6471112052N2nitrogen gas46
6471112053NOxnitrogen oxide47
6471112054NO3-nitrate48
6471112055NH3ammonia49
6471112056O2dioxide50
6471112057O3trioxygen51
6471112058Pphosphorous52
6471112059PO4phosphate53
6471112060Ssulfur54
6471112061SO2sulfur dioxide55
6471112062CLchloride56
6471112063Kpotassium57
6471112064NaClsodium chloride58
6471112065Pblead59
6471112066Hgmercury60
6471112067Rnradon61
6471112068Uuranium62
6471112069Richter scaleA scale that rates an earthquake's magnitude based on the size of its seismic waves.63
6471112070BiodiversityThe amount of biological or living diversity per unit area. It includes the concepts of species diversity, habitat diversity and genetic diversity.64
6471112071GeneA segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait65
6471112072TraitA characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes.66
6471112073TranspirationEvaporation of water from the leaves of a plant67
6471112074FermentationA catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen68
6471112075ChemosynthesisProcess by which some organisms, such as certain bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates69
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AP Government-Judicial Branch Flashcards

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8428053182jurisdictionthe authority of the courts to hear certain cases0
8428053184appellate jurisdictioncourts that hear reviews or appeals of decisions from the lower courts have this1
8428053186Federal District Court94 courts (every state, including Puerto Rico and DC, have at least 1) 632 judges original jurisdiction, any type of federal civil or criminal cases created by Judiciary Act of 17892
8428053187Court of Appeals13 courts 179 judges appellate ONLY created in 18913
8428053188Supreme Courtonly required court by Constitution 1 court 9 judges-set in 1869 mostly appellate jurisdiction; rarely original jurisdiction4
8428053189constitutional courtsthe federal courts created by Congress under Art. 3 of Const.5
8428053190legislative courtscreated by Congress include territorial courts, the U.S. Tax Court, and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces6
8428053191who appoints supremes?President approved by Senate7
8428053192qualifications for Supremesnone8
8428053193term of office for supremeslife when they have "good behavior" can retire9
8428053194removal of supremesimpeachment and conviction death resignation10
8428053195nominations for lower courtDept. of Justice and White House staff do research for nominations and propose list to Pres.; Pres. usually agrees with them11
8428053197when can appointments be made to supreme court?only when there's a vacancy12
8428053198traits taken into account when appointing supremesparty affiliation judicial philosophy race, gender, religion, region judicial experience litmus test-are they consistent with their ruling on liberal/conservative issues? acceptable-current justices interview nominees to see if they can work together; Senate must approve13
8428053199something all supremes havelegal training14
8428053200things some supremes haveheld government positions lawyers for leading law firms been federal district attorneys been law school professors15
84280532011st African American on SCThurgood Marshall; appointed by LBJ; argued for Brown v. Board16
84280532021st female on SCSandra Day O'Connor; appointed by Reagan17
84280532031st Hispanic on SCSonia Sotomayor; appointed by Obama18
8428053204term of Supremesbegins 1st Monday in October; ends June 3019
8428053205accepting casesthousands are appealed each year; they pick a couple hundred they want to hear20
8428053206why are most cases denied?justices think lower court's decision was right21
8428053209writ of certan order by the court directing a lower court to send up a case22
8428053211briefa detailed statement of the facts of a case supporting their position; written by each side before case23
8428053212amicus curiaefriends of the court; people who come to support or reject arguments of the case24
8428053213oral argumentstimed (usually 30 min); each side presents their case there is an exception for high profile cases (longer time)25
8428053214researchlaw clerks fact check; supremes meet in private conferences to consider oral arguments26
8428053215majority opinionexplains the court's decision and its reason if chief justice votes w/ majority, chief selects who writes opinion (or writes it himself)27
8428053216if chief justice is voting with minority...then the most senior associate (person who's been on the longest) decides who writes opinion28
