art history Flashcards
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| 27334677 | cave painting | early art showed man's relationship to spiritual ritual, nature and hunting | 0 | |
| 27334678 | egyptian art | emphasized the unknowable mystery of the afterlife | 1 | |
| 27334679 | greek art | emphasized the perfection of the human form, human activity | 2 | |
| 27334680 | roman art | began to portray actual individuals. Includes, sculpture, frescoe, jewlery and crafts. Incredible architectural, engineering feats. | 3 | |
| 27334681 | byzantine art | also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, in Constantinople, now Istanbul, the early church developed Eastern Orthodoxy and iconic Christian images proliferated | 4 | |
| 27334682 | summerian art | early art from Mesopotamia (Ancient Iraq) from the mid 6th millennium BC to the early 2nd millennium BC | 5 | |
| 27334683 | african art | Varied and complex, discoveries of these, often figurative works, prompted many of the inventions of modern art. | 6 | |
| 27334684 | mayan culture | 1500 B.C. to 900 A.D. This is the most advanced civilization of the time in the Western Hempishere. Famous for its awe-inspiring temples, pyramids and cities. A complex social and political order. | 7 | |
| 27334687 | asian art | refers to a vast array of cultural works east of Mesopotamia | 8 | |
| 27334688 | dark ages | period after the fall of Rome. Much of the knowledge gained by earlier civilizations was lost. | 9 | |
| 58245405 | Italian Rennaissance | period in which 'classical' understanding of the figure was reborn. An understanding of linear perspective made works of this period highly realistic. | 10 | |
| 58245406 | Northern Renaissance | a period of painting that flourished in northern europe after the Italian Renaissance. Paintings were often of individuals in interiors. | 11 | |
| 58245407 | Romanticism | work that reflected a passionate approach to the landscape | 12 | |
| 58245408 | cubism | in these paintings multiple planes of space are viewed at once | 13 | |
| 58245409 | fauvism | paintings that emphasized wild use of saturated color | 14 | |
| 58245410 | pointillism | images made out of dots or small elements | 15 | |
| 58245411 | minimalism | art which was exceptionally simple, often pure color-field paintings, for example | 16 | |
| 58245412 | abstract expressionism | art, made largely in New York after WWII, that emphasized the expression of the individual often with large, 'painterly' brush strokes | 17 | |
| 58245413 | impressionism | paintings that sought to capture the feeling of natural light by putting colors next to eachother and letting the viewer's eye 'mix' them. | 18 | |
| 58245414 | pop art | art of the 1960's that blurred the edges between advertising art and fine art | 19 |
world history ch 5 enlightenment american revolution Flashcards
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| 285318224 | Copernicus | Earth orbits the Sun and rotates on its axis | |
| 285318226 | The Social Contract | Work written by Jean- Jacques Rousseau | |
| 285318228 | William Harvey | Determined that heart pumps blood, which circulates through body | |
| 285318230 | Ptolemy | Ancient scientist who said earth was center of the universe | |
| 285318233 | Enlightenment | Intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought, a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason to rethink previously accepted ideas and social institutions | |
| 285318234 | Isaac Newton | Discovered gravity, laws of motion, calculus | |
| 285318235 | Social contract | An agreement between rulers and the people, the notion that society is based on an agreement between government and the governed in which people agree to give up some rights in exchange for the protection of others | |
| 285318236 | Leviathan | work written by John Locke, Written by English philosopher Thomas Hobbes, maintained that sovereignty is ultimately derived from the people, who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contract. | |
| 285318237 | heliocentric theory | Planets revolve around the sun | |
| 285318238 | Thomas Hobbes | Believed that people are born selfish and need a strong central authority | |
| 285318239 | Baron de Montesquieu | Believed government should have separation of powers, wrote The Spirit of the Laws : developed the idea of the separation of powers into three branches of government | |
| 285318240 | Mary Wollstonecraft | Believed natural rights of the Enlightenment should extend to women | |
| 285318241 | Voltaire | Believed in freedom of religion; separation of church and state; he admired the English freedom of the press, and religious toleration. He criticized France because of its royal absolutism and lack of freedom of thought. | |
| 285318242 | geocentric theory | Earth centered view of the universe | |
| 285318243 | Thomas Jefferson | Believed that men have inalienable rights, which government cannot abuse | |
| 285318244 | Galileo | Built the first telescope; determined that other planets have moons | |
| 285318245 | natural law | A law based on reason that applies to all people | |
| 285318246 | Jean- Jacques Rousseau | Government should be a contract between rulers and people | |
| 285318247 | John Locke | Believed all people have a right to life, liberty, and property | |
| 285318248 | Beccaria | Believed in reform of the criminal justice system | |
