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6 Introduction to the Class
Monday, January 31, 2011
11:16 AM

Vietnam is the longest war that the US got involved in. We have gotten US supplies in Vietnam
since 1955. The reason why 1955 is so important is because l-955 is the year when the US
decides to take over what the French were unable to do. The Thing about Vietnam is it's a
country that is defined by the idea that other: people have conquered it . It spent about half of
it's known existence under someone's control by either the Chinese or the French. What we have
to understand about The Vietnamese people is that they don't want to be controlled by some
outsider that they really wanted control themselves. And in 1955, We tried to put our control
over Vietnam. We are going to try to help South Vietnam become democratic but the
perception by the Vietnamese people is that we are trying to come in and exempt our control
over Vietnam. It dominated the Presidency's of 6 presidents. From Truman to Ford, Vietnam was
the dominant issue. It is the thing that will dominate foreign policy for these individuals. In the
case of Nixon and Johnson, Their presidencies will end because of how they behaved in
Vietnam. Nixon will resign because of how he treated the Vietnam war and how he treated the
legal action and Johnson will opt not to run again because he had no chance in getting re-
elected. A Couple other smallthings about Vietnam basically is we will view all conflicts from
l-975 on through the term "the prism of Vietnam". What ever we do militarily, in regards to
foreign policy you will always hear if it references Vietnam, or will it become another Vietnam, or
is it like Vietnam. Like Afghanistan, that common ally, that connection is made all the time. "ls
Afghanistan our new Vietnam?" So from 1975 on we don't do anything militarily unless asking
ourselves "ls this going to put us in the same spot we were in?". "ls this going to lead to another
Vietnam?". They call it the "Fear of the Quagmire", The other big thing is was our foreign policy
was different from anything we ever done before. Vietnam was the biggest event of
Containment. Containment was stopping the spread of Communism. That was a whole lot
different than trying to defeat the Nazis, or saving the world for Democtacy, or saving all those
Cubans in the Spanish-American war. We've always done the White Knight trying to save the
day. Vietnam was not painted that same way. Your fighting for an ideal Vietnam. Your fighting
to promote Democracy in a country where the people probably aren't worried about democracy,
they're worried about self-control. And what will hbppbn in Vietnam, Containment will end.lt
definitely divides the country socially and it's the first war where we saw wave after wave after
wave of anti-war protests. We haven't seen that in American History.It created distrust in
American Government. And It sent our economy in a series of recessions which we are still
affected by currently.

The Three Questions of the Course:
1. Why are we making that little country the focus of all Foreign Policy?
2. Why Weren't we successful?
3. How did the Ted offensive relate to that?

The Country of Vietnam
Tuesday, February 01, 2011
10:47 AM

List of Need to Know Topics:
1. Vietnam is bellow every state in the Untied States with the Exception of Hawai'i
2. It's really rainy there

a. It's most in part because it's bellow the Tropic of Cancer.
b. So they are completely governed by Rainfall Which is known as the monsoon

cycle
i. One half of the year (November-April) The moisture and rain comes off

the Pacific Ocean.
L. In the Winter months It is dry and the temperature of Vietnam is

around 60*F to 90tF
2. Which makes ideal for the US to carry out our operations.

ii. The Other half of the year (May-October) the moisture and rain comes off
the Indian Subcontinent.

1. It is going to be qxtremely rainy and extremely hot because you
are drawing heat from Africa

^*'\ 2. Therefore South Vietnam is going to be averaging 100*F every(
'

single day with rainfall in 100% humidity.
3. So fighting is going to be very limited in the summer months. It's

not because they don't like fighting in the summer months, It's because
it's going to be far more difficult. Why?

a. It's tough on the soldiers,
b. It's Tough on the Equipment
c. It's not as contagious as fighting in the American modern

War style.
iii. $o you want to fight during the winter months

3. It's Different fighting in North VLtnam than in South Vietnam.
a. Because South Vietnam has a harsher environment.

4. Vietnam basically has three parts
a. There is the lower southern Vietnam which is dominated by the Mekong River.
b. You have the Northern Vietnam part which is dominated by the Red River.
c. 9Oo/o of Everyone in Vietnam lives in the Mekong River and the Red River Deltas
d. The rest of the 10% lives in the Annam Cordillera which is in the middle of

Vietnam.
i. It's a mountainous region
ii. It's extremely harsh
iii. It's very difficult to live in.

