| 8596545548 | Casco Da Gama | A Portuguese explorer and the first European to reach India by sea. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. | | 0 |
| 8596547975 | Compass, astrolabe | An instrument used for navigation and orientation that shows direction relative to the geographic cardinal directions. | | 1 |
| 8596547976 | Christopher Columbus | The explorer who found the New World while searching for a sea route to the Indies. | | 2 |
| 8596549875 | Trading-post empires | Began in the 16th century by the Portuguese. Instead of conquering an entire nation, European states would establish these in an attempt to force merchant vessels to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties there. | | 3 |
| 8596549876 | Dutch VOC | Established in 1602, private merchants advanced funds to launch the company, to send ships and crews and provide them with materials and money to be able to trade. | | 4 |
| 8596551991 | "Columbian Exchange" | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. | | 5 |
| 8596551992 | Lateen sails | A triangle sail used to sail through the crosswinds. | | 6 |
| 8596551993 | Bartolomeu Dias | Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. | | 7 |
| 8596554363 | James Cook | English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779). | | 8 |
| 8596554364 | Vitus Bering | Danish explorer who explored the northern Pacific Ocean for the Russians and discovered the Bering Strait (1681-1741). | | 9 |
| 8596557494 | British East India Company | Government chartered joint-stock company that controlled spice trade in the East Indies after the Dutch. | | 10 |
| 8596560338 | Prince Harry the Navigator | (1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire. | | 11 |
| 8596560339 | Manila galleons | Spanish trading ships that sailed once or twice a year across the Pacific Ocean between Manila in the Spanish East Indies, present day-Philippines, and Acapulco, New Spain, present-day Mexico. | | 12 |
| 8596813935 | Martin Luther | A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. | | 13 |
| 8596813936 | Henry VIII | Founder of the Anglican church, one of the "new monarchs", and the one who married six women in order to get a male heir. | | 14 |
| 8596813937 | Council of Trent | The council that helped define and advance the catholic reformation. | | 15 |
| 8596817170 | Thirty Years War | A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. | | 16 |
| 8596817171 | Protestant | Followers of Martin Luther's teachings who also protested against the established order; reformation efforts also occurred in France, England, the Low Countries, Italy and Spain. | | 17 |
| 8596817172 | Siege of Vienna | Ottomans gained control over south-eastern Hungary; 1st attempt by ottoman empire. | | 18 |
| 8596820151 | Glorious Revolution | Parliament disposed of King James II and invited his daughter, Mary to assume the throne. | | 19 |
| 8596820152 | Peter I | Traveled into Europe and studied it so that he could model Russia after Europe. He reformed the army by offering better pay and drafting peasants as professional soldiers, ordered aristocrats to study mathematics, and increased bureaucracy to improve efficiency. He also ordered his subjects to wear European styles and cut off their beards. If they wanted to keep their beards, they had to pay a yearly tax. | | 20 |
| 8596823137 | St. Petersburg | Capital constructed by and named after Peter I; had large seaport. | | 21 |
| 8596823138 | Adam Smith | Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790). | | 22 |
| 8596831489 | Ptolemaic universe | Theory that a motionless earth is surrounded by nine hollow spheres which was compatible with the Christian concept of creation. | | 23 |
| 8596831490 | Copernican universe | A heliocentric, or sun-centered, conception of the universe. (Sun at the center of the universe; planets revolve= around the sun); developed by Nicholas Copernicus. | | 24 |
| 8596833055 | Deism | The form of theological rationalism that believes in God on the basis of reason without reference to revelation. | | 25 |
| 8596889067 | Ninety-five Theses | This was the letter Martin Luther wrote to Archbishop Albert which explained that indulgences undermined the seriousness of the sacrament of penance. | | 26 |
| 8596891738 | Missionary | People that were followers of Christ (priests/monks). | | 27 |
| 8596895328 | Society of Jesus (Jesuits) | Also known as the Jesuits; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism. | | 28 |
| 8596895329 | Treaty of Westphalia | A treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War (1648) and readjusted the religious and political affairs of Europe. | | 29 |
| 8596895330 | Charles V | Leader who tried, but failed, to centralize authority in the holy roman empire. | | 30 |
| 8596898210 | Spanish Inquistion | Founded by Fernando and Isabel in 1478; royal agency; original task was to ferret out those who secretly practiced Judaism or Islam; eventually became responsible for detecting protestant heresy in Spain. | | 31 |
