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Disease caused by living organisms (such as bacteria, viruses, and parasitic worms) that can spread from one person to another by air, water, food, or body fluids (or in some cases by insects or other organisms). Compare nontransmissible disease.
Study of the adverse effects of chemicals on health.
Measure of how harmful a substance is.
Chemical that is fatal to humans in low doses or fatal to more than 50% of test animals at stated concentrations. Most are neurotoxins, which attack nerve cells. See carcinogen, hazardous chemical, mutagen, teratogen.
Chemical, ionizing agent, or virus that causes birth defects. Compare carcinogen, mutagen.
Interaction of two or more factors or processes so the combined effect is greater than the sum of their separate effects.
Estimate of the short- and long-term risks and benefits of using a particular product or technology. See risk assessment.
Using risk assessment and other information to determine options and make decisions about reducing or eliminating risks. See risk, risk analysis, risk-benefit analysis, risk communication.
Communicating information about risks to decision makers and the public. See risk, risk analysis, risk-benefit analysis.
Process of gathering data and making assumptions to estimate short- and long-term harmful effects on human health or the environment from exposure to hazards associated with the use of a particular product or technology. See risk benefit analysis.
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