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AP Psychology Developmental Psychology Flashcards

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6158714124Nature versus nurturea debate surrounding the relative importance of heredity (nature) and environment (nurture) in determining behavior Sentence: The nature versus nurture debate is one that will probably never be solved.0
6158714125Cross-sectional researcha research design that compares groups of people who differ in age but are similar in other important characteristics Example: A developmental researcher might be interested in how our ability to recall nonsense words changes as we age.1
6158714126Longitudinal researcha research design in which the same individuals are followed over time and their development is repeatedly assessed Sentence: Longitudinal research takes place over a long period of time.2
6158714127Teratogensagents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm Sentence: Teratogens can cause harm if ingested or contracted by the mother.3
6158714128Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)a group of birth defects caused by the effects of alcohol on an unborn child Sentence: Children of alcoholic mothers who drink heavily during pregnancy are at high risk for fetal alcohol syndrome.4
6158714129Newborn reflexesa newborns reactions to certain stimulus Sentence: In the past, some philosophers and early psychologists believed that humans are born as blank slates, helpless and without any skills or reflexes.5
6158714130Attachmentan emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation Sentence: Harry Harlow and Mary Ainsworth are the two most important psychologists when it comes to attachment.6
6158714131Harry Harlow's attachment researchstudied infant attachment using monkey Sentence: In the 1950s, researcher Harry Harlow raised baby monkeys with two artificial wire frame figures made to resemble mother monkeys.7
6158714132Mary Ainsworth's strange situationan experimental method designed to measure the nature of attachment between mothers and babies Sentence: Mary Ainsworth researched the idea of attachment by placing human infants into novel situations.8
6158714133Secure attachmentsconstantly explored when parent was present; distressed when they left and came to parents when they returned Sentence: Secure attachments occurred in about 66% of the participants.9
6158714134Avoidant attachmentsinfants with this may resist being held by the parents and will explore novel environment; they don't go to parents for comforts when they return after an absence Sentence: Avoidant attachments occurred in about 21% of the participants.10
6158714135Anxious/ambivalent attachmentsthe child shows extreme stress when the parents leave but resist being comforted by them when they return Sentence: Anxious attachments occurred in about 12% of the participants.11
6158714136Authoritarian parentsparents who make arbitrary rules, expect unquestioned obedience from their children, punish misbehavior, and value obedience to authority Sentence: Obedient attitudes are valued more than discussions about the rationale behind the standards.12
6158714137Permissive parentsparents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children Sentence: Family members may perceive that they can get away with anything at home.13
6158714138Authoritative parentsparents who set high but realistic and reasonable standards, enforce limits, and encourage open communication and independence Sentence: The rationale for family rules are discussed with the children old enough to understand them.14
6158714139Oral stageFreud's first stage of personality development, from birth to about age 2, during which the instincts of infants are focused on the mouth as the primary pleasure center Sentence: In the oral stage, infants seek pleasure through their mouths.15
6158714140Anal stageFreud's second stage of personality development, from about age 2 to about age 3, during which children learn to control the immediate gratification they obtain through defecation and to become responsive to the demands of society Sentence: The anal stage develops during toilet training.16
6158714141Phallic stageFreud's third stage of personality development, from about age 4 through age 7, during which children obtain gratification primarily from the genitals Sentence: During the phallic stage, babies realize their gender and this causes conflict in the family.17
6158714142Genital stageFreud's last stage of personality development, from the onset of puberty through adulthood, during which the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface (at puberty) and are often resolved during adolescence) Sentence: Once they enter the genital stage, they remain there for the rest of their lives.18
6158714143Erik Erikson's psychosocial developmental theoryneo-freudian who believed in the basics of freuds theory but adapted it to fit his own observation Sentence: Erik Erikson was a neo-Fredian.19
6158714144Trust versus mistrustfirst stage of personality development in which the infant's basic sense of trust or mistrust develops as a result of consistent or inconsistent care Sentence: Babies learn whether or not they can trust that the world provides for their needs.20
6158714145Autonomy versus shame and doubtErikson's second crisis of psychosocial development. Toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their own actions and bodies. Sentence: In this stage, toddlers begin to exert their will over their own bodies for the first time.21
6158714146Initiative versus guiltErikson's third psychosocial crisis, in which children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them Sentence: In this stage, children ask many questions.22
6158714147Industry versus inferioritythe fourth of Erikson's eight psychosexual development crises, during which children attempt to master many skills, developing a sense of themselves as either industrious or inferior, competent or incompetent Sentence: This stage occurs at the beginning of our formal education.23
6158714148Identity versus role confusionErikson's term for the fifth stage of development, in which the person tries to figure out "Who am I?" but is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt Sentence: In adolescence, Erikson felt our main social task is to discover what social identity we are most comfortable with.24
6158714149Intimacy versus isolationErikson's sixth stage of development. Adults see someone with whom to share their lives in an eduring and self-sacrificing commitment. Without such commitment, they risk profound aloneness and isolation Sentence: Young adults who established stable identities then must figure out how to balance their ties and efforts between work and relationships with other people.25
6158714150Generativity versus stagnationErikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, in which the middle-aged adult develops a concern with establishing, guiding, and influencing the next generation or else experiences stagnation (a sense of inactivity or lifelessness) Sentence: Erikson felt that by the time we reach this age, we are starting to look critically at our life path.26
6158714151Integrity versus despairthe final stage of Erik Erikson's developmental sequence, in which older adults seek to integrate their unique experiences with their vision of community Sentence: Toward the end of life, we look back at our accomplishments and decide if we are satisfied with them or not.27
6158714152Jean Piaget's cognitive developmental theorychildren do not think like adults, their thought processes have their own distinct order and special logic Sentence: Jean Piaget's cognitive developmental theory is the most famous theory of this type.28
6158714153Schematamental representations of how we expect the world to be Sentence: These are cognitive rules we use to interpret the world.29
6158714154Assimilationaccording to Piaget, the process by which new ideas and experiences are absorbed and incorporated into existing mental structures and behaviors Sentence: Normally, we incorporate our experiences into these existing schemata in a process called assimilation.30
