Employment

12. Labor shortage led to higher wages than in East, but job instability (after harvest or RR completion, ect) led to communities of jobless in cities. Workers mostly mobile, single men Competition from Chinese immigrants, whom employers could usually hire for lower wages then white Anglo- Am. Out of work Working class highly multiracial, but whites generally occupied higher job levels (management + skilled labor) than nonwhites in unskilled labor. Dual labor system reinforced by racial assumptions that held nonwhites more suited for worse conditions + harder labor- allowed whites greater social mobility 13. News of gold or silver strike in an area would start a stampede of CA gold rush several stages of settlement