| 8596898211 | Louis XIV | King of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715). | | 32 |
| 8596900819 | Versailles | A palace built in the 17th century for Louis XIV southwest of Paris near the city of Versailles. | | 33 |
| 8596900820 | Catherine II | Succeeded Peter I and divided her empire into fifty provinces. She restricted punishments that nobles could inflict upon their serfs and also bettered the economy in the Russian towns. After the rebellion of Yemelyan Pugachev, her main concern became preservation of autocratic rule. | | 34 |
| 8596903232 | Joint-stock Company | An association of individuals in a business enterprise with transferable shares of stock, much like a corporation except that stockholders are liable for the debts of the business. | | 35 |
| 8596903233 | Putting Out System | Method of getting around guild control by delivering unfinished materials to rural households for completion. | | 36 |
| 8596903234 | Newton | Work symbolized the scientific revolution-direct observation and mathematical reasoning; Published Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy; Offered mathematical explanations of laws that govern movements of bodies. | | 37 |
| 8596906399 | John Locke | English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704). | | 38 |
| 8596981159 | Hernan Cortes | Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547). | | 39 |
| 8596981160 | Treaty of Toredsillas | Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas. | | 40 |
| 8596981161 | Smallpox | Disease brought over by the Europeans in the Columbian Exchange. | | 41 |
| 8596983708 | Conquistadors | Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory. | | 42 |
| 8596983709 | Mestizo | The term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed Amerindian and European descent. | | 43 |
| 8596983710 | Settler Colony | 1450-1750 : Colonies in which the colonizing people settled in large numbers, rather than simply spending relatively small numbers to exploit the religion. Particularly noteworthy in the case of the British colonies in North America. | | 44 |
| 8596987085 | Peninsulares | 1450-1750 : Descendants of the original conquistadores sought to protect their privileges against immigrant newcomers; Spaniards born in the Americas (creoles) resented the pretension to superiority of those born in Spain... These people came to Latin America and were of the highest social class. | | 45 |
| 8596987086 | Potosi | Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America. | | 46 |
| 8596989382 | Mit'a System | The system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept. | | 47 |
| 8596989383 | Hacienda | Spanish estates in the Americas that were often plantations. They often represent the gradual removal of land from peasant ownership and a type of feudalistic order where the owners of Haciendas would have agreements of loyalty to the capital but would retain control over the actual land. This continued even into the 20th century. | | 48 |
| 8596989384 | Fur Trade | European powers sought to capitalize on popularity of fur in Europe; involved trade with Indians. | | 49 |
| 8596992189 | Indentured Labor | Servants were recruited from Europe for planters in North America to meet the demand of cheap labor; these servants contained, chronically: unemployed, orphans, political prisoners, and criminals; the indentured labor trade/practice in the Americas continued even into the early 20th century. | | 50 |
| 8596992190 | Dona Marina | Originally called Malintzin: her name was bestowed upon her by Spanish forces; born about 1500 in central Mexica with Nahuatl as her native tongue; she became fluent in Maya during her travels, and with her linguistic talents, she helped Hernan Cortes to communicate with the Nahuatl-speaking peoples of central Mexico (Spanish to Maya to Nahuatl and back); in 1522, she gave birth to a son fathered by Cortes and in 1526, she bore a daughter to a Spanish captain that she married, thus learning Spanish; died in 1527 during labor. | | 51 |
| 8596992206 | Encomienda | An institution where recruitment of labor came through; it gave Spanish settlers (encomenderos) the right to compel Tainos to work in their mines/fields but also the responsibility of looking after their workers health and welfare and to encourage their conversion to Christianity. | | 52 |
| 8596994679 | Seven Years War | Known in America as French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions. | | 53 |
| 8596994680 | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541). | | 54 |
| 8596997707 | Viceroy | They were the Spanish king's representatives in the Americas; they governed two main centers of authority in the Americas (Mexico and Peru) established by Spanish administrators. | | 55 |
