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Greek Philosophers
Philosophers: ?Lovers of wisdom?
Sophists: ?Workers of wisdom?
Teachers
Thales of Miletus
(636-546 BCE)
Earliest known philosopher
Studies Egyptian and Babylonian astronomy and mathematics
Believed that the universe was controlled by fixed laws
Basic element- water
Pythagoras
(582-500 BCE)
The universe could only be understood through numbers
Sun, moon and earth revolved around a central fire
Pythagorean Theorem
9Africa
Kush
The Kush were established by 1000 BCE on the Nile
The kush conquered Egypt around 750 BCE
Monarchy
King with divine right
Axum
Defeated Kush and took over by 300 BCE
Strong influence from Arabian peninsula
Converted to Christianity
Ethiopia
Took over the Axum
Christian
Monarchy
Ghana
First great state
Persian Empire
Tolerance
Embraced languages and cultures
Considerate to diversity
Authoritarian
Centralized laws
Taxes
Infrastructure
System of roads
Postal service
Inns for travelers
Bureaucracy
Expanded empire
Integrated territories
Zoroastrianism
Moral choice
Unable to conquer Greece
Ended due to Alexander the Great
After Harappa
Harappa fell in 1500 BCE
New foundations formed from 1500 to 500 BCE
Aryans invaded India
Hub for trading
Alexander the Great invaded India and brought Hellenistic culture
Brahman culture developed
Zhou Dynasty:
1122 BCE-256 BCE
Ended in warfare (Warring states period)
Created the mandated rule (from heaven) that imperial China kept
Cultural unity
Banned human sacrifice
Legalism was formed as a result of the Zhou fall
Civilizations
First developed in Mesopotamia
All civilizations have four distinct features
Economic surplus
Formal governments
Writing
Urban centers
Often had men in a place of power over women
For thousands of years humans lived in small communities without a home
Societies had a few dozen people
They traveled nomadically for food
Humans can build tools which sets them apart from other animals
Agriculture
Humans began experimenting with agriculture 12,000 years ago
Provided a more steady food source than hunting and gathering
Agricultural societies experienced rapid population growth
This also allowed for permanent settlements
RELIGION OR BELIEF SYSTEMS
DEFINITION OF RELIGION:
The human relationship with the sacred, with forces in and beyond nature
REASONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BELIEF SYSTEMS:
Protection and support or security in an uncertain world
Desire for a deeper sense of the significance of life
Hope for existence after death
Provides answers to eternal questions about existence
Where do we come from?
Why are we here?
What happens to us when we die?
What is our relationship to the environment?
K E Y C O N C E P T S
2.1 Matter consists of chemical elements in pure
form and in combinations called compounds
2.2 An element?s properties depend on the structure
of its atoms
2.3 The formation and function of molecules depend
on chemical bonding between atoms
2.4 Chemical reactions make and break chemical
bonds
O V E R V I E W
LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE
A Tour of the Cell
Chapter 6
Concept 6.2: Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions
The basic structural and functional unit of every organism is one of two types of cells: prokaryotic or eukaryotic
Only organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea consist of prokaryotic cells
Protists, fungi, animals, and plants all consist of eukaryotic cells
? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
CHAPTER 7
Membrane Structure and
Function
Overview: Life at the Edge
The plasma membrane is the boundary that separates the living cell from its surroundings
The plasma membrane exhibits selective permeability, allowing some substances to cross it more easily than others
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