| 285318249 | Catherine II | Greatly influenced by Western European thinkers, banned torture considered freeing serfs, significantly expanded borders to the south and secured a warm-water port on the Black Sea | |
| 285318250 | Joseph II | most aggressive reformer of his era; radical royal reformer of Austria; introduced legal reforms, freedom of the press, supported freedom of worship (even Protestants, Orthodox Christians, and Jews); ordered that peasants be paid for their labor with cash. | |
| 285318251 | stamp act | A tax that the British Parliament placed on newspapers and official documents sold in the American Colonies | |
| 285318252 | federal republic | government in which the power is divided between the national government and the states | |
| 285318253 | popular sovereignty | The concept that political power rests with the people who can direct their government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government | |
| 285318254 | laissez faire | idea promoted by adam smith of free market economy where the government is not involved | |
| 285318255 | Boston Massacre | began as a snowball fight against British troops quartered in town publicized in an engraving by Paul Revere | |
| 285318256 | Bill of Rights | first 10 amendments to the constitution | |
| 285318257 | Treaty of Paris 1783 | ended the American revolution |
world history ch 5 enlightenment american revolution Flashcards
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| 285318200 | Copernicus | Earth orbits the Sun and rotates on its axis | |
| 285318201 | The Social Contract | Work written by Jean- Jacques Rousseau | |
| 285318202 | William Harvey | Determined that heart pumps blood, which circulates through body | |
| 285318203 | Ptolemy | Ancient scientist who said earth was center of the universe | |
| 285318204 | Enlightenment | Intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought, a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason to rethink previously accepted ideas and social institutions | |
| 285318205 | Isaac Newton | Discovered gravity, laws of motion, calculus | |
| 285318206 | Social contract | An agreement between rulers and the people, the notion that society is based on an agreement between government and the governed in which people agree to give up some rights in exchange for the protection of others | |
| 285318207 | Leviathan | work written by John Locke, Written by English philosopher Thomas Hobbes, maintained that sovereignty is ultimately derived from the people, who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contract. | |
| 285318208 | heliocentric theory | Planets revolve around the sun | |
| 285318209 | Thomas Hobbes | Believed that people are born selfish and need a strong central authority | |
| 285318210 | Baron de Montesquieu | Believed government should have separation of powers, wrote The Spirit of the Laws : developed the idea of the separation of powers into three branches of government | |
| 285318211 | Mary Wollstonecraft | Believed natural rights of the Enlightenment should extend to women | |
| 285318212 | Voltaire | Believed in freedom of religion; separation of church and state; he admired the English freedom of the press, and religious toleration. He criticized France because of its royal absolutism and lack of freedom of thought. | |
| 285318213 | geocentric theory | Earth centered view of the universe | |
| 285318214 | Thomas Jefferson | Believed that men have inalienable rights, which government cannot abuse | |
| 285318215 | Galileo | Built the first telescope; determined that other planets have moons | |
| 285318216 | natural law | A law based on reason that applies to all people | |
| 285318217 | Jean- Jacques Rousseau | Government should be a contract between rulers and people | |
| 285318218 | John Locke | Believed all people have a right to life, liberty, and property | |
| 285318219 | Beccaria | Believed in reform of the criminal justice system | |
| 285318220 | Catherine II | Greatly influenced by Western European thinkers, banned torture considered freeing serfs, significantly expanded borders to the south and secured a warm-water port on the Black Sea | |
| 285318221 | Joseph II | most aggressive reformer of his era; radical royal reformer of Austria; introduced legal reforms, freedom of the press, supported freedom of worship (even Protestants, Orthodox Christians, and Jews); ordered that peasants be paid for their labor with cash. | |
| 285318222 | stamp act | A tax that the British Parliament placed on newspapers and official documents sold in the American Colonies | |
| 285318223 | federal republic | government in which the power is divided between the national government and the states | |
| 285318225 | popular sovereignty | The concept that political power rests with the people who can direct their government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government | |
| 285318227 | laissez faire | idea promoted by adam smith of free market economy where the government is not involved | |
| 285318229 | Boston Massacre | began as a snowball fight against British troops quartered in town publicized in an engraving by Paul Revere | |
| 285318231 | Bill of Rights | first 10 amendments to the constitution | |
| 285318232 | Treaty of Paris 1783 | ended the American revolution |
7th Physical and Personality Adjectives Flashcards
