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Emergency Care 13th Edition Chapter 34 Flashcards

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9381751034Starting at about age ___, our organ systems lose about 1 percent of their function each year300
9381751035The maximum H/R ______ with age, and the physiological mechanisms that cause increases in the H/R are not as sensitiveDeclines1
9381751036A geriatric patient with internal bleeding may not exhibit the increase in ____ that we would expect to accompany significant blood lossH/R2
9381751037________ is a loss of brain functionDementia3
9381751038The most common cause of dementia in the elderly is ________ disease, a chronic organic disorderAlzheimer's4
9381751039Older patients are at increased risk for ________ due to a diminished gag reflexAspiration5
9381751040An older person is likely to complain of _______ rather than pain when having a heart attackWeakness6
9381751041Consider an elderly patient oriented to time if they can tell you what _____ it isYear7
9381751042__________ is replacing lost circumstances with imaginary onesConfabulation8
9381751043Many older people have a ______ threshold for painHigh9
9381751044As people age, the systolic B/P has a tendency to _______Increase10
9381751045NSAIDS such as ibuprofen and naproxen relieve pain, but also irritate the ____ ______ and can cause internal bleedingGI Tract11
9381751046______-______ interactions can occur because of the older patient's inability to clear medications from the body as quickly as beforeDrug-patient12
9381751047______-______ interactions are very common in this age group, especially as the number of meds goes upDrug-Drug13
9381751048_______ ______ _______ is the chief complaint in the elderly experiencing an MIShortness of Breath14
9381751049_________ is when the intestine provides a sac where food can lodge and cause inflammation and infectionDiverticulitis15
9381751050________ is the virus that causes chicken pox and shinglesVaricella16
9381751051________ medications have significant side effects, including weakness and dizzinessHypertension (Diastolic above 90 mmHg)17
9381751052A complaint of ______ ______ should be taken seriously as it is a sign of a AAAAbdominal pain18
9381751053The "silent treatment" is considered ________ abusePsychological Abuse19
9381751054Elderly _____ are most successful at committing suicideMales20
9381756184What is the 1 percent ruleAt age 30 our organs systems lose about 1 percent of their function.21
9381771720Cardiovascular system changes of geriatric patientsdegeneration of the valves and muscle degeneration of conduction system thickening and narrowing of coronary and systemic arteries22
9381780131respiratory system changesdecreased elasticity of lungs, decreased lung volume, diminished cough and gag reflex23
9381789772Digestive system changesDecreased movement of intestinal tract, decreased secretion of stomach acids, changes in GI lining, increased risk of cancers, relaxation of sphincter.24
9381815017Reasons for difficulties in communicating with older patientsChanges in hearing, vision, working memory, and dentition, residual effects of stroke, dementia.25
9381833007Should you assume geriatrics have chronic conditions when presenting altered mental status?NO, suspect that an altered mental status may be the result of the present illness or injury.26
9381844594HOW to communicate with elderly patientscommunicate directly with the older patient rather than asking others about them. Don't use disrespectful terms. speak to the patient at eye level.27
9381857068Temperature regulation of geriatricsolder patients lose body heat quickly.28
9381865714Identifying priority patientssuspect serious conditions exist in elderly patients, even if symptoms are seemingly mild or vague.29
9381872382Medication considerationsOlder patients take multiple medications30
9381882174what causes the majority of injuries in the neck and head to patients over 65?Falls and motor-vehicle accidents31
9381892209common Pelvis and Extremities injuries in geriatricship or proximal femur is commonly fractured in a fall, especially in women.32
9381902522spine immobilization difficulties in geriatricsabnormal curvature that accompanies ageing33
9381913962Drug-patient interactionsolder patients inability to clear medications from the body as quickly as before34
9381920340drug-drug interactionswhen two drugs interact. one may block or reduce the effect of the other, or one may increase the effects of the other. outcome can be life threatening.35
9381929650likely conditions that cause shortness of breathemphysema, pulmonary edema, myocardial infarction36
9381935861likely conditions that cause chest painangina, myocardial infarction, pneumonia, and aortic aneurysm.37
9381942290common causes of altered mental statusmedications, stroke, hypoglycemia, sepsis, hypothermia38
9381952597shinglesherpes zoster, patient experiences pain. includes a small rash with blisters over red skin appears in that area.39
9381964504concerns with fallsdeath may not be direct result of falls, but complications from the fall.40
9381969409Financial abuseexploitation and misuse of an older patients belongings or money41
9381977028why do you establish a rapport with elderly patientstalking with the patient during transport can be therapeutic for the patient and enlightening for the EMT.42
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ap world history words Flashcards

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2949719663anthropologista student of the history and science of mankind0
2949722889archeologistA person who looks for bones, tools, and artifacts from people who lived long ago to find out how people lived then1
2949724934cultureBeliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.2
2949725979horticulturecultivation of crops carried out with simple hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes3
2949727039agricultureThe art and science of producing food from the land and tending livestock for the purpose of human consumption.4
2949735180bronze agea period of human culture between the Stone Age and the Iron Age, characterized by the use of weapons and implements made of bronze5
2949737747bureacracyA system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives6
2949740971revolutionAny large change in a society or world7