5. It's the largest rice producing nation in the world.
6. It's about 125,000 sq miles which is about the size of New Mexico
7 . 40% of the Country is uninhabitable.

? 8. It's comprises of Jungles, mountains, and Marshy Regionsg. There are a total of 85 million people in Vietnam today
a. 85% of these people are linked back to the earliest settlers
b. The other L5o/o {ei

i. Chinese
1. Because they spent 1,000 years in Vietnam

ii. French
1. Because they Spent 100 years in Vietnam

iii. Other Southeast Asian
1. Because it's logical to think that

10. About 9Oo/o of the population lives bellow the poverty line.
a. And that is going to be a traditional thing
b. We don't hear a lot of Vietnam'since f975 but within it's 2,000 year known

history, there has been a very significant lower class.
c. So 90% are landless, Poor, and unable to provide for themselves.

1-l-. The first reference to Vietnam came in 208 BC.
a. This is in Chinese History. See the Next Page

f,i

China's Control
Tuesday, February 01, 2011
11:03 AM

1. What will happen is the Chinese will start an Invasion in Southeast Asia
a. It will take them 100 years to conquer the people of Vietnam
b. And that will take place in 1118C
c. And from that point, China Rules the show.

2. They influence the Vietnamese people in many ways
a. The Warrior spirit from China comes to Vietnam
b. They bring in Buddhism

i. Dominant religion in Buddhism
ii. 8 fold path

1. Live in harmony
2. Give up material objects
3. Work in society

iii. Communism goes with their religion
1. 9Oo/ois bellow the poverty line

c. They bring Confucianism
i. Social Code
ii. Way of governing your relationships in society
iii. There is a social order that exists in Society that if you understand your

position, and you respect that position society will be structured in a great way.
iv. Examples:

1. Ruler to Ruler --> Great relationship
2. Ruler to ruled

a. If the Ruled knows he's under the ruling of the ruler, you
are in great shape.

d. Manadarinate System
i. Social government system that is set by China for Vietnam
ii. When China takes over Southeast Asia, the first thing they do is they set

up a social structure
1. At the Top of the structure is the Chinese person
2. The next level is the Mandarins

a. These were Vietnamese who sold out and worked for the
government and their reward is economic and social prosperity.

b. These are the privileged elite upper class
3. The next is the very tiny (Or no) Middle class
4. The bottom is the Vietnamese

a. This consists of 907o of all Vietnamese people
e. Village Economy

i. The Chinese economy never messed with villages

@ ii. This is talking about your extended family which includes all of your living
relatives.

iii. The Village is the single most important thing in Vietnamese Society.
iv. You must always act in a way that honors the village
v. The Chinese emperor thought that it would be a bad idea to exhort power

on the village because the village was everything. Therefore the government was
outside the village

vi. What they allowed is for the village to manage their own lives
vii. If you paid taxes you could do whatever the f**k you wanted in the village

f. Warrior sprit
i. There has always have been a revolt against China but it wasn't large

enough to be successful until 939AD when there was a national revolt against
China

ii. But other than these smaller revolts, they allowed China to rule over them
for a 1000 years.

iF

Vietnam Revolution
Monday, February A7, }ALL
10:12 AM

Question that needs to be answered: How the Vietnamese develop their strong sense of
nationalism, hatred of outside influences, and a desire to fight through patience and
perseverance even though out gunned and outmanned?
Answer:

1. Political influences
a. The Chinese isolated Vietnam frorn the outside worldb. They taped into an elite upper middle class
c. They controlled most of Vietnam except for the village

2. Economic Incentives
a. Isolation

i' Because they were isolated and they aren't bringing in any outside
technology, this is an agricultural based society which was mostly based off rice.ii. Because of their failure to modernize, they missed out on producing
Rubber and coal. But no, they are all focusing on rice production

b. Land Ownership
i. All of the land was specifically for that elite upper class

1. Which again is only L)o/o of the population
ii. Land is either rent in to those people among the lower crassiii. There is a tiny middle class but about 80% is landless, poor, and is renting

on land from the upper class.
iv. 80o/o can read and write despite Vietnam is a poor country

1. They valued Education
2. This came from the Chinese

Social
a. The village is obviously the center of society in Vietnam.

