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Environmental Science

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AP Environmental Science
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exam for semester 1

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Samana Syed Sunday, February 05, 2012 Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons Key Concepts Atoms are made of extremely tiny particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are in the center of the atom, making up the nucleus. Electrons surround the nucleus. Protons have a positive charge. Electrons have a negative charge. The charge on the proton and electron are exactly the same size but opposite. Neutrons have no charge. Since opposite charges attract, protons and electrons attract each other. Notes There is no atomic particle called a quantron. Neutrons, protons, and electrons are all basic pieces of an atom. Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of an atom. Electrons orbit the nucleus.

The Science Behind the Story- Chapter 17

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Sludge Treatment

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Sludge Treatment
Sludge is produced from the treatment of wastewater in on-site (e.g. septic tank) and off-site (e.g. activated sludge) systems. This is inherently so because a primary aim of wastewater treatment is removing solids from the wastewater. In addition, soluble organic substances are converted to bacterial cells, and the latter is removed from the wastewater. Sludge is also produced from the treatment of stormwater (Section 4.3), although it is likely to be less organic in nature compared to wastewater sludge.

tyfty

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af asf

Name: Comparative Essay Components Sheet I. Clear, analytical, and comprehensive thesis: A. II. Addresses all parts of the question A. B. C. III. Substantiates thesis with historical evidence A. B. C. IV. Relates comparisons to larger global context A. B. V. Makes several direct comparisons between or among societies A. B. C. VI. Consistently analyzes causes and effects of relevant similarities and differences A. B. C. Phrases that Show Comparison Phrases that Show Contrast Phrases that Show Causation Similar to?, Both?, Like?, Compared to?, In the same way?, Analogous to?, One connection between?, One difference between? Unlike?where?, In contrast to?, Whereas?, Though?,

Chapter 9 Environment: the Science behind the stories

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Soil
agriculture
soil conservation


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Preeyam Roy Chapter 18 Vocabulary 3/25/12 Period 2 Global climate change Definition: changes in Earth?s climate regarding aspects such as temperature, precipitation, storm frequency and intensity Sentence: humans are accelerating global climate change Global warming Definition: the increase of Earth?s average temperature; only one aspect of global climate change Sentence: global warming isn?t the same as global climate change Greenhouse gases Definition: gases that absorb infrared radiation from Earth?s surface

Chapter 8 notes Environment: the Sciene Behind the Stories

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Environmental Science
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human population growth

Preeyam Roy Chapter 8 Notes 4/23/12 Period 2 Chapter 8: Human Population Central Case: China?s one-child policy China in 2006: 1/5 of 6.5 billion total population Mao Zedong ruled in 1950 540 million ppl Believed growth was desirable china grew 1970 ? improvement in food production, distribution health pop 790 million ppl(5.8 births per woman) Neg impacts on soil, water, air, forests The government instituted a one-child policy Education, marry later, have fewer kids (some only allowed one), contraceptions By 1975 growth rate from 2.8% to 1.8% 1979 ? more dramatic steps to enfore policy 1 child = better education, longer maternity leave, gov?t job, medical care More than 1 child = employment discrimination, scorn, fines growth rate plummeted The policy is now less strict

Chapter 8 Vocab Environment: the Science behind the stories

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Environmental Science
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Human Population

Preeyam Roy IPAT model Definition: I = P ?A ?T ?S It?s a formula used to see how population affects the environment Sentence: in the IPAT model, P stands for population, a for affluence, t for technology, and I for total impact of environment technology Definition: Sentence: demography Definition: the application of population ecology to the study of change in human populations Sentence: demography helps us understand human reproduction and effects in communities and the environment Population density Definition: the number of individuals per unit area Sentence: Age structure Definition: relative number of organisms of each age and gender within a population Sentence: Age structure is also known as age distribution Sex ratios Definition: the proportion of males to females

Keystone XL Pipeline

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Environmental Science
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Keystone XL Pipeline

What will it cost? Who will it pay? KEYSTONE XL PIPELINE: Analyzing the finances Taylor Lawson Allison Martin Capital Cost Completion aim: 2015 Before construction: $5.2 bill Now: $7 bill Initial Keystone + Keystone XL = $13 bill Maintenance Aside from the 7 billion dollar capital cost.... What if something goes wrong? 3 billion dollars for a single functionality repair Expected Oil Recovered XL: 830,000 bpd + Initial .....? 1.4 million bpd In perspective: the U.S. Uses ~ 20 mill bpd 100% domestic? Sponsors TransCanada - 45 million dollars invested in project (with a pending 4 million more) Bechtel ? paid 1.7 billion dollars for supplies

Lotic vs Limnetic Systems

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Environmental Science
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Freshwater Life Zones Source Transition Lotic Systems- Floodplain Running bodies of water (streams and rivers) 3 zones Source zone Fast-flowing, cool, high DO content, little to no sediment Trout fallen organic matter Transition zone Mid-velocity, slightly warmer than source zone, moderate DO content, moderate sediment Sockeye salmon and black bass algae and moss Floodplain zone Slow to stagnant, warm, little DO content, excessive sediment Catfish and carp Lentic Systems stagnant bodies of water (lakes) 4 zones Littoral zone Photosynthesis Producers and invertebrates Limnetic zone Light Penetrates, Surface waters Algae and small fish Profundal zone No light, deepest waters Primary consumers (fish) Benthic zone Bottom. Decompose rs

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