For thousands of years humans lived in small communities without a home Societies had a few dozen people They traveled nomadically for food Humans can build tools which sets them apart from other animals Agriculture Humans began experimenting with agriculture 12,000 years ago Provided a more steady food source than hunting and gathering Agricultural societies experienced rapid population growth This also allowed for permanent settlements Cities The first cities appeared 6,000 years ago They dominated most affairs in their region River Valley Civilization Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley and China Large-scale societies Dependent on farming More food than people Fostered cities Civilizations arose from 3500 to 500 BCE Government systems were created as were social traditions