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section of the government that interprets the laws and administers justice. In the federal government, the judicial branch consists of: the Supreme Court, the Circuit Courts of Appeal, District Courts, and several special courts.
belief that the Supreme Court has the right or obligation to perform judicial review.
a group of high-ranking military officers who represent the Navy, Army, Air Force and Marines. They assist the civilian leaders of the Department of Defense in integrating policies and programs, and advise the President and National Security Council when asked. The Joint Chiefs of Staff is headed by a Chairman.
trade that takes places across state lines. This is distinct from intrastate commerce, which takes place within a state, and foreign trade, which takes place between countries. Article I, Section 8, clause 3 of the Constitution gives the Congress the authority to regulate interstate trade, as well as foreign trade.
independent regulatory agency, which reports to the President. The ICC was created in 1887, and it regulates surface transportation that occurs across state lines. This includes trains, trucks, buses, water carriers, certain pipelines, and other forms of transportation. Among its functions are certifying carriers, regulates their rates and helping ensure that they provide efficient and sufficient service.
laws that govern the interactions and relations between nations, resulting from officials rules, treaties, agreements and customs.
one of the agencies of the Department of the Treasury. The IRS was created in 1862, and is responsible for administering and enforcing most federal tax laws. It collects almost all federal taxes, including personal and corporate income tax; social security; excise tax; estate and gift taxes.
organization of people who share political, social or other goals; and agree to try to influence public policy to achieve those goals.
rights claimed by the individual, as opposed to rights claimed by a group.
political parties that are not affiliated with either of the major parties.
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