It's the most important social factor
The central holiday in Vietnam is the Tek Lunar New Year

It's basically the celebration of the village and ancestry
It's a 3 day celebration honoring their ancestry.

The village is actually the reason why they survive.
They survive because they work together.

b. There is always that fighting sprit that exists in Vietnam
When they got their independence
a. After a while they have a leader that is not an outsider.
b. There isn't going to be any civil wars at this time, but we were coming out of

2,000 years of civil war.
c. Socially it's a bit more peaceful because it's Vietnamese control.
d. Because they have isolated themselves from the outside world, and they will

continue to isolate themselves.

3.

i.
ii.

l-.
2.

iii.
1.

4.

6 i. This will give them a large amount of pride and nationalism with the belief
that their government is their government and should not be controlled by
outsiders.

ii. So it will give them a gtep (or 6) behind the rest of the world, but gives
them that strong sense of nationalism

e. Then when they have their self-rule for L00 years, the French takes over and strips
Vietnam of what they have.

i- i-

French Control of Vietnam
Monday, Febrr-rary 07, 2AtL
11:04 AM

Because the Vietnamese shunned modernization so much, it put them at a disadvantage for
when the Imperialist nations starts establishing colonies.
There were two waves that the French did to try to take over Vietnam.

1. The First attempt that the French tried to take over Vietnam was in the 1600s.
a. The First time that we see French expressing any kind of interest in Vietnam was

L627.
b. And it was all religious based.

i. At that point in history, the French and the English are competing for
colonial power in North America and around the World which was the moment
when you see colonization.

ii. When we are talking about colonization, we are basically looking for gold
and silver, religious freedom, or start a new life.

iii. However Frances attempts to get into Vietnam is all religion based.
Nothing more Nothing less.

iv. There were some success.
d' b. 1. When the French comes to take over a second time, there isq F about a L}o/o of Vietnamese who are Catholic.

2. This is important beCause when they came back a second time
there was a LQ% who would be willing for them to take over.

2. The Second time that the French tried to take over was in L858 and this time they were
successful.
a. This marks the age of imperialism

i. The Age of imperialism is what not only the French are involved in but all
of the major powers in the world.

ii. The 1800s is that time in the world where there is massive industrialization
going on in the world.

1. Your getting very powerful weapons being developed at that time.
2. The American Civil war getting ready to be fought.
3. You have steel haul fleets so you have navy's going around the

world so it would be able to dominate lesser and weaker countries.
iii. All that to 1-914 is what is known as the age of imperialism
iv. What we have forthe major powers are

L. France
2. England
3. Germany
4. Russia
5. The United States

v. And those countries are competing all around the world and they are
looking for poorer third world countries, hopefully what they are going to do is:

@ 1. Strip them of their economic gold
2. Improve them by modernizing them

vi. So the French will look at Vietnam as one of their locations of conquest
and in 1858, they are going to make the move.

vii. They are hoping to gain:
1-, Rubber
2. Coal
3. And (Duh) Rice

viii. They are looking for: :
1. New markets to seil their stuff

a. They are producing a lot and it would be really great to go
into Vietnam and sell them everything that you make.

2. Access into China
a. As you move though the late 1800s one of the biggest

Jewels in the trade world was in Southern Asia.
b. Because this area was relatively untouched in terms of

selling our goods, and so they all want access into China.
c. France's sphere of influence was Southeast Asia.
d. Why?

i. It allowed them to make money
e. They also don't want England to take that region.

