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Chapter 8: Opposition to Slavery, 1800-1833
8?2 Levi Coffin?s Underground Railroad station, 1826?1827
Levi Coffin hated slavery. Although he was born and raised in North Carolina, he abhorred slavery and joined thousands of men and women who remained steadfast in the fight against slavery. Eventually he moved to Newport, Indiana, only six miles west of the Ohio border, and became a ?conductor.? He gave aid to his first fugitive slave in 1826 and in time this gentle Quaker would assist more than 3000 slaves in throwing off the shackles of bondage.
Chapter 6: Life in the Cotton Kingdom
6?9 Farm Journal Reports on the Care and Feeding of Slaves, 1836
Chapter 5: African Americans in the New Nation, 1783-1820
5?2 Preamble of the Free Africa Society, 1787
Chapter 56: Conservation Biology and Global Change
Biodiversity
Conservation biology is a goal-oriented science that seeks to counter the biodiversity crisis, the current rapid decrease in Earth?s variety of life.
Extinction is a natural phenomenon that has been occurring since life evolved on earth.
The current rate of extinction is what underlies the biodiversity crisis.
A high rate of species extinction is being caused by humans.
The three levels of biodiversity:
genetic diversity
species diversity
ecosystem diversity
Chapter 55: Ecosystems
Ecosystems
Ecosystem = sum of all the organisms living within its boundaries (biotic community) + abiotic factors with which they interact
Involves two unique processes:
Energy flow
Chemical cycling
Overview of energy & nutrient dynamics
Chapter 54:
Community Ecology
Community = group of populations of different species living close enough to interact
Interspecific interactions
Can be positive (+), negative (-) or neutral (0)
Includes:
Competition (-/-)
Predation (+/-)
Herbivory (+/-)
Symbiosis ? parasitism, mutualism, commensalism
Facilitation (+/+ or 0/+)
POPULATION ECOLOGY
Chapter 53
Population = group of individuals of a single species living in same general area
Density: # individuals / area
Dispersion: pattern of spacing between individuals
Introduction
Determining population size and density:
Count every individual
Random sampling
Mark-recapture method
Patterns of Dispersal:
Clumped ? most common; near required resource
Uniform ? usually antagonistic interactions
Random ? unpredictable spacing, not common in nature
AP BIOLOGY NOTES ON ECOLOGY
(CHAPTERS 50 ? 55)
CHAPTER 50 ? INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY AND THE BIOSPHERE
YOU MUST KNOW:
The role of abiotic factors in the formation of biomes.
Features of freshwater and marine biomes
Characteristics of the major terrestrial biomes
NOTES:
WHAT DOES ECOLOGY STUDY?
Ecology ? the Study of Interactions Between Organisms and the Environment
Organisms all live in complex environment that include:
AP BIOLOGY NOTES ON ECOLOGY
(CHAPTERS 50 ? 55)
CHAPTER 50 ? INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY AND THE BIOSPHERE
YOU MUST KNOW:
The role of abiotic factors in the formation of biomes.
Features of freshwater and marine biomes
Characteristics of the major terrestrial biomes
CHAPTER 8
An Introduction to Metabolism
Metabolism is the totality of an organism?s chemical reactions
Manage the materials and energy resources of a cell
Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds
Eg. digestive enzymes break down food ? release energy
Anabolic pathways consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones
Eg. amino acids link to form muscle protein
Chapter 5
The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
Monomers
Polymers
Macromolecules
Small organic
Used for building blocks of polymers
Connects with condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis)
Long molecules of monomers
With many identical or similar blocks linked by covalent bonds
Giant molecules
2 or more polymers bonded together
ie. amino acid ? peptide ? polypeptide ? protein
smaller
larger
Chapter 4
Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
I. Importance of Carbon
Organic chemistry: branch of chemistry that specializes in study of carbon compounds
Organic compounds: contain Carbon (& H)
Major elements of life: CHNOPS
Carbon can form large, complex, and diverse molecules
II. Diversity of Carbon
It has 4 valence electrons (tetravalence)
It can form up to 4 covalent bonds
Most frequent bonding partners: H, O, N
II. Diversity of Carbon
Bonds can be single, double, or triple covalent bonds.
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