2949751075neolithic revolutionThe switch from nomadic lifestyles to a settled agricultural lifestyle is this revolution.8
2949755402paleolithic eracalled the old stone age (from 10,000 to 2.5 million years ago); they were concerned with food supply; they used stone as well as bone tools; they were nomadic hunters and gatherers.9
2949756603nomadicMoving from place to place with no permanent home10
2949760408neanderthalsfirst to hunt in groups; care for the sick; have ritual burials11
2949775257subsistence farmingProducing almost all the goods needed by the farm family, usually with a little extra for sale12
2949784637Animismfirst religion polytheistic shamans plant and animal gods13
2949787312hierarchyA system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority.14
2949789303Mesolithic eratime between paleolithic and neolithic era15
2949792677Shamansperson that can contact the plant and animal spirits in Animistic religion16
2949800897domestication of plants and animalsbreeding food and labor were the three main improvements that came with this17
2949812704pictogramEarliest written symbols that represented early ideas18
2949816404historic methodcomprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use primary sources and other evidence, including the evidence of archaeology, to research and then to write histories in the form of accounts of the past.19
2949850211economythe wealth and resources of a country or region, especially in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services.20
2949852619divine rightancient politicians claiming the gods chose him to be their ruler21
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AP Psychology Unit 4 Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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7858469515sensationthe process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.0
7858469516perceptionthe process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.1
7858469517bottom-up processinganalysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information.2
7858469518top-down processinginformation processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.3
7858469519selective attentionthe focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.4
7858469520inattentional blindnessfailing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.5
7858469521change blindnessfailing to notice changes in the environment.6
7858469522psychophysicsthe study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them.7
7858469523absolute thresholdthe minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time.8
7858469524signal detection theorya theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness.9
7858469525subliminalbelow one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness10
7858469526primingthe activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response.11
7858469527difference thresholdthe minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. Also called the just noticeable difference (jnd).12
7858469528Weber's lawthe principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage (rather than a constant amount).13
7858469529sensory adaptationdiminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.14
7858469530transductionconversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret.15
7858469531wavelengththe distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic versions of this vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission.16
7858469532huethe dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth.17
7858469533intensitythe amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude.18
7858469534pupilthe adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.19
7858469535irisa ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.20
7858469536lensthe transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.21
7858469537retinathe light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.22
7858469538accomodationthe process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.23
7858469539rodsretinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond.24
7858469540conesretinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. These detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.25
7858469541optic nervethe nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.26
7858469542blind spotthe point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye and no receptor cells are located there.27
7858469543foveathe central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster.28
7858469544feature detectorsnerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement.29
7858469545parallel processingthe processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.30
7858469546Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theorythe theory that the retina contains three different color receptors—one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue—which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color.31
7858469547opponent-process theorythe theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green.32
7858469548auditionthe sense or act of hearing.33
7858469549frequencythe number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (for example, per second).34
7858469550pitcha tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency.35
7858469551middle earthe chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window.36
7858469552cochleaa coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses37
7858469553inner earthe innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs.38
7858469554place theoryin hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated.39
7858469555frequency theoryin hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch.40
7858469556conduction hearing losshearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea.41
7858469557sensorineural hearing losshearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness.42
7858469558cochlear implanta device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea.43
7858469559kinesthesisthe system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts.44
7858469560vestibular sensethe sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance.45
7858469561gate-control theorythe theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.46