| 8596997708 | Mulattoes | 1450-1750 : The product of Portuguese-African unions predominated, but as many as forty separate and named groups, each indicating a different racial mixture, emerged in colonial brazil. in colonial latin America Spanish/Africans who were denied all political, economic and social rights due to their mixed heritage of African and Europeans. | | 56 |
| 8596997709 | Zambos | People of mixed Native American and African descent. Lowest tier of social class, with no rights whatsoever. | | 57 |
| 8596997710 | Creoles | In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples. (p. 482). | | 58 |
| 8597000710 | Silver Trade | The discovery of rich silver deposits in Bolivia and Japan created new sources of wealth for the Europeans./Spanish America produced 85% of the world's silver and through its trade established the first link between Asia and the Americas. Much silver ended up in China. | | 59 |
| 8597000711 | Sugar Plantation | Plantations on sugar-based colonies which produced crops almost exclusively for export. These colonies had to import their food and other necessities./Slaves worked in terrible conditions on sugar plantations. | | 60 |
| 8597000712 | Tobacco | Discovered by Christopher Columbus when observing natives smoking the leaves through a pipe called Tobago; grown on plantations worked by slaves and traded in the Triangle Trade | | 61 |
| 8613910682 | Sunni Ali | Sonni Ali reigned from about 1464 to 1492. Sunni Ali was the first king of the Songhai Empire, located in west Africa and the 15th ruler of the Sonni dynasty. Under Sunni Ali's infantry and cavalry many cities were captured and then fortified, such as Timbuktu. | | 62 |
| 8613913795 | Kingdom of Kongo | Basin of the Congo (Zaire) river, conglomeration of several village alliances, participated actively in trade networks, most centralized rule of the early Bantu kingdoms, royal currency: cowries, ruled 14th-17th century until undermined by Portuguese slave traders. | | 63 |
| 8613913796 | Manioc | Another staple of sedentary agriculturists in the Americas; principal crop in the lowlands of South America and the Caribbean islands. | | 64 |
| 8613915097 | Olaudah Equiano | (1745-1797) African who was sold into slavery and bought his way out-kidnapped as a boy (age 11) from his home he was sold into slavery and sold amongst slave traders many times-he served in the Seven Years' War as a captain's boy and was then sold to a slave trader where he went to the Caribbean-from there a white colonist bought him and he eventually bought his way out of slavery-he went to England to live and published a book about slavery and his experiences-his message was widespread and helped to inspire the abolition of slavery. | | 65 |
| 8613915098 | Maroons | Runaway slaves who gathered in mountainous, forested, or swampy areas and formed their own self-governing communities. raided plantations for supplies, had military skills from Africa. | | 66 |
| 8613915099 | Call and response | A song style in which a singer or musician leads with a call and a group responds, alternation of short phrases between a leader and a group used especially for music in African American tradition, sung by slaves to remind them of their homeland. | | 67 |
| 8613916266 | Songhay | Successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali; 15th - 16th centuries. | | 68 |
| 8613916267 | Antonian movement | Antonianism was a syncretic Christian new religious movement formed in the Kingdom of Kongo between 1704 and 1706 as a development within the Roman Catholic Church in Kongo. Its founder was a young charismatic woman named Beatriz Kimpa Vita who said she was possessed by Saint Anthony of Padua. It was eventually suppressed by King Pedro IV of Kongo, and Dona Beatriz was burned at the stake as a heretic. | | 69 |
| 8613917372 | Middle Passage | The Middle Passage was the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of people from Africa were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade. Ships departed Europe for African markets with manufactured goods, which were traded for purchased or kidnapped Africans, who were transported across the Atlantic as slaves; the slaves were then sold or traded for raw materials, which would be transported back to Europe to complete the voyage. | | 70 |
| 8613917373 | Plantation Societies | Slave labor extracted from forcibly transported Africans was used extensively to work on early plantations in the American colonies and the United States, throughout the Caribbean, the Americas and in European-occupied areas of Africa. Several notable historians contend that the global capitalist economy was largely founded on the creation and produce of thousands of slave labor camps based in colonial plantations exploiting tens of millions of abducted Africans. | | 71 |
| 8613918483 | Creole Languages | The Creole language is a stable natural language that has developed from a pidgin, a simplified version of a language. Creoles differ from pidgins because creoles have been nativized by children as their primary language, with the result that they have features of natural languages that are normally missing from pidgins, which are not anyone's first language. | | 72 |