8428053219majority opinions become precedents...which are standards or guides to be followed in deciding similar cases in the future (common sense)29
8428053220New Deal Erawhen FDR was pres., Charles Evans Hughes30
8428053221Warren Court1953-196931
8428053222Burger Court1969-198632
8428053223Rehnquist Court1986-200533
8428053224Roberts Court2005-present34
8428053225who is chief justice now?John Roberts appointed in 2005 by Bush35
8428053227judicial restraintcourt avoids making policy; wants to leave policy up to other two branches36
8428053228Appellate court (most important caseload of the supreme court)They review all final decisions of district courts (except in rare cases).37
8428053229JurisdictionThe power to make legal decisions and judgments38
8428053230Distinguish between original and appellate jurisdictions of the federal courts.Original jurisdictions are cases that have been heard for the first time from the lower courts but appellate jurisdiction is a court hearing a case on appeal from the lower court.39
8428053231Original JuridictionJurisdiction of a court that hears a case first, usually in a trial.40
8428053232Explain what judicial review is and trace its origins.A process by which the courts interpret the Constitution. When the courts interpret the Constitution, it allows us to understand how our founding fathers set out to run our country.41
8428053233Courts of appeal (same as appellate court)Appellate courts that can review all final decisions from district courts.42
8428053234In what cases does the supreme Court hold original jurisdiction?Cases involving Diplomats from foreign nations, and disputes between states.43
8428053235Describe the history and controversy with FDR's "court-packing" bill.Franklin Roosevelt announces a controversial plan to expand the Supreme Court to as many as 15 judges to make it more efficient. Critics were against this because they thought FDR was trying to "pack" the court so they neutralized it. Roosevelt came up with a proposal that suggested the retirement of 70-year-old judges. [In the end, this plan was deemed unnecessary and struck down]44
8428053237Criminal lawIs the body of law that relates to crime.45
8428053238Civil lawA law that governs relationships between individuals and defines their legal rights.46
8428053241Explain the process by which a case reaches the supreme Court and is decided.The Supreme Court decides to hear a case based on at least four of the nine Justices of the Supreme Court agreeing to grant the Petition for Certiorari.47
8428053242Writ of CertiorariA decision by the Supreme Court to hear an appeal of a lower court's opinion.48
8428053243Rule of fourA requirement which states that a case can only be heard by a supreme court if four justices vote to hear the case.49
8428053245Case lawLaw established by the outcome of former cases50
8428053246Describe the process of judicial selection. List all the factors that may influence the choice of a federal judge.Judges serving the federal court are nominated by the president and confirmed by Congress. Judges serving the state court are selected through four ways: by the state's governor or legislature, judges can also be chosen by a legislative committee based on the judge's past performance and some judges are selected through partisan, election- voted in by the electorate.51
8428053247Describe the debate between justices who believe in judicial restraint and justice who favor judicial activism. Describe the judicial philosophies of our chief justices.Justices who believe in judicial restraint encourage judges to limit the exercise of their own power while justices in favor of judicial activism rule based on personal or political considerations rather than on existing law.52
8428053248Judicial restraintJudges playing minimal policymaking roles, leaving the duty to the legislatures.53
8428053249Judicial activisimOne who believes that the Constitution is a living document whose strength lies in its flexibility and that judges should make bold policy decisions, even charting new constitutional ground by challenging the policy positions of the Congress and the President54
8428053250How does a "loose interpretation of the Constitution differ from a "strict interpretation" of the constitution?"Strict interpretation" of the constitution is when the government of the U.S. holds only those powers specifically granted to it by the Constitution. "Lose interpretation" is when the government holds all powers that are not specifically denied to it by the Constitution.55