7858469562sensory interactionthe principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste.47
7858469563gestaltan organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes48
7858469564figure-groundthe organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground).49
7858469565groupingthe perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups.50
7858469566depth perceptionthe ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance.51
7858469567visual cliffa laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals.52
7858469568binocular cuesdepth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes.53
7858469569retinal disparitya binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object.54
7858469570monocular cuesdepth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone.55
7858469571phi phenomenonan illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession.56
7858469572perceptual constancyperceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, lightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change.57
7858469573color constancyperceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object.58
7858469574perceptual adaptationin vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field.59
7858469575perceptual seta mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another.60
7858469576extrasensory perception (ESP)the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition.61
7858469577parapsychologythe study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis.62
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AP World History P.6 Chapter 1 Flashcards

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7348519203Austronesian migrationsThe last phase of the great human migration that established a human presence in every habitable region of the earth.Austronesian-speaking people settled the Pacific islands and Madagascar in a series of seaborne migrations that began around 3,500 years ago.0
7348522340Bantu migrationThe spread of Bantu-speaking peoples from their homeland in what is now southern Nigeria or Cameroon to most of Africa, in a process that started ca. 3000 B.C.E. and continued for several millennia.1
7348524367ÇatalhüyükAn important Neolithic site in what is now Turkey.2
7348525988ChiefdomA societal grouping governed by a chief who typically relies on generosity, ritual status, or charisma rather than force to win obedience from the people.3
7348528166Clovis cultureThe earliest widespread and distinctive culture of North America; named from the Clovis point, a particular kind of projectile point.4
7348530761DiffusionThe gradual spread of agricultural techniques without extensive population movement.5
7348533917DreamtimeA complex worldview of Australia's Aboriginal people that held that current humans live in a vibration or echo of ancestral happenings.6
7348535881Fertile CrescentRegion sometimes known as Southwest Asia that includes the modern states of Iraq, Syria, Israel/Palestine, and southern Turkey; the earliest home of agriculture.7
7348537305Göbekli TepeA ceremonial site comprising 20 circles made up of carved limestone pillars located in southeastern Turkey. The site, which dates to 11,600 years ago, was built by gatherer hunters who lived at least part of the year in settled villages.8
7348540100Megafaunal ExtinctionDying out of a number of large animal species, including the mammoth and several species of horses and camels, that occurred around 11,000-10,000 years ago, at the end of the Ice Age. The extinction may have been caused by excessive hunting or by the changing climate of the era.9
7348546628"The Original Affluent Society"Term coined by the scholar Marshall Sahlins in 1972 to describe Paleolithic societies, which he regarded as affluent not because they had so much but because they wanted or needed so little.10
7348551791Paleolithic Settling DownThe process by which some Paleolithic peoples moved toward permanent settlement in the wake of the last Ice Age. Settlement was marked by increasing storage of food and accumulation of goods as well as growing inequalities in society.11
7348553661Pastoral SocietyA human society that relies on domesticated animals rather than plants as the main source of food; pastoral nomads lead their animals to seasonal grazing grounds rather than settling permanently in a single location.12
7348564289"Secondary Products Revolution"A term used to describe the series of technological changes that began ca. 4000 B.C.E., as people began to develop new uses for their domesticated animals, exploiting a revolutionary new source of power.13
7348567704ShamanIn many early societies, a person believed to have the ability to act as a bridge between living humans and supernatural forces, often by means of trances induced by psychoactive drugs.14
7348572254Stateless SocietiesVillage-based agricultural societies, usually organized by kinship groups, that functioned without a formal government apparatus.15
7348574621TeosinteThe wild ancestor of maize.16
7348576567Trance DanceIn San culture, a nightlong ritual held to activate a human being's inner spiritual potency (n/um) to counteract the evil influences of gods and ancestors.17
7348580316Venus FigurinesPaleolithic carvings of the female form, often with exaggerated breasts, buttocks, hips, and stomachs, which may have had religious significance.18
7348583496BipedalismThe condition of being two-footed or of using two feet for standing and walking.19
7348586837Division of laborA production process in which a worker or group of workers is assigned a specialized task in order to increase efficiency.20
7348591414Cultural diffusionThe transmission of elements or features of one culture to another.21
7348600995"Fire Stick" FarmingThe practice of Indigenous Australians who regularly used fire to burn vegetation to facilitate hunting and to change the composition of plant and animal species in an area.22
7348601959Neolithic RevolutionThe origin and consequences the introduction of agriculture, domestication of animals, and a more sedentary life during the later part of the Stone Age23
7348606276Paleolithic AgeThe cultural period of the Stone Age that began about 2.5 to 2 million years ago, marked by the earliest use of tools made of chipped stone.24
