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Correlation does not imply causation

Weiten Chapter 2

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Psychology
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Correlation does not imply causation
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Chapter 2: The Research Enterprise in Psychology Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior Basic assumption: events are governed by some lawful order Goals: Measurement and description Understanding and prediction Application and control Figure 2.1 Flowchart of steps in a scientific investigation Steps in a Scientific Investigation Formulate a testable hypothesis Select the research method and design the study Collect the data Analyze the data and draw conclusions Report the findings Table 2.1 Key Data Collection Techniques in Psychology Looking for Causes: Experimental Research Experiment = manipulation of one variable under controlled conditions so that resulting changes in another variable can be observed Detection of cause-and-effect relationships

The Research in Psychology

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Correlation does not imply causation

SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 Grant Clay Period 3 9/2/08 AP Psychology Outline Chapter 2: The Research in Psychology Red ? Definition Blue - Important Points Green - Important People & Contributions Scientific Approach to Behavior The Scientific Approach assumes that events are governed by laws. Psychologists assume Behavior is governed by laws. (Like the Earth is governed by the law of Gravity.) 3 Goals of Scientific Enterprise Measurement & Description ? Develop Measurement techniques that describe behavior clearly and precisely. Understanding & Prediction ? Make and Test predictions called Hypothesis. Hypothesis ? Statements about the relationship between two or more variables.

David G. Meyers Psychology 8th Edition Chapter 1 outline

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Correlation does not imply causation
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The Need for Psychological Science Hindsight bias and judgmental overconfidence show that we cannot rely on intuition and common sense. Hindsight Bias: The thought that once a person finds out the outcome, that the person knew the outcome all along and could have predicted it. Overconfidence: Thinking is limited not only because of our after-the-fact common sense but by over confidence When you are 100% sure about something, self prediction may change up to 15% of the time When someone predicts wrong, they seem to use the ? I was close? excuse Skepticism and humility must be added to help us tell the difference between life and reality The Scientific Attitude You need to be Skeptical but not cynical Need to be able to have humility and be able to reject ones owns ideas
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