8428053251Why does the Supreme Court often prefer to avoid ruling on "political question"?By trying to avoid political questions, the court is hoping to earn the respect of the rest of the government, or in other words, to be viewed as being above the political process.56
8428053256Describe the historical judicial consequences of the following courts: Marshall court, Warren Court, and Burger Court.Marshall court: Gave Supreme Court the right to overturn a law passed by Congress. Warren court: The court expanded civil rights and liberties, judicial power, and the federal power in dramatic ways. Burger Court: The court narrowed fundamental rights.57
8428053258District courtLowest level of federal courts, where federal cases begin and trials are held (bank robbery, environmental violations, tax envasion)58
8428053260How can Congress check the courts? How can the President check the courts?Both Congress and the President check the courts because the President appoints the judges and Congress approves that appointment.59
8428053261Explain the relationship between the supreme Court and public opinion.The supreme court has no concern for public opinion due to the lifetime position of the supreme court judges (aside from pittition).60
8428053263Which President served in the Supreme court?Taft61
8428053264Which of the following is empowered to create new federal courts and specify the number of judges who will sit on them?Congress.62
8428053266What factors does the President look at when appointing a judge?-Party affiliation -Acceptability to the Senate -Ability of the justice to win elections -Judicial experience63
8428053267Senatorial courtesyAn unwritten tradition whereby nominations for state-level federal judicial posts is not confirmed if they are opposed by a senator from the state in which the nominee will serve.64
8428053268A nonlitigant group or individual that wants to attempt to influence the court in a particular case can fileAn anicus curiae brief.65
8428053269Amicus Curiae briefLegal briefs submitted by a "friend of the court for the purpose of raising additional points of view.66
8428053270Legal brifefsA legal document which is presented to a court that is dealing with a case involving a party and the brief argues for the victory of one party.67
8428053271LitigateA person engaged in a lawsuit.68
8428053273plantiffA person who brings a case against another in a court of law.69
8428053274Why is the doctrine of stare decisis significant?It is the principle that affirms that courts are bound by prior decisions.70
8428053275Stare decisisThe rule of precedent, whereby a rule or law contained in a judicial decision is commonly viewed as binding on judges whenever the same question is presented.71
8428053276What can be done once the Supreme court finds a federal law unconstitutional?Congress can try to amend the constitution.72
8428053277Can a U.S. Supreme court Justice be impeached?A Supreme Court Justice may be impeached by the House of Representatives and removed from office if convicted in a Senate trial73
8428053278What does the constitution mean by "good behavior" when it comes to Supreme Court justices?It expects justices to be free from direct political pressures.74
8428053281Concurring opinionAdditional opinion in a court decision written by a member of the majority.75
8428053282Dissenting opinionJudicial written opinion that contradicts the ruling of the full court.76
8428053283Per Curiann decisionIs a ruling issued by an appellate court to multiple judge in which the decision rendered is made by the court acting collectivelyy and unanimously.77
8428053284PrecedentA decision made by a higher court.78
8428053286ReverseTo rule against.79
8428053287Solicitor GeneralA presidential appoinntee (lawyer) and the third-ranking office in the Department of justice.80
8428053288Trial courtThe first court before which facts of a case are decided.81
8428053289Unanimous OpinionA written opinion in which all 9 justices agree.82
8428053290The doctrine of stare decisis is significant for which of the following reason?It is the principle that affirms that courts are bound by prior decisions83
8428053291Who was behind the court case Marbury v madisonJohn Marshall84
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Battle of the clubs: black history edition Flashcards

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6273856378Cristi JonesWho is the 5 year old girl who recreated photos of iconic black woman (i.e rosa park, misty copeland etc) in honor of black history month.0