7348612038EgalitarianAsserting, resulting from, or characterized by belief in the equality of all people, especially in political, economic, or social life.25
7348629824Collective LearningA complex concept that is variously defined. It is generally conceptualized as a dynamic and cumulative process that results in the production of knowledge.26
7348634494CollaborationThe action of working with someone to produce or create something.27
7348638834Abstract ThinkingThinking characterized by the ability to use concepts and to make and understand generalizations, such as of the properties or pattern shared by a variety of specific items or events.28
7353425057KinshipRelationship by nature, qualities, etc.; affinity.29
7353438591LatitudeThe angular distance north or south from the equator of a point on the earth's surface, measured on the meridian of the point. a place or region as marked by this distance.30
7353438592EquatorThe great circle on a sphere or heavenly body whose plane is perpendicular to the axis, equidistant everywhere from the two poles of the sphere or heavenly body.31
7353444049LongitudeAngular distance east or west on the earth's surface, measured by the angle contained between the meridian of a particular place and some prime meridian, as that of Greenwich, England, and expressed either in degrees or by some corresponding difference in time.32
7353449097Prime MeridianThe meridian running through Greenwich, England, from which longitude east and west is reckoned.33
7353453683AsiaA continent bounded by Europe and the Arctic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. About 16,000,000 sq. mi. (41,440,000 sq. km).34
7353456130EuropeA continent in the W part of the landmass lying between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, separated from Asia by the Ural Mountains on the E and the Caucasus Mountains and the Black and Caspian seas on the SE. In British usage, Europe sometimes contrasts with England. About 4,017,000 sq. mi. (10,404,000 sq. km).35
7353462271AfricaA continent S of Europe and between the Atlantic and Indian oceans. About 11,700,000 sq. mi. (30,303,000 sq. km).36
7353465831North AmericaThe northern continent of the Western Hemisphere, extending from Central America to the Arctic Ocean. Highest point, Mt. McKinley, 20,300 feet (6187 meters); lowest, Death Valley, 276 feet (84 meters) below sea level. About 9,360,000 sq. mi. (24,242,400 sq. km).37
7353466783South AmericaA continent in the S part of the Western Hemisphere. About 6,900,000 sq. mi. (17,871,000 sq. km).38
7353472406AntarcticaThe continent surrounding the South Pole: almost entirely covered by an ice sheet. About 5,000,000 sq. mi. (12,950,000 sq. km).39
7353476659AustraliaA continent SE of Asia, between the Indian and the Pacific oceans. 2,948,366 sq. mi. (7,636,270 sq. km).40
7353479072AtlanticAn ocean bounded by North America and South America in the Western Hemisphere and by Europe and Africa in the Eastern Hemisphere. About 31,530,000 sq. mi. (81,663,000 sq. km); with connecting seas about 41,000,000 sq. mi. (106,100,000 sq. km); greatest known depth, 30,246 feet (9219 meters).41
7353491888PacificAn ocean bordered by the American continents, Asia, and Australia: largest ocean in the world; divided by the equator into the North Pacific and the South Pacific. 70,000,000 sq. mi. (181,300,000 sq. km); greatest known depth, 35,433 feet (10,800 meters).42
7353493805IndianAn ocean S of Asia, E of Africa, and W of Australia. 28,357,000 sq. mi. (73,444,630 sq. km).43
7353520356ArcticAn ocean N of North America, Asia, and the Arctic Circle. About 5,540,000 sq. mi. (14,350,000 sq. km).44
7353524700Caribbean SeaA part of the Atlantic Ocean bounded by Central America, the West Indies, and South America. About 750,000 sq. mi. (1,943,000 sq. km); greatest known depth 22,788 feet (6946 meters).45
7353528326Mediterranean SeaA sea surrounded by Africa, Europe, and Asia. 2400 miles (3865 km) long; 1,145,000 sq. mi. (2,965,550 sq. km); greatest known depth 14,436 feet (4400 meters).46
7353541619Sea of JapanThe Sea of Japan is a marginal sea between the Japanese archipelago, Sakhalin, and the Asian mainland.47
7353547131East China SeaA part of the N Pacific, bounded by China, Japan, the Ryukyus, and Taiwan. 480,000 sq. mi. (1,243,200 sq. km).48
7353552050South China SeaA part of the W Pacific, bounded by SE China, Vietnam, the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, and the Philippines.49
7353555307Yellow SeaAn arm of the Pacific N of the East China Sea, between China and Korea.50
7353558637Black SeaA sea between Europe and Asia, bordered by Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Georgia, and the Russian Federation. 164,000 sq. mi. (424,760 sq. km).51
7353561015NileA river in E Africa, the longest in the world, flowing N from Lake Victoria to the Mediterranean. 3473 miles (5592 km) long; from the headwaters of the Kagera River, 4000 miles (6440 km) long.52
7353563625Tigris & EuphratesThe Tigris and Euphrates, with their tributaries, form a major river system in Western Asia.53
7353570486MississippiA river flowing S from N Minnesota to the Gulf of Mexico: the principal river of the U.S. 2470 miles (3975 km) long; from the headwaters of the Missouri to the Gulf of Mexico 3988 miles (6418 km) long.54
7353572453CongoAlso called Zaire. A river in central Africa, flowing in a great loop from SE Democratic Republic of the Congo to the Atlantic. About 3000 miles (4800 km) long.55
7353580343IndusA river in S Asia, flowing from W Tibet through Kashmir and Pakistan to the Arabian Sea. 1900 miles (3060 km) long.56
7353583292GangesA river flowing SE from the Himalayas in N India into the Bay of Bengal: sacred to Hindus. 1550 miles (2495 km) long.57
7353596850Huang Ho (aka. Yellow River)A river flowing from W China into the Gulf of Bohai. 2800 miles (4510 km) long.58
7353601035YangtzeThe Yangtze, which is 6380 km long, is the longest river in Asia and the third-longest in the world.59
7353611027VolgaA river flowing from the Valdai Hills in the W Russian Federation E and then S to the Caspian Sea: the longest river in Europe. 2325 miles (3745 km).60
7353615668DanubeA river in central and SE Europe, flowing E from southern Germany to the Black Sea. 1725 miles (2775 km) long.61