| 8613921410 | Queen Nzinga of Ndongo | Queen Anna Nzinga was a 17th-century queen of the Ndongo and Matamba Kingdoms of the Mbundu people in Angola. Today, she is remembered in Angola for her political and diplomatic acumen, great wit and intelligence, as well as her brilliant military tactics. In time, Portugal and most of Europe would come to respect her. | | 73 |
| 8613976234 | Mongols/Manchus | Mongol: a native or national of Mongolia. Manchus: mostly were pastoral nomads, had a powerful military force, centralized state and also conquered China, putting an end to the Ming dynasty and founding the Qing dynasty | | 74 |
| 8613977424 | Qing Dynasty | (1644-1911 CE), the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries; was ruled by the Manchu people: began to isolate themselves from Western culture. | | 75 |
| 8613977425 | Forbidden City | Built in the Ming Dynasty, was a stunning monument in Bejing built for Yongle. All commoners and foreigners were forbidden to enter without special permission. | | 76 |
| 8613978246 | Qing Kangxi | Confucian scholar as well as an enlightened ruler, sought to apply Confucian classics to his policies, organized flood-control and irrigation projects, patronized Confucian schools and academics, conqueror, projected Chinese influence into central Asia. | | 77 |
| 8613978247 | Son of Heaven | Title of the ruler of China, first known as the Zhou dynasty; it acknowledges the ruler's position as intermediary between heaven and earth. | | 78 |
| 8613979478 | Inganticide | Act of killing an infant. | | 79 |
| 8613979479 | Zheng He | An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. | | 80 |
| 8613980290 | "Mean people" | People of the lowest status; did unskilled jobs; wore a green scarf to show their status; punished harsher for crimes. | | 81 |
| 8613980291 | Shogun | A general who ruled Japan in the emperor's name. | | 82 |
| 8613980292 | Daimyo | A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai; warlord but not as powerful as a shogun. | | 83 |
| 8613980293 | Shinto | A Japanese religion whose followers believe that all things in the natural world are filled with divine spirits. | | 84 |
| 8613981633 | Dutch learning | Eastern learning embraced by some Japanese in the eighteenth century. | | 85 |
| 8613981634 | Ming Dynasty | A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia, Ming meant brilliance. | | 86 |
| 8613982601 | Eunuchs | Castrated males used within households of Chinese emperors, usually to guard his concubines; became a political counterbalance to powerful marital relatives during later Han rule. | | 87 |
| 8613982602 | Queue | Braided hair, the Manchurians forced the Chinese to shave their foreheads and braid their hair as a sign of submission. | | 88 |
| 8613982603 | Qing Qianlong | Reigned over height of Qing; composed more than 100,000 poems; connoisseur of art. | | 89 |
| 8613984456 | Scholar-bureaucrat | Civil servants, selected through rigorous examinations and schooled in Confucian texts and calligraphy, who governed the Chinese empire of the Qing dynasty. | | 90 |
| 8613984457 | Foot Binding | Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household. | | 91 |
| 8613984458 | Treasure Ships | A fleet of hundreds of ships set out to explore new lands under the ruling of Zhu Di and Zheng He during the Ming Dynasty. | | 92 |
| 8613985769 | VOC | Trading companies that allowed for people to make an investment in their company and gain money if they were successful | | 93 |
| 8613985770 | Matteo Ricci | A European who tried to convert the Emperor to Christianity by buying Western technology and trying to tried. It did not work, even though he argued that Confucian and Christian philosophy were actually very similar, but the Emperor ended up banning Christianity due to the exclusivity of the Christianity and fights between Franciscans, Dominicans, and Jesuits. | | 94 |
| 8613985771 | Bakufu | Military government established by the Minamoto following the Gempei Wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai. | | 95 |
| 8613987712 | Samurai | Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land. | | 96 |
| 8613988759 | Francis Xavier | He helped Ignatius of Loyola to start the Jesuits. He also was famous for his number of missionaries he went on to promote Christianity | | 97 |
| 8614066420 | Shah Jahan | (1592-1666) He was the Mughal Emperor who constructed the Peacock Throne, and built the Taj Mahal in memory of his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal. His reign led to the golden age of Mughal art and architecture. | | 98 |
| 8614066421 | Taj Mahal | Most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India; originally built as a mausoleum for the wife of Shah Jahan, Mumtaz Mahal. | | 99 |
| 8614066443 | Ghazi | Muslim religious warriors "the ghazi is the instrument of the religion of Allah, a servant of God who purifies the earth from the filth of polytheism..." | | 100 |
