windbreak
Row of trees or hedges planted to partially block wind flow and reduce soil erosion on cultivated land.
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Chapter 10 - Geology: Processes, Hazards, and Soils
weathering
Physical and chemical processes in which solid rock exposed at earth's surface is changed to separate solid particles and dissolved material, which can then be moved to another place as sediment. See erosion.
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waterlogging
Saturation of soil with irrigation water or excessive precipitation so the water table rises close to the surface.
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volcano
Vent or fissure in the earth's surface through which magma, liquid lava, and gases are released into the environment.
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transform fault
Area where the earth's lithospheric plates move in opposite but parallel directions along a fracture (fault) in the lithosphere. Compare convergent plate boundary, divergent plate boundary.
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tectonic plates
Various-sized areas of the earth's lithosphere that move slowly around the mantle's flowing asthenosphere. Most earthquakes and volcanoes occur around the boundaries of these plates. See lithosphere, plate tectonics.
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subduction zone
Area in which oceanic lithosphere is carried downward (subducted) under the island arc or continent at a convergent plate boundary. A trench ordinarily forms at the boundary between the two converging plates. See convergent plate boundary.
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strip cropping
Planting regular crops and close-growing plants, such as hay or nitrogen-fixing legumes, in alternating rows or bands to help reduce depletion of soil nutrients.
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soil texture
Relative amounts of the different types and sizes of mineral particles in a sample of soil.
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soil structure
How the particles that make up a soil are organized and clumped together. See also soil permeability, soil texture.
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