7353615669RhineA river flowing from SE Switzerland through Germany and the Netherlands into the North Sea: branches off into the Waal, Lek, and IJssel in its lower course. 820 miles (1320 km) long.62
7353615670AmazonA river in N South America, flowing E from the Peruvian Andes through N Brazil to the Atlantic Ocean: the largest river in the world in volume of water carried. 3900 miles (6280 km) long.63
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AP World History- Must Know People Flashcards

Credit to proprofs.com

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4429842338HammurabiKing of Babylonia that extended empire to Mesopotamia. Hammurabi's code was one of the 1st ever written code of law (eye for an eye)0
4429842339Abraham"Father" of monotheism and of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.1
4429842340MosesProminent prophet in Judaism, credited for Mosaic Law - basis of many belief systems and juriprudence.2
4429842341BuddhaAlso known ad Siddhartha Gautama was the Hindu founder of Buddhism and the first to be enlightened, taught that enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for all earthly things.3
4429842342ConfuciousAlso known as Kung Fuzi; major Chinese philosopher; developed the traditional Chinese ideology of Confucianism whose teachers and philosophy have influenced Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Taiwannese, and Vietnamese thought and life; philosophy based on need for restoration of order through advice of superior men which emphasized correctness of social relationships, justice, and sincerity.4
4429842343LaoziChinese philosopher; recommended retreat from society into nature; individual should seek to become attuned with Dao, "the way."5
4429842344SocratesAthenian philosopher that constantly questioned things and encouraged pursuit of wisdom urged rational reflection of moral decisions.6
4429842345AristotleGreek philosopher; tutor of Alexander the Great; believed knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world. felt that the ideal life was one of contemplation.7
4429842346Alexander the GreatKing of Macedonia and conquered Greece, Egypt, Persia, and part of northwest India; spread Greek culture and learning across Empire8
4429842347Shi Huang Di/ Qin ShihuangdiEmperor of China, Founder of the brief Qin dynasty, that ruthlessly unified the warring states and introduced legalism. Aided China by standardizing measurements, language, etc. throughout China. He started building the Great Wall of China.9
4429842348AshokaRuler of India (Mauryan Empire); completed conquests of Indian subcontinent; converted to Buddhism and sponsored spread of new religion throughout his empire; espoused religious toleration and non-violence.10
4429842349Jesus of NazarethJewish prophet and teacher, was persecuted and crucified, believed to be the Messiah in Christianity Christianity grew out of his life and teaching, advocate of the poor .11
4429842350Emperor Constantine300s CE-Roman Emperor,Reunites Roman Empire and establishes Christianity as religion, Edict of Milan = Freedom of Religion12
4429842351JustinianByzantine emperor/ Eastern Roman noted for his reconquest of much of the former Western Roman Empire; issued most famous compilation of Roman law, reign also marked a blossoming of Byzantine culture.13
4429842352MuhammadHe was a trader, regarded by Muslims as a messenger and prophet of God/Allah. Founded the religion of Islam. unified Arab tribes and conquered neighboring lands and spread Islam; death led to power struggle between Sunni and Shi'ites.14
4429842353Genghis (Chinggis) KhanFounder and supreme leader of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death, consisting of several Eurasian societies. He used battle tactics, psychological warfare, and foreign weapons to conquer land easily. He ruled his territory fairly, protecting the Silk Roads.15
4429842354Khubilai KhanMongol emperor who ruled over China, founder of the Yuan Dynasty in China.16
4429842355Marco PoloA traveler from Venice who visited China during the Mongol Yuan dynasty. He worked for Khan on missions in and around China, recorded his travels which introduced Europeans to Central Asia and China.17
4429842356Ibn BattutaMoroccan qadi (judge) who traveled all around Dar al Islam "the Islamic world", later recorded his travels and described almost the entirety of the known Muslim world (North and West Africa, Europe, the Middle East, India, SE Asia, and east China). He often criticized foreign Islamic practices.18
4429842357XuanzangBuddhist monk that illegally visited India; popularized Buddhism in China19
4429842358SaladinKurdish Muslim who led Islamic opposition towards European Crusaders and reconquered Jerusalem from the Christians.20
4429842359Mansa MusaEmperor of the Malian Empire; famous for his pilgrimage to Mecca. During his reign Timbuktu became a center of Muslim culture and scholarship.21
4429842360Zheng HeChinese admiral (and a Muslim and eunuch) a fleet of more than 300 gigantic ships which announced the Chinese naval presence to the Indian Ocean (Southeast Asia, South Asia, and East Africa) but not conquering; voyages were later cut off.22
4429842361Pachacuti IncaIncan emperor who initiated the expansion of the Inca state from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca.23
4429842362Bartolomeu DiasFirst Portuguese explorer to travel around the southern most tip of Africa which opened sea routes between Europe and Asia - and challenged the Muslim dominance of trade with Asia.24
4429842363Christopher ColumbusItalian navigator, colonizer, and explorer whose voyages for Spain across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere.25
4429842364Martin LutherGerman monk who initiated the Protestant movement and strongly disputed the Catholic church's claim that freedom from God's punishment of sin could be purchased with money. Excommunicated from Catholic Church and started own branch (Lutheranism) which focused on the faith of individual over works stressed in Catholic church but was not seeking social change.26
4429842365Hernan CortesSpanish Conquistador that defeated the Aztec Empire with help of native allies.27
4429842366Francisco PizarroSpanish conquistador that conquered the Incan Empire with help of native allies.28
4429842367AkbarMughal Emperor who tried to accommodate the Hindu majority of India, despite religious (Muslim) resistance.29
