The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it all-along-phenomenon) *Example: September 11th Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusion. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusion. *Example: An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events. *Example: A testable prediction, often implied by a theory. *Example: A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. *Example: Human Intelligence may be operationally defined as what ban intelligence test measures.