6158714155Accommodationaccording to Piaget, the process by which existing mental structures and behaviors are modified to adapt to new experiences Sentence: Piaget thinks humans go through this process of schema creation, assimilation, and accommodation as we develop cognitively.31
6158714156Sensorimotor stagein Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities Sentence: This stage occurs from birth to about two years old.32
6158714157Object permanencethe awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived Example: Just because we turn around doesn't mean the things behind us aren't there.33
6158714158Preoperational stagein Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic Sentence: This stage occurs form two to approximately seven years old.34
6158714159Egocentricself-centered Sentence: Many think of Kanye West as egocentric.35
6158714160Concrete operationsPiaget's stage in which children learn such concepts as conservation and mathematical transformations; about 7 - 11 years of age Sentence: This stage is when children begin to think more logically.36
6158714161Concepts of conservationchildren realize that properties of objects remain the same even when their shapes change. demonstrates how different aspects of objects are conserved even when their arrangement changes Example: Volume, area and number.37
6158714162Formal operationsin Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts Sentence: This stage occurs from 12 years old into adulthood.38
6158714163Metacognitionthinking about thinking Sentence: I'm experiencing metacognition while completing these vocabulary words.39
6158714164Lawrence Kohlberg's moral developmental theoryfocuses on gender constancy Sentence: This theory focuses on morality.40
6158714165Preconventional stagea stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor Sentence: The children avoided punishment.41
6158714166Conventional stagea stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules Sentence: Children were able to move past personal gain or loss.42
6158714167Postconventional stagea stage of moral development at which the morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values Sentence: This stage describes what we mean by moral reasoning.43
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AP Biology: Biochemistry Flashcards

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7846067543Polar MoleculeAn asymmetrical molecule with a slight charge (dipole); that is hydrophilic (water loving) ex: water0
7846067544HydrophilicWater loving1
7846067545Nonpolar MoleculeA symmetrical or balanced molecule with no charge; hydrophobic (water fearing) ex: lipid2
7846067546HydrophobicWater fearing3
7846067547Properties of WaterIce is less dense than water Very polar Strong H2 attractions High specific heat High heat of vaporization Universal solvent Strong cohesion property4
7846067548CohesionAttraction of water molecules to one another5
7846067549AdhesionAttraction of water molecules to other substances6
7846067550pHmeasure of acidity pH < 7 is acidic pH > 7 is basic pH = 7 is neutral acid = [H+] base = [OH-]7
7846067551CarbohydratesConsist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio Polymers of monosaccharides Function: quick energy Ex: glucose, lactose, sucrose, maltose8
7846067552LipidsConsists of chains of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Hydrophobic Function: energy storage, structure, steroids, hormones9
7846067553SteroidLipid made of 4 carbon rings10
7846067554ProteinsConsists of S, P, C, O, H, and N R-group is variable region of amino acid Polymers of amino acids Function: growth and repair11
7846067555Protein StructurePrimary structure Secondary structure Tertiary structure Quaternary structure12
7846067556Primary Structure (Protein)Determined by the amino acid sequence of the chain attached by peptide bonds13
7846067557Secondary Structure (Protein)Determined by intermolecular hydrogen bonding within the chain alpha helix and beta pleated sheets14
7846067558Tertiary Structure (Protein)3-D shape determined by the folding and interactions between amino acids (e.g., nonpolar, polar, disulfide bridges)15
7846067559Quaternary Structure (Protein)Determined by the interactions between 2 or more chains of polypeptides16
7846067560Nucleic AcidsRNA, DNA, ATP Polymers of nucleotides Nucleotides consist of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base17
7846067569Amino Acidmonomer of proteins 20 total types one end has a carboxyl group one end has an amino group has center carbon with variable R group which determines chemical properties18
7846067570amphipathica molecule having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts example: phospholipids with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails19
7846067571anabolicchemical reaction that builds molecules such as photosynthesis20
7846067572catabolicchemical reaction that breaks down molecules such as respiration21
7846067575denaturationA process in which a protein loses it's shape22
7846067576disaccharidetwo sugars bonded together examples: lactose, sucrose23
7846067577hydrogen bondweak attraction between slightly positive hydrogen atoms of a polar covalent bond in one molecules is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule24
7846067578macromoleculea giant molecule formed by joining of smaller molecules, usually by dehydration synthesis25
7846067579monomerthe subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer26
7846067580monosaccharidesimple sugar27
7846067581nucleotidebuilding block of nucleic acids consisting of a five-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate28
7846067582Peptide bondCovalent bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group29
7846067583polymera long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers in a chain30
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AP World History - Chapter 14 Flashcards

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6632692578Byzantine EmpireThe eastern portion of the Roman Empire which survived beyond the collapse of the Roman Empire with its capital at Constantinople; retained Mediterranean culture, particularly Greek; later lost Palestine, Syria, and Egypt to Islam.0
6632699548ConstantinopleCapital of the Byzantine Empire; constructed on the site of Byzantium, an old Greek city on the Bosporus.1
6632699549Justinian6th-century Byzantine emperor; failed to reconquer the western portions of the empire; rebuilt Constantinople; codified Roman law.2
6632700784TheodoraJustinian's power-hungry wife. She stiffened Justinian's resolve in response to popular unrest and pushed the plans for expansion.3
6632703832Hagia SophiaNew church constructed in Constantinople during reign of Justinian4
6632704287Belisarius(c. 505-565) One of Justinian's most important military commanders during period of reconquest of western Europe; commanded in north Africa and Italy5
6632704288Greek fireByzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; utilized to drive back the Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople6
6632705400BulgariaSlavic kingdom established in northern portions of Balkan peninsula; constant source of pressure on Byzantine empire; defeated by Emperor Basil II in 1014.7
6632712213iconAn icon is an artisitc represnetation, usually of a religious figure8
6632712550Eastern orthodoxBranch of Christianity that developed in the Eastern part of the Roman Empire and gradually separated from the branch of Christianity dominant in Western Europe9
6632712551schism1054 - split the Christian Church into the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, each with different doctrine.10
6632713145Cyril(827-869) Along with Methodius, missionary sent by Byzantine government to eastern Europe and the Balkans; converted southern Russia and Balkans to Orthodox Chrisitanity; responsible for creation of written script of Slavic known as Cyrillic.11
6632713146Methodius(826-885) Along with Cyril, missionary sent by Byzantine governmnet to eastern Europe and the Balkans; coverted southern Russia and Balkans to Orthodox Christianity; responsible for creation of written script for Slavic known as Cyrillic.12
6632713872CyrillicAlphabet based on Greek letters that was developed by two Byzantine missionaries, Cyril and Methodius, to write Slavic languages13
6632713873SlavsIndo-European peoples who ultimately dominated much of the eastern Europe; formed regional kingdoms by the 5th century C.E.14