4429842368AtahualpaLast emperor of the Incan Empire (took over after a civil war with his brother), was conquered and killed by Spanish.30
4429842369Moctezuma IIRuler of Tenochititlan during the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, had expanded Aztec power over its neighbors; killed during Spanish takeover.31
4429842370Queen Elizabeth IQueen of England who reestablished Protestantism, led the country in defeating the Spanish Armada and expanded England's power overseas; achieved domestic prosperity .32
4429842371King Louis XIVLong-reigning king of France, believed in the divine right of kings (absolute monarchy) and patronage of the arts; expanded French influence in Europe.33
4429842372Peter the GreatRussian czar who continued growth of absolutism and conquest in Russia, implemented policies of expansion and modernization/westernization of Russia's culture and economy.34
4429842373King Nzinga/ Afonso IRuler of Kongo, under him Kongo grew converted to Catholicism, formed Portuguese alliance and participated in the slave trade and later futilely begged for Mercy from the Portuguese slave traders; kingdom fell apart.35
4429842374Tokugawa IeyasuFounder and first shogun of the Tokugawa Shogunate - kept Japan unified and free of unwanted Western intrusion.36
4429842375AurangzebMughal emperor whose reign was marked by many wars of expansion; had very little religious tolerance, earned resistance of Hindu subjects.37
4429842376Sultan Suleyman the MagnificentOttoman Emperor who conquered significant Christian territories, reconstructed the legal system & oversaw the golden age.38
4429842377Shah IsmailFounder of the Safavid (Perisan) empire who converted present day Iran from Sunni to Sh'ia Islam and captured Baghdad.39
4429842378Shakespeare...was an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet, and the "Bard of Avon".40
4429842379Cervantes...is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the Spanish language and one of the world's pre-eminent novelists. His major work, Don Quixote, considered to be the first modern European novel, is a classic of Western literature, and is regarded amongst the best works of fiction ever written.41
4429842380Sundiata...was a puissant prince and founder of the Mali Empire. The famous Malian ruler Mansa Musa who made a pilgrimage to Mecca was his grandnephew.42
4429842381Napoleon BonaparteHighly successful general who seized control of France. Suppressed the democratic elements of the revolution and conquered many parts of Europe spreading ideas of social equality, Russian and British resistance brought down this revolution.43
4429842382Adam SmithScottish Professor who formulated laws that explained the operation of the economy and advanced the idea that free markets thrive on the basis of mutual self-interest and without government regulation.44
4429842383John Stuart Mill...was the leading English political philosopher of the middle and late nineteenth century. His writings on individual freedom, most notably the essay "On Liberty" (1859), have had a profound influence on U.S. Constitutional Law.45
4429842384Prince von MetternichAustrian politician who was an important diplomat during the Congress of Vienna; was largely responsible for the policy of balance of power in Europe to ensure the stability of European governments. He opposed liberal ideas and revolutionary movements.46
4429842385Karl Marx & Friedrich EngelsGerman philosophers who together wrote the Communist Manifesto; Felt history was defined by a class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached necessity of a social revolution to create proletarian dictatorships (socialism then communism).47
4429842386Commodore PerryAmerican who compelled the opening of isolationist Japan to the US.48
4429842387Simon BolivarVenezuelan Creole military leader during the time of their revolutions, played a key role in Latin America's successful struggle for independence from Spain, dreams of a unified Latin America (Gran Colombia) were unfulfilled.49
4429842388Abraham LincolnUS President who started the Civil war to preserve the Union and signed the Emancipation Proclamation.50
4429842389Porfirio DiazPresident and dictator of Mexico who marked the country with internal stability, modernization, and economic growth. He was conservative and grew unpopular due to repression and political continuity. He lost power through the Mexican Revolution.51
4429842390Muhammad AliWon power struggle in Egypt following fall of Mamlukes, established mastery of all Egypt successfully challenging Ottoman rule; introduced effective army based on western tactics.52
4429842391Cecil RhodesEnglish businessman, desired an English colony from Cape to Coast in Africa, founder of Rhodesia.53
4429842392Queen VictoriaQueen of the Great Britain and the first Empress of India; reign is known as the Victorian era, which was a time of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military progress for England.54
4429842393King Leopold IIKing of Belgium; brutal founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State who used slave labor and torture to extract raw materials to build his personal fortune.55
4429842394Alexander IILiberal and expansionist Russian Czar who made many economic reforms, he emancipated the serfs.56
4429842395Voltaire...was a French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit, his attacks on the established Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and separation of church and state.57
4429842396Jean- Jacques Rousseau...known as one of the most influential thinkers during the 18th-century European Enlightenment period, was born on June 28, 1712, in Geneva, Switzerland. His first philosophical work, A Discourse on the Arts and Sciences, discussed how science and arts had caused the corruption of virtue and morality. Rousseau was also a composer and music theorist.58
4429842397John Locke...Political theorist, said that people had to be controlled by a sovereign so that they would not fall into corruptness, said that people were inherently good, influenced American founding documents59
4429842398Baron de Montesquieu...French lawyer and political philosopher that lived during the age of the Enlightenment. Believed in a three branch government system, with checks and balances, influenced American founding documents60