| 8614067535 | Janissaries | Boys who learned Islam and became soldiers who had a reputation for loyalty to the Sultan and readiness to use new military technology. | | 101 |
| 8614067536 | Selim the Grim | Mehmed's grandson; captured Mecca and Medina and Cairo; effective sultan/great general, After Isma'il destroyed the Sunni population in Baghdad, responded by killing 40,000 Shi'a throughout the Ottoman Empire. | | 102 |
| 8614067537 | Twelver Shiism | A belief that there were 12 infallible imam (religious leaders) after Muhammad and the 12th went into hiding and would return to take power and spread the true religion. | | 103 |
| 8614067559 | Babur | Founder of Mughal dynasty in India; descended from Turkic warriors; first led invasion of India in 1526; died in 1530. | | 104 |
| 8614068913 | "Divine Faith" | Created by Akbar, basically a "mixture" of different aspects from different faiths into one faith. | | 105 |
| 8614068914 | Coffeehouses | These came to be known as new popular institutions of European social life during the 18th century Age of Enlightenment. Commonly, business, science, religion, and politics were all mentioned in caffeine fueled discussions in these places. | | 106 |
| 8614070118 | Gunpowder Empires | Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannonry and gunpowder to advance their military causes. | | 107 |
| 8614070119 | Telescope | Device invented by Galileo Galilei in Europe
Allowed people to see spots on the sun and mountains on the moon. | | 108 |
| 8614070120 | Peacock Throne | The most spectacular seat on which any human being has rested, ordered by Shah Jahan, and encrusted with 10 million rupee's worth of diamonds, emeralds, rubies, and pearls. | | 109 |
| 8614071144 | Osman Bey | The Founder of the Ottoman Empire. He was the chief, bey, of a group of semi-nomadic Turks who migrated to Anatolia in the thirteenth century. Osman and his people sought to become ghazi ("warriors of the faith").
Significance-He established the ruling dynasty of the Ottoman Empire that lasted from 1298 to its dissolution in 1923. | | 110 |
| 8614071145 | Devshrime | Ottomans required the Christian population of the Balkans to contribute young boys to become slaves of the sultan. | | 111 |
| 8614071146 | Mehmet II | (reigned 1451-1481) He was the Ottoman ruler who laid the foundations for a tightly centralized, absolute monarchy. He conquered most of Serbia, moved into southern Greece and Albania, eliminated the last Byzantine outpost at Trebizond, captured Genoese ports in the Crimea, and initiated a naval war with Venice in the Mediterranean.
Significance - He captured Constantinople in 1453, renaming it Istanbul and was known as Mehmed the Conqueror | | 112 |
| 8614072992 | Shah Ismai I | (reigned 1501-1524) He was the founder of the Safavid Dynasty in Persia who seized control of the Iranian plateau and launched expeditions into the Caucasus, Anatolia, Mesopotamia and central Asia.
Significance - Ismail adopted Twelver Shiism which he forced upon his subjects. This religion held that there had been twelve infallible imams after Muhammad, and that he himself was the twelfth "hidden imam." Some Shiites came to believe that he was an incarnation of Allah. | | 113 |
| 8614072993 | Qizilbash | Label given to a wide variety of Shi'i military groups who believed that Ismail would make them invincible in battle, and they became fanatically loyal to the Safavid cause. | | 114 |
| 8614072994 | Akbar | (reigned 1556-1605) He was Babur's grandson who was the real builder of the Mughal Empire. His conquests included Malwa, Gujarat, Bengal, Kabul, Kashmir, and Kandesh.
Significance- He instituted a policy of religious toleration in the Mughul Empire and tried to create a religion that would combine elements of Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam. | | 115 |
| 8614073904 | Aurangzeb | (reigned 1659-1707) The Mughal Empire controlled the most territory under his rule after he pushed his control into southern India.
Significance - He reversed Akbar's policy of religious toleration. He sponsored the destruction of many Hindu temples and the construction of mosques on the sites of these destroyed temples. Because of his religious attitudes and the large territory under his control, rebellions were common during his reign. | | 116 |
| 8614073905 | Safavid Dynasty | Originally a Turkic nomadic group; family originated in Sufi mystic group; espoused Shi'ism; conquered territory and established kingdom in region equivalent to modern Iran; lasted until 1722. Disputed with Mughal Dynasty frequently because of Sunni-Shia split. | | 117 |
| 8614073906 | Millet | Autonomous religious communities that retained civil laws, languages, and traditions and assumed social and administrative functions in matters concerning birth, marriage, death, health, and education. | | 118 |
| 8614075366 | Printing Press | Allowed mass production of books and documents. | | 119 |