6273856379MLK's wifeWho is Coretta Scott King1
6273856380Barack H. Obama Elected November 15, 2008Who is considered to be the first black president of the United States and what date was he first elected.2
62738563813/5thAccording to the Declaration of Independence, in what fraction were slaves considered to be "man."3
6273856382Jackie RobinsonWho was the first African American Major League Baseball Player4
6273856383Audobon Ballroom, in Manhattan, New YorkWhere was Malcom X killed?5
6273856384Greensboro, North CarolinaWhere was the first "sit-in" at the segregated lunch counter?6
6273856385About 4 millionAt its peak, what was the slave population in the U.S?7
6273856386Ralph BuncheWhich African American was the first to win a nobel peace prize8
6273856387A 14 year old African American teenager who was lynched in Mississippi afted being accused of flirting with a white womanWho is Emmett Till?9
6273856388Thurgood MarshallWho was the first African American to serve as a Supreme Court Justice?10
6273856389MISS VIOLA DAVISWho is the first African American to win the "Triple Crown of Acting" (an oscar, an emmy and an Tony)11
6273856390Black Lives Matter MovementWhat is the name of the popular movement, started in 2013, that vows to fight and protect the rights of African Americans in the U.S12
6273856391The murder of Trayvon MartinWhat led to the start of the Black Lives Matter Movement13
6273856392West AfricaWhat part of Africa were most Africans enslaved from, in the US?14
6273856393Officially abolished slavery in the US 1865What is the 13th ammendment and when was it ratified?15
6273856394President Abraham LincolnWho signed the Emancipation Act16
62738563951909In what year was the NAACP founded?17
6273856396TwiceHow many times did Jesse Jackson run for president18
6273856397A famous Tennis PlayerWho is Arthur Ashe19
6273856398Traffic light and gas maskWhat two inventions was Garrett Morgan responsible for20
6273856399Charles DrewWho is responsible for the invention of blood banks21
6273856400Marcus GarveyWho started the "Back to Africa" Movement?22
6273856401Sarah BreedloveWhat is Madame C.J Walkers birth name?23
6273856402Muhammad AliWho said this famous quote, "float like a butterfly, sting like a bee"24
62738564031849In what year did Harriet Tubman escape slavery?25
6273856404BET Black Entertainment TelevisionWhat was the first black owned company to be traded on the New York Stock Exchange?26
6273856405Maya AngelouWho is the author that wrote, "I know why caged birds sing"27
6273856406The first African American woman to serve as president of the prestigous Harvard Law School, in 130 years.Who is Imelme Umana28
6273856407VirginiaIn what state did the first African slave arrive in29
6273856408A case in which the Supreme Court declared that Congress is not allowed to ban slavery in states and that slaves are not citizensWhat is the Dred Scott vs. Sanford (1857)30
6273856409Howard Law SchoolWhich college was known for being the first Black Law school31
6273856410Historically Black College/UniversityHBCU32
6273856411Sophia B. Heckard and Harriet E. GilesWho founded the Spelman College33
6273856412In the 1920'sWhat is the Harlem Renaissance and when did it flourish?34
6273856413It declared that racial segregation in schools is unconstitutionalWhat was the Supreme Court decision in Brown vs. Board of Education (1954)35
6273856414Black Panthers in 1966Huey Newton and Bobby Seale are founders of what organization36
6273856415March on Washington 250000 MLK delievered his "I have a Dream" SpeechThis march is known as the largest demonstration March on the captial, in history. What is the March, how many attended it and who was its main attractor and what did he do37
6273856416Condolezza Rice for the Bush AdministrationWho is the first African American female Secretary of State and for which administration did she serve for?38
6273856417Jay ZWho is Shawn Corey Carter39
6273856418Notorius B.I.GWho is Christopher George Latore Wallace40
6273856419Gospel songs created by African slaves in the United StatesWhat are Negro Spirituals41
6273856420Robert L. WilkinsWho is the founder of the National Museum of African American History and Culture, which opened in 2016.42
6273856421They protested through an hour long sit in at the office of Senator Jeff Sessions, where they demanded that he withdraw his name from consideration as Trumps trumps attornery general. They ended up getting arrested.In recent news, happening in early January 2017 with then President elect Trump, what happened with several NAACP protesters, including its president.43