4429842399Mary Wollstonecraft...was an English writer who advocated for women's equality. Her book A Vindication of the Rights of Woman pressed for educational reforms61
4429842400Olympe de Gouges...a playwright of some note in France at the time of the Revolution, spoke for not only herself but many of the women of France, when in 1791 she wrote and published the "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Citizen."62
4429842401Woodrow WilsonU.S President who entered WWI championing self-determination. His Fourteen points (including League of Nations) were acclaimed but unsuccessful.63
4429842402Ataturk/Mustapha KemalOttoman military leader who also was the founder and first president of the country of Turkey; modernized and secularized Turkey.64
4429842403Vladimir I. LeninLeader of the Bolsheviks, a small socialist party that came to power during the Russian Revolution of 1917; first head of the Soviet state; worked to create a socialist economic system.65
4429842404Joseph StalinSuccessor to Lenin as head of the USSR and had strongly nationalist view of communism; and crushed all opposition. He established a series of disastrous 5 year plans to increase agricultural collectivization and rapid industrial production, led the USSR through WWII and helped start the Cold War.66
4429842405Adolf HitlerNazi leader of Fascist Germany; created a strongly centralized state in Germany. He wanted to expand Germany (led to WWII) and racially cleanse it (led to Holocaust).67
4429842406Mao Zedong/Mao Tse-tungThe leader of the Chinese Communist Party and People's Republic of China (PRC) who had gained power through the peasants (new Communist policy now known as Maoism). Mao turned China into a world military power, created a cult of personality through his "Little Red Book", started the Great Leap Forward (industrialization) and the Cultural Revolution which killed millions.68
4429842407Mohandas/Mahatma GandhiPolitical leader and spiritual leader of the Indian drive for independence from Great Britain after WWI; he stressed non violent but aggressive protesting and civil disobedience.69
4429842408Muhammad Ali JinnahMuslim Nationalist; originally a member of the national congress party of India and later became the leader of the Muslim League; traded Muslim support for British during WWII for promises of a separate Muslim state after the war. He was the first president of Pakistan.70
4429842409Kwame NkrumahNationalist leader who brought Ghana to independence with nonviolent protests; was an advocate of Pan-Africanism; became corrupt and autocratical, was overthrown in a military coup (backed by the CIA) and lived out his life in exile.71
4429842410Patrice LumumbaCongolese independence leader and the first legally elected Prime minister of the Republic after independence from Belgium, viewed as too socialist, was imprisoned and murdered with help from the CIA.72
4429842411Thich Quang Duc...was a Vietnamese Mahayana Buddhist monk who burned himself to death at a busy Saigon road intersection on 11 June 1963. Quang Duc was protesting the persecution of Buddhists by the South Vietnamese government led by Ngô Đình Diệm.73
4429842412Ho Chi MinhVietnamese Communist revolutionary and statesman who was prime minister and president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). Led the Viet Minh independence movement, defeating the French and then the US and the anti-communist government in South Vietnam.74
4429842413Gamal Abdel NasserPresident of Egypt, took over from monarchy of King Farouk, new period of modernization and socialist reform in Egypt, championed pan-Arab nationalism; nationalized the Suez Canal.75
4429842414Fidel CastroCuban Marxist revolutionary who overthrew Batista; created socialist state, resisted US invasion and pressure came to depend almost exclusively on the Soviet Union.76
4429842415Nikita KruschevLed the Soviet Union after Stalin; was responsible for the partial de-Stalinization of the USSR and several relatively liberal reforms in areas of domestic policy, and for attempting to ease relations w/ U.S.77
4429842416Deng XiaopingChinese Communist leader who was twice purged from the Communist Party and twice rehabilitated before gaining supreme power in China and led China towards a market economy.78
4429842417Agusto Pinochet...was dictator of Chile between 1973 and 1990 and Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army from 1973 to 1998.79
4429842418Ronald Reagan...The 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989.80
4429842419Margaret Thatcher...The first female prime minister of Britain from 1979 to 1990.81
4429842420Yasser ArafatPalestinian leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) ,and President of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) and leader of the Fatah political party; spent most of his life fighting against Israel in the name of Palestinian self-determination, signed peace treaty with Israel.82
4429842421Martin Luther King...was a Baptist minister and social activist, who led the Civil Rights Movement in the United States from the mid-1950s until his death by assassination in 1968.83
4429842422Pablo Picasso...is probably the most important figure of 20th century, in terms of art, and art movements that occurred over this period. He is most known for his introduction of cubism, and modern approach to painting, which set forth the movements to follow in to the twentieth century.84
4429842423Mikhail GorbachevLeader of the Soviet Union whose efforts to reform USSR (glasnost - openness and perestrokia - economic restructuring) led to its collapse.85
4429842424Ayatollah KhomeiniIranian religious leader and politician; spiritual leader of the Iranian revolution; emphasized religious purification; tried to eliminate western influences and establish a pure Islamic government, Supreme leader or Islamic Iranian state.86
4429842425Nelson MandelaWas the leader of the African National Congress (ANC), worked with many leaders of the ANC to dismantle the apartheid system in South Africa and became the first black prime minister of South Africa in 1994 after the ANC won the elections.87
4429842426Saddam HusseinPresident / dictator of Iraq and leader of the revolutionary Ba'ath Party, which espoused pan-Arabism, economic modernization, and Arab socialism, invaded Iran and Kuwait. Overthrown by the U.S.88