6632714430KievTrade city in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders in 9th century; became focal point for kingdom of Russia that flourished to 12th century.15
6632715000RurikLegendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of the first kingdom of Russia based in Kiev in 855 C.E.16
6632715001Kievan Rus'The predecessor to modern Russia; a medieval state that existed from the end of the 9th to the middle of the 13th century; its territory spanned parts of modern Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia.17
6632718390Vladimir IRuler of Russian kingdom of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity.18
6632719265Russian orthodoxRussian form of Christianity brought from the Byzantine Empire.19
6632719266boyarsRussian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts.20
6632720435Yaroslav the Wise(978-1054) Last of great Kievan monarchs; issued legal codification based on formal codes developed in Byzantium21
6632721031TatarsMongols; captured Russian cities and largely destroyed Kievan state in 1236; left Russian Orthodoxy and aristocracy intact.22
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Ap world history unit 2 Flashcards

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8573541984The medes and persians were origionallyIndo european tribes0
8573541985The magnificent capital of the persian Empire constructed by darius wasPersepolis1
8573541986Satrapies werePersian administrative units2
8573541987The persian legal code was designed toCodify the laws of the subject peoples3
8573541988The battle of marathon in 490 bce proved to beA persian loss4
8573541989The words "good words good thoughts good deeds" were used to sum up the view of morality of theZorastrians5
8573541990The qin and han dynastiesWent further than the persian emporers in their efforts to foster cultural unity6
8573541991The collection of confucian sayings and teachings is known ad theAnalects7
8573541992The philosophy of confuciusFormed a throughly practical and secular approach to life8
8573541993The chinese philosopher who proposed that only strong social dicipline would bring society into order wasXunzi9
8573541994Criticized social activism and instead proposed a life of reflection and introspection wasDaoiam10
8573541995What was the chinese political philosophy that called for clear and strict lawsLegalism11
8573541996The first ruler to unite all of china wasQin shihuangdi12
8573541997In 124 bce han wudi transformed china byEstablishing an imperial university13
8573541998Which group of people was the greatist military threat to the Han DynastyXiongnu14
8573541999During the time of the aryans the indian political landscape was characterized byA series of small kingdoms15
8573542000The first ruler to unify india wasChandragupta maurya16
8573542001One of the biggest financial problem of the later mauryan period was te rulers decision to a trade exclusivly with chinaDebase the currency17
8573542002The year 320 ce saw the creation of the gupta dynasty byChandra gupta18
8573542003The religious group that carefully swept the ground before them as rhey walked to avoid harming any invisible insects was theJains19
8573542004The fundamental doctrine of buddhism was known as theFour noble truths20
8573542005The best example of minoan culture can br aren in the remains atKnossos21
8573542006The greeks used the word polis to refer toThe city state22
8573542007The distinctio. Among the ancient spartans camr ftomDicipline and military talent23
8573542008Athenian democracy was open toAll male citizens24
8573542009Who won the peloponnesian warSparta25
8573542010The easternmost point of alexanders conquests wasPunjab26
8573542011Of all the hellenistic empires greek influence was greatest inThe Seleucid realm27
8573542012According to legend rome was founded byRomulus28
8573542013Duringtimes of crisis the romans would appint am official with absoulue power known asDictator29
8573542014Romes monumental struggle withthe carthaginians was known asThe punic wars30
8573542015The tribune whos call for land reform led to his assassination in 132 bce wasTiberius gracchus31
8573542016The period known as the pax romana was started byAgustus caesar32
8573542017The phrase the kingdom of god is st hand is associated witnJesus of nasareth33
8573542018The leading figure in the expansion of christianity beyond judaism wasPaul of tarsus34
8573542019A key element in establishing trade across the indian ocean was theMastering of the mobsoon system35
8573542020In the ancient works the main producer of silk wasChina36
8573542021In 410 ce rome was sacked by theVisigoths37
8573542022In 325 ce the coucil of onicaeaDecided that jesus possessed both human and divine natures38
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AP World History - Chapter 10 Flashcards

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8267859630Aristotle and classic Greek learningSome works of the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.) had always been known in Western Europe, but beginning in the eleventh century, medieval thought was increasingly shaped by a great recovery of Aristotle's works and a fascination with other Greek authors; this infusion of Greek rationalism into Europe's universities shaped intellectual development for several centuries.0
8267859631Byzantine EmpireTerm used by modern historians to refer to the surviving eastern Roman Empire during the medieval centuries; named after the ancient Greek city Byzantium, on the site of which the Roman emperor Constantine founded a new capital, Constantinople, in 330 C.E. (pron. BIZ-an-teen)1
8267859632caesaropapismA political-religious system in which the secular ruler is also head of the religious establishment, as in the Byzantine Empire. (pron. SEEZ-ar-oh-PAPE-ism).2
8267859633CharlemagneRuler of the Carolingian Empire (r. 768-814) who staged an imperial revival in Western Europe. (pron. SHAHR-leh-mane)3
8267859634Christianity, Eastern OrthodoxBranch of Christianity that developed in the eastern part of the Roman Empire and gradually separated, mostly on matters of practice, from the branch of Christianity dominant in Western Europe; noted for the subordination of the Church to political authorities, a married clergy, the use of leavened bread in the Eucharist, and insistence on church councils as the ultimate authority in Christian belief and practice.4
8267859635Christianity, Roman CatholicWestern European branch of Christianity that gradually defined itself as separate from Eastern Orthodoxy, with a major break in 1054 C.E.. that has still not been healed; "Roman Catholic" was not commonly used until after the Protestant Reformation, but the term is just since, by the eleventh century, Western Christendom defined itself in centralized terms, with the bishop of Rome (the pope) as the ultimate authority in matters of doctrine.5
8267859636ConstantinopleNew capital for the eastern half of the Roman Empire, established by Emperor Constantine in 330 C.E. on the site of the ancient Greek city of Byzantium; Constantinople's highly defensible and economically important site helped assure the city's cultural and strategic importance for many centuries. (pron. con-stan-tih-NO-pul)6
8267859637CrusadesModern term meaning "ventures of the cross," used to describe the "holy wars" waged by Western Christendom from 1095 until the end of the Middle Ages and beyond; Crusades could only be declared by the pope and were marked by participants swearing a vow and receiving an indulgence in return.7
8267859638Cyril and MethodiusNinth-century Byzantine missionaries to the Slavs whose development of Cyrillic script made it possible to write Slavic languages. (pron. SIR-uhl, meth-ODE-ee-us)8
8267859639CyrillicAlphabet based on Greek letters that was developed by two Byzantine missionaries, Cyril and Methodius, to write Slavic languages. (pron. sih-RIL-ik)9
8267859640European citiesWestern Europe saw a major process of urbanization beginning in the eleventh century, with towns that created major trade networks and that were notable for the high degree of independence they often enjoyed.10
8267859641Greek fireForm of liquid fire that could be sprayed at the enemy; invented by the Byzantines and very important in their efforts to halt the Arab advance into Byzantine territory.11