It's basic Competition
b. The Takeover:

i. French navy arrives in 1858 with 15,000 troops.
ii. By L862 they conquer South Vietnam

L. They did not have a chance in keeping their independence Thanks
to that isolation policy that they had

iii. Then they turn to the north.
1. It will take them longer. Like 21 years
2. Frorn 1862 to 1883, they will take over North Vietnam Which the

North will fight them to the name.
3. It was brutal but in L883 North Vietnam Falls.

a. This was called "Treaty of Hue"
b. Not only did it give Vietnam to the French, but the

countries around it.
4. The Vietnamese are going to revolt for another L7 years but they

are eventually suppressed and then you have complete French dominance.
c. What did they do

i. They take Vietnam and they chop it into three chunks to try to break up
society. And they take control of Laos and Cambodia.

ii. So what they set up is the French Indochinese Union.
iii. This thing has 5 states

1-. Cochin China (South Vietnam)
2. Annam

aaE$ZF

3. Tonkin (North Vietnam)
4. Laos
5. Cambodia

iv. The Overall capital is Haroi which is located in Tonkin. The reason for this
is that the French were worried that North Vietnam is the area where they were
going to get the most revolt and they thought by placing their capital in that
part of the Country thing, you can centralize the military there because it's a
military government. There's no real civilian government.

1-. You have smaller generals running the provinces and a Military
General running the entire country.

2. So basically the entire country is a Military Dictatorship.
v. They can't import L00,000 French people to run the show. So what do

they do?
1. They tap into the one part of the population that has similar values

so they turn to that 10% of catholic Vietnamese
vi. Now your back to the idea that you have an outside force in control of

that nation with a group of sell outs, In this case it's now Catholics, promoting
the government that is exploiting them, and you have a small group of "haves"
inside a huge group of "have-nots" which is fundamental to putting that idea of
communism on the ground.

f b d. Impact of French controli. Economics
1. They took over all areas of their economy
2. They are going to strip them of their: most important resources

and gain the profits of all parts.
a. Rice Production went into the hands of the French upper

class.b'
i.

*'oo"'*'.nelin
Tire corporation (originally a French

company at the time) will be given exclusive rights to rubber
production in Vietnam

c. . Coal Industryl
It will be dominated by two French companies arir-t

it took place in North Vietnam
3. Vietnam was an exclusive market for French goods

ii. Land
1-. All Vietnamese People were stripped of their land.
2. It was then given to French immigrants who came to work in

Vietnam and/or the catholic Vietnamese
3. And Those Land owners rented and generated profits based on

their ownership.
4. So 90% of everyone in Vietnam was bellow the poverty line and

was landless peasants who made little or no wages.

?
f*$rg

5' The French determined what businesses could be started in
Vietnam.

a. Basically they will not let Vietnamese run businesses and it
was given to those who supported the government.

iii. Education
1. The Vietnamese was basically a product of their control by China

and they have always valued education.
a. Coming into French control they had a 80% literacy ring.
b. The Literacy Ring and their language was based off the

Chinese education model.
Their language was character based

c. It was basic but it was working for them.
2. The French completely changed this

a. One of the first things that the French do is outlaw the
Chinese based education system and set up a extremely complex
European Style.

b. And they do the same thing with Language.
c. Thgy completely outlaw the Vietnamese/Chinese based

language and created a entirely new alphabet unique to the
Vietnamese people based on European rules

The new language looked like cursive
d. They then forbid the Vietnamese children for going to the

French controlled schools.
That caused the percentage of educated

Vietnamese to go from 80% lo 20%
e. There was only t4 Secondary @iddle/High) Schools in

Vietnam that were legal which is why you are only going to educate
only 15% of the population.

f. In terms of Universities: One College for the Entire Country!g. So you have:
1 College
l-4 Secondary Schools (Which are the High/Middle

And the rest of the schools are Primary (Which is
grades l through 6)

iv. The Village
1. In simple terms they could give a rats @$$ about the village.
2. One of the big mistakes that the French did is that they violated

the Village
a. They required village leaders to collect taxes and enforce

French colonial rule and if they didn't do that, they were punished,
jailed, and sometimes killed if they were highly resistant. They were
then replaced from the 10% of catholic Vietnamese.

b. This is what really offended the Vietnamese.

t.

il.
Schools)

iii.

3. The French family is simply mother, father, and Children.
4. The Vietnamese family is everyone in your family who is alive.

v. Political
1. The only organizations allowed if French Indochina are sanctioned

by the French government.
a. What this is saying is there will be no political opposition.
b. This means is you have absolutely no freedom of speech

against the French government or protest against the actions taken
by the government.

c. The French used the Secret Police to enforce that which
caused the French to have a high control over the political structure.