6273856422PrinceThe Purple Rain King died in 2016, What was his name.44
6273856423Oprah WinfreyWho is the first African American to have her own talk show series45
6273856424To close off his personal records to the publicWhat was Obamas first executive order as President?46
6273856425Vanessa WilliamsWho was the first African American female Miss America47
6273856426A Supreme Court case which declared that laws prohibiting interracial marriage were unconstitutionalLoving vs. Virginia (1967)48
6273856427It is the birth month of Abraham Lincoln and Frederick DouglassWhy is February chosen as being Black History Month? What is so significant about it?49
6273876183Robert Johnson BETWho was the first black billionaire? And for what?50
62738761841986In what year was MLK's birthday first celebrated as a national holiday51
6273876185VermontWhich of the 13 colonies was the first to abolish slavery52
6273954287Malcom XWho said this famous quote: "A man who stands for nothing will fall for anything"53
6273954288One yearHow long did the Montgomery bus boycott last?54
6273954289Berry GordyWho founded the world famous Motown Record Company55
6273954290Michael JordanWho is the basketball player who won 6 NBA championships with the Chicago Bulls56
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AP World History Chapter 2 Flashcards

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7585603411CivilizationAdvanced state of human society where high levels of culture, science, industry, and government have been reached0
7585603412SumeriansCame to Mesopotamia in 3500 B.C.E.1
7585617212CuneiformFirst known case of writing, developed by Sumerians2
7585633520PolytheismA belief in multiple gods3
7585644921AkkadiansPeople that the Sumerians fell to in 2400 B.C.E.4
7585661445BabyloniansAn ancient empire in southwestern Asia5
7585674703King HammurabiKing who created the Babylonian code of law6
7585680210PharaohRuler of Egypt7
7585690430PyramidsAncient Egyptian monumental tombs for pharaohs and their families8
7585700860Indus RiverA river in Southern Asia9
7585743753HarappaA village in Pakistan that flourished in the Indus River Valley10
7585743754AryanPeople who migrated in 1500-1700 B.C.E. after Harappa's fall11
7585761862VedasBody of Hindu sacred writings12
7612332910MahabharataAn epic poem of India dealing mainly with the conflict between the Pandavas and the Kauravas13
7612363716RamayanaAn epic of India, one of the Puranas attributed to Valmiki and concerned with the life and adventures of Ramachandra and his wife Sita.14
7612363717UpanishadsEpic poems15
7612426498IdeographicA written symbol that represents an idea of object16
7612426499ShangA Chinese dynasty whose dates are usually given as 1766-1122 b.c. and sometimes as 1523-1027 b.c.17
7612426500Chavin de HuantarCivilization in highlands of Peru in 850-250 B.C.E.18
7612426501PhoeniciansPeople along the Mediterranean coast of the Middle East19
7612426502MonotheismBelief in one God20
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Cell Energy: AP Biology Flashcards

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6100417424CatabolismMetabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy0
6100417425AnabolismMetabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy.1
6100417426Enthalpytotal energy2
6100417427Entropytotal disorder3
6100417428ExergonicReleases energy4
6100417429EndergonicEnergy produced5
6100417430ATP structureHas a phosphate group, hydrogen base that consist of two molecules and a one molecule 5-carbon sugar6
6100417431The CycleEndergonic (energy made) ATP Made Hydrolysis of ATP Exergonic (energy loss) ADP + Pi *starts over*7
6100417432OIL RIGOxidation Is Lost (loss of electrons) Reduction Is Gained (gain of electrons)8
6100417433General equation for cell respirationglucose - oxygen - carbon dioxide- water, energy C6H12O6 - 6O2 - 6CO2 + 6H2O9
6100417434phosphorylation reactionphosphate from ATP transfer energy to glucose, requires enzyme (kinase)10
6100417435cell respirationglucose oxidized oxygen reduced requires enzyme (dehydrogenases)11
6100417436Aerobicglycolysis, conversion to Acetyl COA, krebs cycle, ETC: oxidation phosphorylation12
6100417437Anaerobicglycolysis, fermentation13
6100417438glycolysis is in thecytoplasm14
6100417439Acetyl CoA and krebs cycle are in thematrix (low H+, less acidic)15
6100417440Oxidative phosphorylationinner membrane (high H+, more acidic)16