8267859642guildAn association formed by people pursuing the same line of work that regulated their professions; it also provided a social and religious network for members.12
8267859643Holy Roman EmpireTerm invented in the twelfth century to describe the Germany-based empire founded by Otto I in 962 C.E.13
8267859644"hybrid civilization," the West as aThe distinctive path of Western Europe in the centuries following the fall of the western Roman Empire, leading to a society that included elements of ancient Rome, the practices of Germanic invaders who formed new states, Christianity, and elements of pre-Roman culture that still survived.14
8267859645iconoclasmThe destruction of holy images; a term most often used to describe the Byzantine state policy of image destruction from 726 to 843. (pron. eye-KON-oh-klasm)15
8267859646indulgenceA remission of the penalty (penance) for confessed sin that could be granted only by a pope, at first to Crusaders and later for a variety of reasons.16
8267859647JustinianByzantine emperor (r. 527-565 C.E.), noted for his short-lived reconquest of much of the former western Roman Empire and for his codification of Roman law.17
8267859648Kievan RusState that emerged around the city of Kiev in the ninth century C.E.; a culturally diverse region that included Vikings as well as Finnic and Baltic peoples. The conversion of Vladimir, the grand prince of Kiev, to Orthodox Christianity in 988 had long-term implications for Russia. (pron. key-YEV-an ROOS)18
8267859649natural philosophyThe scientific study of nature, which developed, especially in Europe, in the later Middle Ages.19
8267859650Otto IKing of Germany (r. 936-973) who built a consolidated German-northern Italian state and was crowned emperor in 962, creating what became known in time as the "Holy Roman Empire."20
8267859651system of competing statesThe distinctive organization of Western European political life that developed after the fall of the western Roman Empire in the fifth century C.E. in which the existence of many small, independent states encouraged military and economic competition.21
8267859652VikingsScandinavian raiders who had an impact on much of Western Europe in the late eighth to eleventh centuries; their more peaceful cousins also founded colonies, including Newfoundland, Greenland, and Iceland.22
8267859653Vladimir, prince of KievGrand prince of Kiev (r. 978-1015 C.E.) whose conversion to Orthodox Christianity led to the incorporation of Russia into the sphere of Eastern Orthodoxy. (pron. vlad-IH-mir)23
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Biology Flashcards

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7984937724DNADeoxyriboneucleic acid found mainly in the nucleus0
7984937725replicationdouble the chromosomes1
7984937726nucleotidesneuclic acid base pairs2
7984937727RNAreceives instructions from DNA3
7984937728Transcriptionprocess of forming a neucleic acid using a template4
7984937729Translationuses the codons in mRNA to make a specific amino acid5
7984937730proteinsmonomers of amino acid chains6
7984937731mitosis, meiosisbody cell reproduction and sex cell reproduction7
7984937732sexual reproduction2 parents male and female8
7984937733asexual reproduction1 parent9
7984937734genessegment of dna that codes for a specific trait10
7984937735Chromosomesmade up of DNA and proteins11
7984937736Endocrine systemcomposed of glands that secrete different types of hormone that affect almost every cell, organ and function of your body. It is essential in regulating growth and development, metabolism, as well as reproductive processes and mood.12
7984937737Pituitaryat the base of the brain; stimulates growth and controls functions of other glands13
7984937738thyroidbelow the voice box; regulates body metabolism and causes storage of calcium in bones14
7984937739parathyroidin the neck; controls the calcium levels in your body, and normals the bone growth15
7984937740thymusin front of the heart; enables the body to produce certain antibodies16
7984937741adrenalon top of the kidneys; prepares the body for action, controls the heart rate and breathing in times of emergency.17
7984937742pancreasbetween the kidneys; regulates the blood sugar levels18
7984937743testeslower abdomen; androgen and testosterone; control maturation and male characteristics19
7984937744ovarieslower abdomen; estrogen and progesterone; influence female traits and support reproductive function.20
7984937745homeostasisstate reaches when each part of the body functions in equilibrium with other parts.21
7984937746sementhe ejaculated fluid containing sperm cells and secretions from the seminal vesicle, prostate gland and bulbourethral gland.22
7984937747spermshorter term for spermatozoon; male gamete23
7984937748egg cellalso called ovum; female gamete24
7984937749embryoan organism in its early stages of development, especially before it has reaches a distinctively recognizable form.25
7984937750fertilizationa process that occurs when the sperm and egg combine to produce an embryo26
7984937751radiometric datinga method used to determine the age of rocks using the decay of radioactive isotopes present in rocks.27
7984937752carbon datingused to tell the age of organic materials.28
7984937753homologous structureperform different functions in the species living in the different environment, or it may gave the same origin but different functions29
7984937754analogous structurehave similar functions but different origin30
7984937755divergent evolutionsplitting of an ancestral population into two or more subpopulations that are geographically isolated from one another.31
7984937756convergent evolutionanalogous structure of unrelated organisms from different ancestors develop similar function such as butterfly wings and bird wings.32
7984937757convergenceis an increase similarities among species derived from different ancestors as a result of similar adaptation to similar environment.33
7984937758Jean Baptiste de Lamarckfirst evolutionist to believe that organisms change over time. Who developed three theories: the theory of need, the theory of use and disuse, the theory of acquired characteristics.34
7984937759Theory of Needstates that organisms change in response to their environment35
7984937760Theory of Use and Disuseorgans not in use will disappear while organs in use will develop.36
7984937761Variationdifferences in traits of organisms in a population37
7984937762Theory of Evolutionstates that evolutionary change comes through the production of variation in each generation and differential survival of individuals with different combinations of these variable characters.38
7984937763amino acidsthe building blocks of protein39
7984937764anticodonthe complement of mRNA; triplet code on the tRNA40
7984937765chromosomal mutationschanges in the chromosomes where parts of the chromosomes are broken and lost during mitosis41
7984937766codoneach set of three nitrogenous bases in mRNA representing an amino acid or start/stop signal42
7984937767genetic codeset of rules that specify to the codons in DNA or RNA that corresponds to the amino acids in proteins43
7984937768nitrogenous baseis a carbon ring structure that contains one or more atoms of nitrogen. In DNA, Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine.44
7984937769mutationany change in the DNA sequence45
7984937770mRNAmessenger RNA, brings information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm46
7984937771rRNAribosomal rna, hold tightly to the mRNA and use its information to assemble amino acids47
7984937772tRNAtransfer RNA, a type of RNA that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized in the ribosomes.48
7984937773Recombinant DNAA form of DNA produced by combining two genetic material from two or more different sources by means of genetic engineering49
7984937774Transcriptionprocess of copying DNA sequence into RNA50
7984937775Translationprocess of converting information in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids in a protein51
7984937776accessory pigmentsenergy absorbing plant pigments other than chlorophyll52
7984937777metabolismall chemical processes that synthesize or break down materials within an organism.53
