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Extraneous variable

Myers' Psychology for AP - Unit 2 Flashcards1

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The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it all-along-phenomenon) *Example: September 11th Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusion. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusion. *Example: An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events. *Example: A testable prediction, often implied by a theory. *Example: A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. *Example: Human Intelligence may be operationally defined as what ban intelligence test measures.

Chapter 2: Psychology: Themes and Variations, Canadian Edition

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Psychological research Operational definition: describes the operation that will be used to measure or control a variable Aim of good scientific research is a) clarity and precision and b) relative intolerance of error Peer-reviewed articles have strict guidelines for publishing Scientific theories are unfinished; studies give credibility to the claim, not prove it Multiple studies decrease the likelihood of statistical anomaly Research methods Experimentation: manipulation of an independent variable under carefully controlled conditions Pros: control; can observe cause-and-effect Cons: can be artificial; ethical concerns Direct observation: observers watch and record behaviour as objectively and precisely as possible with no/minimal interference Pros: minimizes artificiality

Chapter 7: Psychology: Themes and Variations, Canadian Edition

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Psychological research Operational definition: describes the operation that will be used to measure or control a variable Aim of good scientific research is a) clarity and precision and b) relative intolerance of error Peer-reviewed articles have strict guidelines for publishing Scientific theories are unfinished; studies give credibility to the claim, not prove it Multiple studies decrease the likelihood of statistical anomaly Research methods Experimentation: manipulation of an independent variable under carefully controlled conditions Pros: control; can observe cause-and-effect Cons: can be artificial; ethical concerns Direct observation: observers watch and record behaviour as objectively and precisely as possible with no/minimal interference Pros: minimizes artificiality

Chapter 8: Psychology: Themes and Variations, Canadian Edition

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Psychological research Operational definition: describes the operation that will be used to measure or control a variable Aim of good scientific research is a) clarity and precision and b) relative intolerance of error Peer-reviewed articles have strict guidelines for publishing Scientific theories are unfinished; studies give credibility to the claim, not prove it Multiple studies decrease the likelihood of statistical anomaly Research methods Experimentation: manipulation of an independent variable under carefully controlled conditions Pros: control; can observe cause-and-effect Cons: can be artificial; ethical concerns Direct observation: observers watch and record behaviour as objectively and precisely as possible with no/minimal interference Pros: minimizes artificiality

Weiten Chapter 2

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Chapter 2: The Research Enterprise in Psychology Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior Basic assumption: events are governed by some lawful order Goals: Measurement and description Understanding and prediction Application and control Figure 2.1 Flowchart of steps in a scientific investigation Steps in a Scientific Investigation Formulate a testable hypothesis Select the research method and design the study Collect the data Analyze the data and draw conclusions Report the findings Table 2.1 Key Data Collection Techniques in Psychology Looking for Causes: Experimental Research Experiment = manipulation of one variable under controlled conditions so that resulting changes in another variable can be observed Detection of cause-and-effect relationships

The Research in Psychology

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SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 Grant Clay Period 3 9/2/08 AP Psychology Outline Chapter 2: The Research in Psychology Red ? Definition Blue - Important Points Green - Important People & Contributions Scientific Approach to Behavior The Scientific Approach assumes that events are governed by laws. Psychologists assume Behavior is governed by laws. (Like the Earth is governed by the law of Gravity.) 3 Goals of Scientific Enterprise Measurement & Description ? Develop Measurement techniques that describe behavior clearly and precisely. Understanding & Prediction ? Make and Test predictions called Hypothesis. Hypothesis ? Statements about the relationship between two or more variables.

psyc notes chapter 2

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Psychology is empirical. Psychologists are committed to addressing questions about behavior through formal, systematic observation The scientific approach assumes that events are governed by some lawful order Psychologists and other scientists share three sets of interrelated goals: Measurement and description Understanding and prediction A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. Variables are any measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study Application and control A theory is a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations. Allows to leap from description of behavior to understanding Must be testable Gradual construction
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