4429842427Daw Aung San Suu KyiLeader of the peaceful democratic movement in Myanmar (Burma); was elected Prime Minster, not allowed to take office; has been under house arrest.89
4429842428Hosni Mubarak...is a former Egyptian military and political leader who served as the fourth President of Egypt from 1981 to 2011.90
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AP World History: Unit I Chapter 2 Questions Flashcards

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4355677161What are some examples of causation with regards to the Agricultural Revolution?Well, this Agricultural Revolution caused a revolutionary transformation of human life all across the planet, also provided the foundation for almost everything that followed: growing populations,animal-borne diseases,cities, states, literature, and the taming and breeding of animals and plants.0
4355679943What accounts for the emergence of agriculture after countless millennia of human life without it?The occurrence of the end of the Ice Age period explains why the rise of Agriculture suddenly showed up after such a long amount of time. The period forced the migration of homo sapiens across the planet and created new conditions to where agriculture was even possible. Climate change was the main cause. It allowed more wild plants to grow, in which the people now in those flourishing areas of the world were to learn a deep understanding of the natural world around them. Making them use those resources and finding different ways to build from them, therefore causing the emergence of agriculture.1
4355680929What are the accomplishments of gathering and hunting peoples that are examples of agricultural improvements?They learned to make usage of large numbers of plants and to hunt and eat both small and large animals, creating what archeologist call a "broad spectrum diet".Gatherers learned to make tools to cut grain and make baskets for carrying supplies and hunters built elaborate traps, also planters became smarter about how to cut back and make favorite harvest want to grow a little more than u2
4355683582In what different ways did the Agricultural Revolution take shape in the Fertile Crescent, Africa, the Americas, China, and New Guinea?The shape AR took in the Fertile Crescent was that it made that area come to use domestication, providing the foundation for the world's first, and most productive,agricultural societies after figs,wheat,barley,cattle,etc came under human control. In Africa, unlike the Fertile Crescent in farming, Africa witnessed the emergence of several widely scattered farming practices whereas FC was where the plants were domesticated in a small area. In The Americas,like Africa the domestication of plants occurred separately in a number of locations. But due to the absence of animals that could be domesticated they had to hunt and fish more that peoples in the Eastern Hemisphere. In New Guinea the Agricultural Revolution did not spread beyond its core region, their ways did not spread globally like the Fertile Crescents ways of agriculture, New Guinea's ways weren't shared.But they had strengths in growing bananas,yams and sugarcane they did not domesticate animals. In China they planted rice,millet, and soybeans, they domesticated pigs,chickens, and water buffalo.3
4355685267In what ways did agriculture spread? Where and why was it sometimes resisted?It occurred in diffusion, as in the gradual spread of agriculture techniques but without excessive movement of peoples.The other way involved the slow colonization or migration of agricultural people. In areas unsuitable for farming, such as harsh desert or arctic environments agriculture was sometimes resisted. Also in places where there was already a natural abundance they felt there was little need for the use of agriculture. But seeing that neighboring farmers took on the practice they resisted preferring the freer life than their Paleolithic ancestors.4
4355687246Explain the development and movement of the Bantu migrations?From what is now southern Nigeria to Cameroon, Bantu speaking people, moved East to South taking with them their agricultural cattle raising, and later developing in ironworking skills as well as their languages.5
4355688285What was revolutionary about the Agricultural Revolution?That through new and developing ways of harvesting, hunting or domesticating, people found a simpler way to live instead of moving around all of the time, that was truly revolutionary. Also the new relationship between mankind and other living things.6
4355689505What is metallurgy?It is the science of refining metals.7
4355690517What different kinds of societies emerged out of the Agricultural Revolution?Pastoral Societies, Agricultural Village Societies, and Chiefdoms.8
4355691698Compare the roles of women in pastoral societies with early agricultural village societies.The roles of women in pastoral socities were more divided than the males role, They would most likely milk a cow or gather things instead of doing hard heavy work.It was very divided in the pastoral socities and males were more dominant. In early Agricultural village societies there wasn't much evidence of domination of either sex it was almost equal though males were closer to hunting and females gathering.9
4355695374The Agricultural Revolution marked a decisive turning point in human history. What evidence might you offer to support this claim, and how might you argue against it?The Agricultural Revolution marked a decisive turning point because it changed views on how to grow more crops and provide themselves with simpler and more solid way of living, which is a big turning point that it is said to have made. And against it I said it also had to be the Ice Age, not just the Agricultural Rev. that made that turning point because that event itself is what made agriculture even possible in the first place, by fertilizing the ground after all of the ice melted and the climate changing dramatically.10
4355696681"The Agricultural Revolution provides evidence for 'progress in human affairs." How would you evaluate this statement?People can settle down and form some kind of society (Government, Religion/value system, Growing Population, Specialization, Culture/art, Social Structure)11
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