7984937778systolicBlood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles. Contraction of the heart54
7984937779diastolicoccurs when the ventricles are relaxed; the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery55
7984937780blood pressureReflects the force the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries during contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart.56
7984937781function of the bloodTransportation materials to and from cells Transports nutrients, carries O2, waste products, hormones to their target cells, regulates body temperature, protects against bacteria and viruses57
7984937782blood componentsPlasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets 55% Plasma, 45%-Formed Elements58
7984937783plasmaLiquid portion of blood59
7984937784RBCred blood cell Erythrocytes 4.5-5 million60
7984937785red blood cellsCarry oxygen Blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells.61
7984937786hemoglobin function*transports oxygen and carbon dioxide *carry oxygen and also CO2 back to the lungs *transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs62
7984937787Red blood cells regulated1. Oxygen deficiency stimulates Erythropoietin (EPO) production by kidneys63
7984937788White blood count*Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils *tests to see what percentage of total white blood cell count is composed of each of the five types of leukocytes64
7984937789neutrophilsMost abundant white blood cell., The most abundant type of white blood cell. Phagocytic and tend to self-destruct as they destroy foreign invaders, limiting their life span to a few days.- WBC65
7984937790lymphocytesThe two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.66
7984937791monocytes*A type of white blood cell that transforms into macrophages, extends pseudopods, and engulfs huge numbers of microbes over a long period of time *An agranular leukocyte that is able to migrate into tissues and transform into a macrophage.67
7984937792eosinophils*What IgE-mediated cell secretes major basic protein and has elevated levels in the blood during asthma and parasitic infections? *What type of WBC is present in increased numbers during an allergic reaction?68
7984937793basophils*When performing a WBC differential, which cell has the large, scattered dark blue granules that are darker than the nucleus? *A circulating leukocyte that produces histamine.69
7984937794White Blood CountWhat is a marker for an infectious disease? Status of immune system and ability to fight off infection70
7984937795Platelet functionThey play a key role in retention of blood loss by forming a * plug at the site of tears when connective tissue is exposed. Serotonin is released and smooth muscles contract in the vessel walls. *Blood clotting - Cause capillary homeostasis by adhering to the inner surface of a vessel and sticking to each other to create a temp. mechanical plu71
7984937796Platelet function in hemostasis- Cause capillary homeostasis by adhering to the inner surface of a vessel and sticking to each other to create a temp. mechanical plug72
7984937797blood cells madeblood cells and bone marrow73
7984937798blood type*a classification of blood that depends on the type of antigen present on the surface of the red blood cell; A, B, AB, or O *A, B, AB and O. Type O is the universal donor and AB blood is known as the universal recipient.74
7984937799antigens*Foreign material that invades the body *Anything that is foreign to the body and that causes an immune response *What mobilizes the adaptive defenses and provokes an immune response?75
7984937800antibodiesAn antigen-binding immunoglobulin, produced by B cells, that functions as the effector in an immune response. Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents76
7984937801antigens in bloodDef A,B in blood macromolecules are foriegn to host organism and trigger an immune response77
7984937802antibodies in bloodPassive immunity= When are HIV antibodies detectable in blood?78
7984937803blood vesselsVeins Arteries79
7984937804blood flow thru blood vesselstissue perfusion80
7984937805heart function*pumps blood throughout the body *Blood goes into right atrium from superior vena cava through tricuspid to right ventricle to the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery to lungs to pulmonary veins to bicuspid to left atrium to mitral valve to left ventricle to aortic valve to aorta81
7984937806heart structure4 chambers: 2 atria (right and left) and 2 ventricles (right and left)82
7984937807heart valvesstructures within the heart that open and close with the heartbeat to regulate the one-way flow of blood83
7984937808heart layersEndocardium ( inner), myocardium ( middle), and epicardium ( outer)84
7984937809pericardiumDouble-layered membrane surrounding the heart.85
7984937810blood flow thru heartBlood enters from superior and inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, rest of body86
7984937811cardiac cycleA complete heartbeat consisting of contraction and relaxation of both atria and both ventricles the complete cycle of events in the heart from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next87
7984937812cardiac conductiona system of specialized muscle tissues that conducts electrical impulses that stimulate the heart to beat88
7984937813digestive system*Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. *Composed of the alimentary canal and accessory structures. Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), large intestine (colon), and anus, Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. *The system of organs and structures responsible for the digestion of food. The digestive system includes teeth, mouth, esophagus, stomach, small, intestine, large intestine, and colon.89
7984937814chymemixture of enzymes and partially-digested food90
7984937815digestive process*The process by which the body breaks down foods and either absorbs or excretes them. *Ingestion➡digestion➡absorption➡egestion *Mechanical digestion, denaturation of proteins (by acidity), chemical digestion of proteins (by pepsin), intrinsic factor, delivers chyme to small intestine91
7984937816salivasoftens food in the mouth making it easier to swallow; helps break down food into simpler forms; secreted by glands in the mouth92
7984937817GI tractstomach, colon. intestines, anus rectum *Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum & anal canal *mouth -> esophagus -> LES -> stomach -> pyloric sphincter -> SI -> ileocecal sphincter -> LI -> rectum -> anus -> anal sphincter93
7984937818motilityThe capability of the GI tract to move material along its length is called The ability of an organism to move by itself94
7984937819colonThe large intestine the largest section of the vertebrate large intestine; functions in water absorption and formation of feces; first, coiled part of large intestine95
7984937820small intestine structureThe thinner of the two intestine but is much longer. Is highly folded, highly vascular so it can absorb nutrients into the blood - The small intestine has three main structures— the lining, villi, and microvilli—that absorb most of the nutrients from chyme96
7984937821gastric juicesSecretions from the stomach lining that contain hydrochloric acid and pepsin, an enzyme that digests protein.97
7984937822pancreas secretionSecretes pancreatic juice to break down carbs, fats, and proteins Secrete pancreatic juices into the cavity and insulin, and glucagon into blood to regulate blood sugar Secretin - It is secreted from intestinal cells when acidic food from stomach enters small intestine. Secretin promotes secretion of bicarbonates and water from pancreas.98
7984937823pancreas functionregulates blood sugar (insulin & glucagon) Secretes pancreatic juice which breaks down all categories of food produces digestive enzymes for fats, carbs, and proteins99
7984937824bile functiondigest fat; excrete waste100
7984937825respiratory systemA system of organs, functioning in the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment, consisting especially of the nose, nasal passages, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.101
7984937826upper respiratoryconsists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea102
7984937827lower respiratoryconsists of the bronchial tree and lungs103