2.
"Everyone who. is in thg power in Vietnam was basically in love with

The French government.
e. What the French attempted to do and was very successful in doing was creating a

country of peasants who they could control easily that would not resist. But in doing
so what they didn't see was the Vietnamese has gone through this once before with
the Chinese. So what they didn't expect is that it would reawaken the hatred of
imperializes and created a nationalist movement.

TF

Vietnamese National ism
Tuesday, February 08, 2011
10:52 AM

1. Basic Ho Chi Minh Information
a. He was born Nguyu Sinh Cung
b He changed his name to Nguyen A Quoc then he'll change it to Ho Chi Minh
c. Basically what you need to know is that this guy is going to be the George

Washington of Vietnam.
d. The thing about him is that he is a Nationalist first and a Communist Second.

i. What is meant by that is he wants his country to be run by The
Vietnamese people, not some outsider

ii. However he thinks what will be best for his people would be communism.
2. The Beginning

a. As soon as the French took ovilr, Vietnamese nationalism sprung up.
b. It is constant wave after wave of Rebellion and revolution against French control

but the problem is they don't have the technology or the weaponry to challenge the
French and that angers a lot of Vietnamese people and they tend to blame the
emperor.
i. They blame the emperor for not modernizing because the Vietnamese are

saying "He left us vulnerable to French control. We don't want the French here,{ E but what's the next option?"f c. So they look at their. options
i. They are thinking If they get involved in a nationalist movement, if they

fight and win, what are they going to end up with?
d. So they end up with the first Vietnamese Nationalist Phan Boi Chav.

i. Who is Phan Boi Chav?
1. He was Western Educated
2. He;s gone to a European College
3. He was a modernizei
4. He understood what was going on with Imperialism.

ii. This guy is going to push for Vietnamese Independence from the French
between 1900 and l-910

iii. And what is unique is this is a guy who is not saying that we need to kill
the French to get them out of here. He is actually the first Vietnamese to take a
more modern approach to challenging French control

L. He pushes for Protest and governmental change, which is not
necessarily a revolution but it would include economic boycotts of French
products.

2. Hels not going with the rioting piece.
iv. What he wants is a Constitutional Monarchy
v. Why is guy important?

1. Ho Chi Minh's Father worked for the emperor.

2. When the Emperor was ovefthrown by the French Ho Chi Minh's
father became part of thit exploited population.

3. And he became his second in Command so when Ho Chi Minh
was born he was surrounded by the tvvo most important figures of the
Vietnamese nationalist movement which brings Ho Chi Minh to believing
in Nationalism.

3. The Evolution of Ho Chi Minh.
a. Early Life

i. He was born in the Annam province.
1. Which happens to be the poorest region in the French

Indochinese Union
2. Harshest to live in
3. This is actually where the most active Vietnamese revolutions are

going to take place.
ii. He was born in 1890
iii. He lived in Extreme oovertv
iv. Because his father wu, pri of that exploited class, he was a target by the

French government.
v. His father was a co-founder of the Vietnamese Nationalist Party
vi. He was one of the lucky few who attended the French Schools however he

never finished.
t' + b. Life outside of Vietnamq.j{ p i. In 19L1 when he was 2l-; he decides that he has to get out of Vietnam and

he gets onto a French steamboat and travels the world.
ii. He ends up in New York City, Boston,'London, and ends up settling into

the next major point in his life. He ends up in Paris.
iii. In 19L4, he settles in Paris,. and becomes the leader of the Vietnamese

Nationalist Party in Paris.
iv. He spends the Next 10 years in Paris working for Vietnamese

independence.
v. He attends the Verside conference at the end of World War I and asks to

meet with Woodrow Wilson in Paris discussing the futur:e of Vietnam and how it
connects with the fourteen points.

1, The Fourteen points clearly states that any colonies that were
impet'ialized was the rightto be self-determined.

