Chapter?38: A World without Borders Chapter Outline The End of the Cold War Revolutions in Eastern and Central Europe Poland, Bulgaria, and Hungary Velvet and violent revolutions Fall of the Berlin Wall The collapse of the Soviet Union Gorbachev's reforms Gorbachev hoped for economic reform within political and economic system Centralized economy inefficient, military spending excessive Declining?standard of living, food shortages, shoddy goods Perestroika and Glasnost Perestroika: "restructuring" the economy Tried decentralizing economy,market system, profit motive Alienated those in positions of power, military leaders Glasnost: "openness" to public criticism, admitting past mistakes Opened door to widespread criticism of party and government