7984937828respiratory tractThe passageway that makes breathing possible. series of branching tubes that conduct air to and from the respiratory zone for gas exchange104
7984937829larnyxupper part of the trachea contains vocal chords - 3 bands of tissue stretched across the opening of trachea105
7984937830epiglottisA flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.106
7984937831tracheaAllows air to pass to and from lungs Air passageway; has cartilage rings to help keep the air passage open as air rushes in; branches into right/left bronchus The respiratory process begins when air is inhaled through the nose and into the what?107
7984937832lungMain organs of the respiratory system An organ found in air-breathing vertebrates that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood108
7984937833bronchiThe passages that branch from the trachea and direct air into the lungs Airways in the lungs that lead from the trachea to the bronchioles.109
7984937834alveoli(singular alveolus.) Tiny sacs, with walls only a single cell layer thick found at the end of the respiratory bronchiole tree. Alveoli are the site of gas exchange in the respiratory system. Terminal air sacs that constitute the gas exchange surface of the lungs.110
7984937835breathing process+The diaphragm muscle drops and creates a vacuum; Air rushes into the lungs; The diaphragm muscle contracts and pushes the air out *inhale through mouth or nose, are is filtered by cilia and mucus in nose, then the air goes to the pharynx, past the epiglottis, and through your larynx and trachea, at the base of the trachea are two tubes called bronchi which branch off into smaller air tubes called bronchioles, then the air reaches tiny sacs called alveoli where gas exchange occurs *Oxygen goes to the lungs , has a close contact to blood absorbs it and carries it to all body parts. Blood gives up CO2 which is from lungs to air breathed out *- active process that allows the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to contract, allowing lungs to expand (diaphragm goes down *Pharynx > Larynx (voice box) > Trachea (windpipe) > Bronchi > Bronchioles > Alveoli111
7984937836oxegen transported in blood112
7984937837carbon dioxide transported in blood*Carbon dioxide is released from the mitochondri *diffuses into blood, then to the capillaries, then to the alveoli in the lungs, and exhaled into the atmosphere *diffuses from the pulmonary capillaries into the alveol Process that moves CO2 from tissues to lungs in 3 forms: bicarbonate, bound to hemoglobin; as carbaminohemoglobin & as dissolved CO2113
7984937838Nervous systemBrain, nerve cells, spinal cord *the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems. *The bodily system that in vertebrates is made up of the brain and spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and parts of the receptor organs and that receives and interprets stimuli and transmits impulses to the effector organs.114
7984937839graded potentialshift in electrical charge in a tiny area of the neuron (temporary); transmits a long cell membranes leaving neuron and polarized state; needs higher than normal threshold of excitation to fire A local voltage change in a neuron membrane induced by stimulation of a neuron, with strength proportional to the strength of the stimulus and lasting about a millisecond.115
7984937840action potentialA neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. The action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane. Fast, moving change across a neurons membrane, also called an impulse. the local voltage change across the cell wall as a nerve impulse is transmitted116
7984937841neurotransmitterChemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse. Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle.117
7984937842Central nervous systemThe brain and spinal cord A subdivision of the human nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord. Transmits & receives messages to & from the PNS118
7984937843Peripheral nervous system PNSperipheral nervous system *sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body *All parts of the nervous system, excluding the brain and spinal cord, that relay information between the CNS and other parts of body119
7984937844neuron cellsrole of this type of cell is already determined and is not dictated by neighboring cells. communicate w/ send signals to other neurons and muscles in the body What is the nervous system composed of?120
7984937845myelinatedImpulse conduction is fastest in neurons that are glia cells that wrap around the axon insulating it. conduct AP more rapidly bc less current lost to extracellular environment121
7984937846schwann cellsType of glia in the PNS, Supporting cells of the peripheral nervous system responsible for the formation of myelin.122
7984937847Central Nervous system protectedBrain and spinal cord123
7984937848brainThe mass of nerve tissue that is the main control center of the nervous system124
7984937849cerebrumArea of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body Largest part of the brain Largest part of the brain; coordinates thought, reasoning, movement, and memory, includes the cerebral cortex and the white matter beneath it.125
7984937850brain stemConnection to spinal cord. Filters information flow between peripheral nervous system and the rest of the brain. the central trunk of the mammalian brain, consisting of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain, and continuing downward to form the spinal cord.126
7984937851cerebelleummotor control refines skeletal muscle contractions, role in cognition, language, problem solving, activity occurs subconsciously, composed like cerebrum, grey matter white matter (arbor vitae) grey islands.127
7984937852diencephalonthalamus and hypothalamus A portion of the embryonic forebrain that becomes the thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, and pineal gland.128
7984937853cerebrum structureconsisting of 2 hemispheres and olfactory lobes thought and intelligence and memory129
7984937854breathing phasesinspiration and expiration130
7984937855breathing process*Respiration is the chemical process in which cells exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide to obtain energy, Air is breathed in and diffusion occurs and carbon dioxide is breathed out *Breathing is controlled by muscles. *[H+] and [CO2] are too high, medulla oblongata is stimulated > sends impulse to diaphragm and intercostal muscles > diaphragm contracts > ribs move up and out > diaphragm moves down > air rushes in > vice versa for exhalation • controlled by medula oblongata *inhale through mouth or nose, are is filtered by cilia and mucus in nose, then the air goes to the pharynx, past the epiglottis, and through your larynx and trachea, at the base of the trachea are two tubes called bronchi which branch off into smaller air tubes called bronchioles, then the air reaches tiny sacs called alveoli where gas exchange occurs131
7984937856pleural cavity*The space between the two moist membranes that separate the lungs from the thorax (chest cavity). Filled with lubricating fluid. *airtight space between fold of the pleural membranes; contains watery lubricating fluid that prevents friction between the membranes when they rub together during respiration132
7984937857PATHOGENMICROORGANISM THAT CAUSES ILLNESS OR DISEASE133
7984937858ANTIBODYPRODUCED BY WBC WHEN IMMUNE SYSTEM DETECTS A PARTICULAR PATHOGEN134
7984937859BACTERIABacteria are living cells and can multiply rapidly. Once inside the body, they release poisons or toxins that make us feel ill. BACTERIA GET IN BETWEEN CELLS135
7984937860VIRUSESViruses can only reproduce inside host cells, and they damage the cell when they do this VIRUSES GET INTO CELL136
7984937861DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUSESinfluenza - flu, colds, Measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox, AIDS137
7984937862DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIAfood poisoning, Cholera, typhoid, whooping cough, gonorrhoea - a sexually transmitted disease138
7984937863WHAT ARE BODY'S DEFENCE MECHANISMS?SKIN, STOMACH ACID, EYELASHES, TEARS, COUGH139
7984937864WHITE BLOOD CELLSWhite blood cells can ingest and destroy pathogens. They can produce antibodies to destroy pathogens140
7984937865VACCINESARE SMALL AMOUNTS OF DEAD / WEAKENED PATHOGENS141