6100417441Glycolysisglucose broken down into 2 pyruvate 2 NADH made and transferred to mitochondria forms 2 net ATP ATP to ADP = phosphorylation 2NAD+ to 2H+ = oxidation/reduction17
6100417442krebs cycleconversion to Acetyl CoA - 2NADH & 2 Acetyl CoA made purpose: complete oxidation of glucose and make energy for ETC18
6100417443ETCelectrons from NADH move to O2 protons pumped into inner membrane space water forms (O2 final electron acceptor)19
6100417444Anemiosmosisprotons diffuse back into matrix trough ATP synthase, makes ATP20
6100417445Fermentationregenerate NAD+, reduce pyruvate end result - alcohol, CO2, lactic acid Alc: bacteria, fungi, plants lactic acid: bacteria, fungi, animals21
6100417446Role in cell reparation of: NAD+ FAD+ O2-NAD+: accept/donate electrons -FAD+: accept/donate electrons - O2: final electron acceptor in ETC22
6100417447substrate level phosphorylationATP made via transfer of phosphate group23
6100417448oxidative phosphorylationATP made from redux reactions24
6100417449chloroplasts-stroma: low H+ -thylakiod: high H+25
6100417450equation for photosynthesis6CO2 + 6H2O + energy --- C6H12O6 + 6O226
6100417451light dependent-utilize water, oxygen released, ATP Made -occurs in thylakoid27
6100417452light independentneed CO2 and ATP to make sugar occur in stroma28
6100417453pigments important for photosynthesischlorophyl a and b, carotenoids29
6100417454ATP madelight absorbed, electrons transferred from photosystem 1 to 2, ETC pumps protons into thylakoid, protons diffuse through ATP synthase and phosphate group bonds to ADP30
6100417455role of ATP and ADP in Calvin cycleATP and ADP: convert carbon into sugar31
6100417456ATP made in mitochondriathrough cell respiration in the matrix32
6100417457ATP made in chloroplastthrough light stroma33
6100417458ATP made in chloroplast and ATP made in mitochondria both:have inter membrane space diffuse of protein have ETC34
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AP LANGUAGE CH11&12 Flashcards

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6227144930Lacerate(v.) To tear flesh in a rough and jagged manner0
6227147273Emissary(n.) A representative sent on an errand or mission1
6227150575Nefarious(adj.) Wicked in the extreme2
6227151735Immaculate(adj.) Without spot or blemish3
6227157553Queue(n.) A line of people waiting for something; (v.) To form a line4
6227160508Query(v.) To ask a question or inquire about; (n.) A question asked5
6227168996Patrician(n.) a nobleman; also, a person of refined upbringing, manners, and taste6
6227170113Gait(n.) A style of walking or running, a pace7
6227180005Carp(v.) To find fault with or complain about in a nagging way8
6227226016Kindred(n.) A group of related persons, such as a clan, tribe or family; (adj.) Of the same ancestry or family9
6227228248Futile(adj.) Of no avail or effect; Useless; Hopeless10
6227230009Flagrant(adj.) Shockingly noticeable or evident; Obvious; Glaring11
6227231374Facade(n.) An artificial or deceptive front of a building or an appearance12
6227233847Genesis(n.) The beginning or origin of something13
6227238320Fracas(n.) A noisy, disorderly fight or disturbance14
6227241064Fester(v.) To become rotten or worse through decay; To become bitter and angry over time15
6242912141Havoc(n.) Great destruction or devastation; Ruinous damage16
6242917734Deluge(n.) A great flood; An overwhelming amount or number; (v.) To flood with water; To overwhelm with a large number or amount17
6242917735Modicum(n.) A moderate or small amount18
6242925252Languish(v.) To become weak or feeble; to lose strength or vigor19
6242931095Martial(adj.) Pertaining to war or military operations20
6242943433Pall(n.) Anything that covers or shrouds, especially with darkness or gloom; (v.) To become boring or wearisome, to tire or become dull21
6242950083Eerie(adj.) So strange as to inspire a feeling of fear22
6242955936Careen(v.) To lean or swerve from side to side while in motion23
6242980641Anthropomorphic(adj.) Resembling the human form in something that is not human24
6242994335Aplomb(n.) Self-confident assurance; poise25
6242998883Guile(n.) The quality of being crafty; Skillful deceit or treacherous cunning; Deviousness26
6243004451Catholic(adj.) Wide-ranging and universal in extent or interests, broad27
6243011639Beneficiary(n.) One who is lawfully entitled to the profits and proceeds of an estate or property28
6243024896Rancid(adj.) Having the disagreeable odor or taste of decomposing oils or fats; rank29
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