2. However he was talking about German and the Austrian-
Hungarian colonies.

3. However Ho Chi Minh said that the French is doing the same thing
that the GermanS and thb Austrian-Hungarians are doing so how can he
suPPort that?

vi. Wilson's response is basically not to respond'
c. Ho Chi Minh's a Commie

i. He then looks at other groups that have success in getting things out of
them and he finds the French Communist Party is a growing political party in

France and he joins it with a goal to get enough power for the French
government to back off

1. He also joins because he was unhappy with his failure with
meeting with Wilson.

ii. He reads a bunch of stuff written by Lennon because the USSR has been
in Place for 3 years

1, What he comes to the conclusion is that the French is never giving
up Vietnam

iii. So what.he needs in Vietnam is a revolution and the only way that he can
do that is if he can unite the lower class and the middle class.

iv. The Soviet Union begins to hear about Ho Chi Minh and they bring Ho
Chi Minh into Moscow

v. He then studies directly under Lennon.
1. He studies how to train his people and Colonization so he can

justifiT why they need a revolution.
vi. He basically spends 30 years in Moscow.
vii. Because his narne at the time was Nguyu Sinh Cung, it has been well

known in France as an enemy so they try to hunt him down. When he comes to
Moscow, he changed his name to, Nguyen A Quoc, and when he returns to
Vietnam, he changes it again to Ho Chi Minh to hide his identity from the French

T1
?.:

a:1

,

1|) The Communist Vietnamese Revolution
Wedrresday, February 16, 2011
1:59 PM

a.

b.

c.

What you need to know:
1-. When Ho Chi Minh is finished with his training in Moscow. He goes straight to China in

7926.

d.

The reason for this is there is a huge number of Vietnamese that is in China that
has fled Vietnam because they are outcast and are enemies of the French government

When he is in China, he is going to organize what will become the Indochinese
Communist Party.

By L929, he's formed the Indochinese Communist Party and they become an
official political organization and they begin to organize Vietnamese people against
the French government in 1930.

They then begin to organize underground guerrilla activities against the French
government inside Vietnam in 1930 .

They organize small pockets of revolutionaries all throughout Vietnam.
In l-931-, the leaders of the ICF (lndochinese Communist party) Invade Northern

Vietnam and they eventually take it over.
They immediately strip all French government and French landowners of all their

land and they give it to the poor which is going to make the communist very popular.
The French irnmediately wage a massive suppression campaign

i. They send in as-man-y troops as they can afford to, to crush the
communist revolt that happens in 1930

ii. They kill, deport, and jail as many Vietnamese as they could.
They kill 10,000 Vietnamese.
They deport 5O,OOO Vietnamese.
And they set up mass trials for known Communists in the country

They put Ho Chi Minh on Trial which he isn't there for.
He gets Convicted of being an enemy of the French government in

Vietnam and he gets sentenced to death but they don't actually have him
meaning he has to be on the run.

If the French catch up with him they are going to execute him
because he's identified as a criminal to the French government and can be
killed

iv. One of the Leaders of the ICP escapes from Vietnam before he could be
captured.

1. His wife and Daughter end up in Jail and they both die in a French
Prison

2. That gives him the motivation not to stop.
v. Another one of the leaders DOES get caught and he spends years in a

French prison
i. So In 1832, the French accomplished what they want.

e.

f.

-JL3F
9.

h.

L.
2.
3.

iii.
1.

i, They forced the Comrni.rnists out of North Vietnam
ii. They forced everyone else undergroundj Then Ho Chi Minh starts up a Socialist Revolution in North Vietnam
i. The French respond with Force.
ii. They Crush this revolution in North Vietnam.
iii. They force the ICP underground
iv. After that it's small, bellow the surface, agitation from the French

k. They then start up Guerilla warfare from this point up to 1940
l. What is Guerilla Warfare?

i. It's no Uniforms
ii. And in all reality, it's farmer by Day, Soldier by night.
iii. There's no strategy involved. It's just agitation

1. It's the kidnapping of a French official.
2. It's the destruction of a French outpost.
3. It's a car bomb outside a French governmental leader's home.

iv. It's that kind of terrorist type hidden warfare that was difficult to identify
which causes the French trouble.

v. And they are commanded by the Leaders of the ICP (With the exception
of the one in Jail)

m. So between 1931 and 1940, the communists are working underground, through
guerilla warfare to challenge French Control

ch
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