7984937866MMRMEASLES, MUMPS AND RUBELLA142
7984937867EPIDEMICWIDESPREAD OUTBREAK OF AN INFECTIOUS DISEASE WITHIN A COUNTRY143
7984937868PANDEMICA DISEASE THAT IS SPREAD RAPIDLY ACROSS MANY COUNTRIES144
7984937869SYMPTOMS OF AN INFECTIONPAIN, FEVER, RASH, NAUSEA, HEADACHE, COUGHING145
7984937870ANOMALYSOMETHING THAT DEVIATES FROM NORMAL OR EXPECTED146
7984937871DEPENDENT VARIABLEWHAT YOU MEASURE- ON Y AXIS147
7984937872INDEPENDENT VARIABLEWHAT YOU CHOOSE VALUES FOR- ON Y AXIS148
7984937873CONTROL VARIABLEVARIABLES THAT REMAIN CONSTANT OR UNCHANGED149
7984937874WHITE BLOOD CELLS CAN-ingest pathogens and destroy them -produce antibodies to destroy pathogens -produce antitoxins that neutralise the toxins released by pathogens white blood cells do not eat the pathogens - they ingest them150
7984937875DECAYThe breakdown of dead plant and animal material by fungi, bacteria and other organisms. Requires WOW W-warmth O-oxygen W- water151
7984937876RELAY NEURONESNeurones that carry information from a sensory nerve cell to a motor nerve cell152
7984937877NEUROTRANSMITTER153
7984937878CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) consists of- the brain and spinal cord154
7984937879PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) consists of- nerve cells that carry information to or from the CNS. Includes spinal cord and peripheral nerves.155
7984937880RECEPTORS- can detect a change in the environment (stimulus) and produce electrical impulses in response. Sense organs contain groups of receptors that respond to specific stimuli.156
7984937881EFFECTORS-produces a response e.g.muscle contracts to move hand away from stimulus or gland squeezes and releases hormone into blood.157
7984937882SYNAPSEWhere two neurones meet, there is a tiny gap called a synapse. Signals cross this gap using chemicals released by a neurone. The chemical diffuses across the gap makes the next neurone transmit an electrical signal.158
7984937883REFLEX-a way for the body to automatically and rapidly respond to a stimulus to minimise any further damage to the body. stimulus → receptor → sensory neurone → relay neurone → motor neurone → effector → response159
7984937884SENSORY NEURONEA sensory neurone sends impulses (from a sensory receptor) to a relay neurone in the spinal cord/CNS.160
7984937885RELAY NEURONE-carry messages from one part of the CNS to another161
7984937886MOTOR NEURONEA motor neurone sends impulses from the spinal cord/CNS to effector (muscle of gland).162
7984937887cancera growth defect in cells , a breakdown of the mechanism that controls cell division. Ex. his ___ was caused by smoking.163
7984937888developmentthe change in shape or organisms over time. Ex. a child's ________ is very fast.164
7984937889ecologythe branch of biology that studies the interactions of organisms with one another and with nonliving parts of their environment165
7984937890genesections of chromosomes made of DNA that code for traits. The basic unit of heredity.166
7984937891genomethe complete genetic material contained in an individual.167
7984937892hereditythe passing of traits from parent to offspring. Ex. scientists know that _____ can increase chances for certain diseases.168
7984937893HIVa virus that attacks and destroys the human immune system.169
7984937894interdependenceorganisms in a biological community live and interact with other organisms.170
7984937895mutationa change in the DNA of a gene.171
7984937896natural selectionprocess in which organisms with favorable genes are more likely to survive to reproduce. Ex. the idea of ____ ______ was first presented by Charles Darwin.172
7984937897organismany living thing; something that meets all criteria of life. Ex. so far, we have not found proof of any living ________ on another planet.173
7984937898pHa relative measure of the hydrogen ion concentration within a solution; Latin for "probably hydrogens".174
7984937899absorptionprocess by which substances are taken into the cell or an organism.175
7984937900assimilationincorporation of materials into the body of an organism.176
7984937901circulationprocess by which materials are distributed (moved) throughout the organism.177
7984937902differentiationprocess by which cells become specialized for specific functions.178
7984937903digestionthe breakdown of complex food materials into forms the organism can use. Ex. Going to sleep after eating can be bad for ____.179
7984937904egestionelimination of indigestible waste.180
7984937905excretionremoval of metabolic waste.181
7984937906ingestiontaking in food from the environment.182
7984937907regulationprocess by which organisms maintain homeostasis, a stable internal environment.183
7984937908reproductionprocess by which organisms produce new organisms of their own kind184
7984937909respirationrelease of chemical energy from certain nutrients.185
7984937910synthesischemical combination of simple substances to form complex substances.186
7984937911DNAnucleic acid polymer that stores genetic information.187
7984937912equilibriumthe state of both sides are balanced188
7984937913evolutionthe process of change that has transformed life on Earth189
7984937914theorya system of ideas that explains many related observations and is supported by a large body of evidence acquired through scientific investigation190
7984937915speciesgroup of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring. Ex. there are thousands of different ______ of butterflies.191
7984937916matterthe material that everything in the universe is made of, including solids, liquids, and gases192
7984937917elementa substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions. Ex. carbon is an essential ________ of life.193
7984937918compounda substance consisting of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio. Ex. water is the most common _______ on Earth.194
7984937919bacteriaa very small living things. Ex. Although some cause illness or disease, many ______ are harmless.195
7984937920virusa very small living thing that causes infectious illnesses. Ex. HIV is the _____ that causes AIDS.196
7984937921algaea very simple plant without stems or leaves that grows in or near water.197
7984937922fungisimple type of plant that has no leaves or flowers and that grows on plants or other surfaces. Ex. mushrooms are a _____.198
7984937923oxygena gas that has no color or smell, is present in air, and is necessary for most animals and plants to live. Ex. the chemical symbol for _____ is O.199
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AP language Flashcards

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7480898597The 4 components of the AP testMultiple Choice, argument, synthesis, Rhetorical Strategies0
7480908176Retoricthe art of finding all the available means of persuasion in a given case1
7480913581Subjectgeneral topic2
7480917814occasionwhy was this written3
7480921523audiencegroup of readers4
7480925586purposewhat the author wants you to take home5
7480927117speakerwho is the author6
7480929542genrewhats the medium to convey the message7
7480935771ethosauthors credibility8
7480938096pathosemotional connection9
7480940945logosstructure of the argument10
7480942893structureorganization of the piece11
7480945967dictionword choice12
7480948857syntaxsentence structure13
7480952054figurative languagemetaphors similies14
7480958845toneattitude author wants to convey15
7480960671personahow the author comes across16
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Ap world history: chapter 18 Flashcards

States and societies of Sub-Saharan Africa

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7867042440BantuThe people who spread throughout Africa spreading agriculture, language, and iron. migrations, expansion, and establishments lead to changes in relationships with foraging people. The poorest people joined cultivators in Bantu society, others became forest specialist.0
7867042441Kin - based societiesSmall scale community. No land ownership which meant no need to protect or take others. Stateless/segmentary society. No elaborate hierarchy of officials or a bureaucratic apparatus to administer affairs. Little to no government. Government through family and kinship groups1
7867042442Kingdom of Kongothe most tightly centralized kingdom. Bason of the Congo (Zaire) river. Conglomeration of several village alliances. Participated actively in trade networks. Most centralized rule of the early Bantu kingdoms. Later undermined by Portuguese sleep traders.2
7867042443CamelsQuicken the pace of communication and transport across the Sahara. From Arabia to Egypt, and Sudan to north Africa. Replaced horses and donkeys. Helped spread Islam.3
7867042444Kingdom of GhanaPrinciples state of west Africa at the time of the Muslims arrival. Between single and Niger river, Mali and Mauritania. Not related to modern state of Ghana. Protection against camel-driving Raiders. Center of African gold trade. Imported from south to Ghana. Sold ivory and slaves. Exchanged horses, cloth, and salt.4
7867042445Trans - Saharan tradeNetworks that brought enormous wealth in considerable power to Ghana.5
7867042446Mali empirePolitical leadership in west Africa fell to this powerful empire, which emerge just as the kingdom of Ghana dissolved. Benefited from the train Saharan trade.6
7867042447TimbuktuMarket city on the caravan route. Prosperous centers featuring buildings of brick and stone.7
7867042448Mansa MusaHighest point of trade and empire. I deserved Islam by making a Haji: had a big caravan with lots of soldiers, attendance, subjects, slaves, and camels with God. This year we didn't so much Gold that metal value decline by 25%.8
7867042449SwahiliCoastal city. Engage in trade along east African pissed. They had the Bantu language with words and ideas from Arabic. Similar patterns of development with respect to language, religion, architecture, and technology. It's fact it is Lanik merchants. Developed city states and the agriculture move from what flash mud to coral, stone. Chinese silk, porcelain imported.9
7867042450KilwaCity - state on East African coast. Fishing, Limited trade. Turn to agriculture increase trade in pottery in stoneware. Major trading center: exported over a ton of gold per year.10
7867042451ZimbabweDwelling of the chief. Stone complex called great Zimbabwe that indicated an increasingly complex and well organized society. Manage trade between internal and coastal regions. City of stone towers, palaces, and public buildings that served as a capital.11
7867042452Age gradesAll individuals within a given community born within a few years of one another. Performs path appropriate for their level of development. Bonded to one another, political allies. If that were so cool ties but cross the lines of family and kinship.12
7867042453Zanj RevoltBlack slaves from the Swahili coast led by Ali bin Muhammad attacked the Basra, and important city of Mesopotamia. Although they lost, it clearly demonstrated that African slavery was a prominent feature of Muslim society.13
7867042454Islamic slave tradeHi demand of African slaves created network throughout Africa that supplied slaves and served as a foundation for the Atlantic slave trade.14
7867042455AxumTrading center. First axumites converts merchants, then king. Isolated during the Islamic period, Renaissance later. Independent development. Strong African influence. Spirit world: amulet.15
7867042456Ibn RushdHis hers in Muslims when visiting Mali paid no attention to his lectures about proper behavior and dress of women in Islam.16
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AP world History Ch 2 Flashcards

Traditions and encounters: a global perspective on the past.
Ch 2: early societies in southwest Asia and the info European migration. (Early Civilization)

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7388791503Epic of GilgameshAn epic poem from Mesopotamia, and among the earliest known works of literary writing.0
7388791504MesopotamiaLand between two rivers1
7388791505IrrigationSupplying land with water through a network of canals2
7388791506Semitic migrantsTraveled arojnd mesopotamia and egypt during first 2500 years of hosptey and established kingdoms in israel and palestine. (Israrelites from old testiment.)3
7388791507Sumerian city-statesSumer, the worlds first civilization. They traded, farmed and was located on the southern tip of mesopotamia.4
7388791508Ziggurata pyramid-shaped structure with a temple at the top5
7388791509Sargon of AkkadFirst conqueror of world history6
7388791510HammurabiRuler of Babylon; created Hammurabi's code7
7388791511Code of Hammurabibased on system of strict justice8
7388791512Assyrian Empire934 to 608 BCE, Successful Empire in Mesopotamia, first big empure.9
7388791513Chaldean EmpireThe 2nd babylonian empire10
7388791514NebuchadnezzarChaldean king who rebuilt Babylon11
7388791515bronze metallurgyCopper and tin combine to make bronze12
7388791516iron metallurgyCreation of iron13
7388791517TradeExchange of goods14
7388791518patriarchal societyMen were greater than women15
7388791519SlavesServents16
7388791520PictographA picture or drawing representing words or ideas17
7388791521CuneiformA form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets.18
7388791522HebrewsAbrahamic people, cane from egypt and lived bwtween egypt and mesopotamia. (Old testament)19
7388791523IsraelitesDescendants of Abraham who left Mesopotamia and settled in Canaan20
7388791524MosesLed the Exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt; received the 10 commandments21
7388791525JewsDesendants from the tribe of Judah22
7388791526Montheismbelief in one God23
7388791527PolytheismBelief in many gods24
7388791528Ten Commandmentsten laws and teachings said to have been given to Moses by God25
7388791529King SolomonThe Hebrew king who built Jerusalem's first great temple; son of King David.26
7388791530Kingdom of Israel and JudahHewbrew decendants. Lives in jerusalem, Judah is the southern part of Isreael27
7388791531Phoenicianspeople of Southwest Asia who began to trade around 1100 B.C. Alphabet creators28
7388791532Maritime TradeNavagatiknal trade throguh shipping29
7388791533Phonetic alphabetDeveloped by Phoenicians, had 22 letters30
7388791534Indo-EuropeanPeople between europe and asia, had horses and farming and traded.31
7388791535MigrationA movement from one country or region to another32
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AP World History Vocab 1 Flashcards

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7240687994Venus figurinescarvings of exaggerated females in Paleolithic culture0
7240687995dreamtimeAustralian aborigines outlook on the world. includes myths, legends, stories1
7240687996Clovis culture1st cultural tradition in americas named after Clovis point they invented2
7240687997megafaunal extinctionlots of large animals species dying out 11,000 years ago3
7240687998austronesian migrationsspread of austronesian- speaking people in pacific islands and Madagascar by sea Bourne migration 3,500 years ago4
7240687999"the original affluent society"Marshall Sahlins described Paleolithic ear because they needed so little to survive5
7240688000Shamanspeople who were good at dealing with the spirit world. part-time for rituals6
7240688001trance dancenight ritual to activate inner spiritual potential to counteract evil in South Africa7
7240688002Paleolithic settling downprocess where some Paleolithic people moved to permanent settling8
7240688003Göbekli Tepelarge T shape pillar architecture 11,600 years ago. "worlds oldest temple"9
7240688004fertile crescentmoist and fertile land in the middle east where living things thrived10
7240688005teosinteMexican grass which is an ancestor of modern corn11
7240688006diffusiongradual spread of agriculture techniques without extensive movement12
7240688007Bantu migrationBantu movement east and south with skills. Absorbed, killed, or drove away indigenous people13
7240688008Ishiname means "person". He was the last member of Yahi in America14
7240688009Banpoancient village that arose from domestication of food in china15
7240688010"secondary products revolution"4000 BCE technological changes of use of domesticated animals like fertilizer and transportation16
7240688011pastoral societiesnomads who survived off of animals they followed17
7240688012Çatalhüyükvillage in south Turkey. Agricultural village society. they buried and layered people under homes. no male or female dominance18
7240688013Cheifdomsorganized politically with chiefs and power positions. persuaded followers19
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