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| 90305936 | alto(a) | tall | 0 | |
| 90305937 | bajo(a) | short | 1 | |
| 90305938 | bueno(a) | good | 2 | |
| 90305939 | malo(a) | bad | 3 | |
| 90305940 | fuerte | strong | 4 | |
| 90305941 | debil | weak | 5 | |
| 90305942 | delgado(a) | thin | 6 | |
| 90305943 | gordo(a) | fat | 7 | |
| 90305944 | bonito(a) | pretty | 8 | |
| 90305945 | joven | young | 9 | |
| 90305946 | viejo(a) | old | 10 | |
| 90305947 | joven | young | 11 | |
| 90305948 | simpatico(a) | nice | 12 | |
| 90305949 | serio(a) | serious | 13 | |
| 90305950 | antipático(a) | mean | 14 | |
| 90305951 | cómico(a) | funny | 15 | |
| 90305952 | ¿Cómo eres tú? | What are you like? | 16 | |
| 90305953 | Yo soy... | I am... | 17 |
Culture Terms Flashcards
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| 241237971 | culture | way of life of a group of people | 0 | |
| 241237972 | customs | social habits or ways of living in a group | 1 | |
| 241417212 | society | group of people bound together by the same culture | 2 | |
| 241417213 | values | beliefs or ideals that guide the way people live | 3 | |
| 241417214 | government | established form of ruling | 4 | |
| 241417215 | religion | belief in God or gods; help answer questions about life's mysteries | 5 | |
| 241417216 | Ice Age | long periods of cold that lasted millions of years | 6 | |
| 241417217 | glaciers | great sheets of ice | 7 | |
| 241417218 | Old Stone Age | 1st stage of human life when people made tools from stone and learned how to work together to meet their needs | 8 | |
| 241417219 | nomad | a person without a permanent home who travels in search of food | 9 | |
| 242975755 | New Stone Age | the 5,000 year period that followed the Old Stone Age | 10 | |
| 242975756 | civilization | a culture that has developed systems of government, religion, and learning | 11 | |
| 242975757 | domesticate | to tame animals to make them useful to people | 12 | |
| 242975758 | cultivate | prepare and use land for raising crops | 13 | |
| 242975759 | specialize | to be trained to do a particular kind of work | 14 | |
| 242975760 | artisan | a person skilled in making crafts; craftsworker | 15 | |
| 242975761 | technology | the use of skills and tools to serve human needs | 16 | |
| 242975762 | prehistory | the time before writing began | 17 | |
| 242975763 | history | the record of what happened in the past | 18 | |
| 242975764 | artifacts | objects made by people long ago | 19 | |
| 242975765 | archaeology | the study of the remains of past cultures | 20 | |
| 242975766 | primary sources | 1st hand accounts of an event (letters, diaries, official records, belongings) | 21 | |
| 242975767 | secondary sources | writings about past events that are based on information from primary sources | 22 |
Renaissance and Reformation Flashcards
History Kamil EMW Final
* Questions are ones he said would be mult. choice.
I put some from the Renaissance/Reformation old quizzes too.
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| 179251189 | *What sparked the Renaissance? | • Increased trade with Asia and other regions • Growth of large and wealthy city-states in Italy • Renewed interest in classical learning of ancient Greece and Rome • Rise of rich merchants who were patrons of arts • Increased desire for scientific and technological knowledge • Desire to beautify cities | |
| 179251190 | *What were the key differences between Northern and Italian artists? | • Northern artists (Flemish School) used oil paintings focused on landscapes and domestic life, fusing everyday with religion through symbolism, realistic views • Italian artists often showed mythological scenes, beautified things | |
| 179276253 | Diet of Worms | When Pope Leo X (1520) excommunicated Luther from Church, and he was summoned to appear before the Holy Roman Emperor and the German Diet (assembly) in city of Worms | |
| 179276254 | *Edict of Worms | Holy Roman Emperor in response to Diet of Worms declared Luther to be an outlaw and condemned his writings | |
| 179276255 | Ulrich Zwingli founded a church in Switzerland with basis of? | Theocracy | |
| 179276256 | Desiderius Erasmus' works were censored by Church because.... | They fanned the flames of discontent with Church | |
| 179276257 | *What did Gutenberg invent? Why was it revolutionary? | Printing press, with easier access to books, more people learned to read and more books were printed | |
| 179276258 | *Which countries supported Catholicism and Protestantism during Reformation/Counter Reformation? | • Catholicism: Spain, France, Portugal, Italy • Protestantism: England, Scotland, most of Germany | |
| 179276259 | *Council of Trent | During Counter-Reformation, examined criticisms of Catholic practices, addressed corruption of clergy and argued for the role of the church in salvation | |
| 179276260 | *Michelangelo (famous for & ID) | • Famous for statue of David and ceiling of Sistine Chapel and Pieta • 1400's, Born in Caprese, considered son of Florence • Learned in Medici school, father got support from Medicis • Studied anatomy to be more realistic • Characterized biblical figures • One of three main artists of High Renaissance | |
| 179276261 | *Giberti (famous for) | Created two bronze doors for baptistery in Florence | |
| 179276262 | *Da Vinci (famous for) | Last Supper, Mona Lisa, machine designs | |
| 179276263 | *Brunelleschi (famous for and ID) | • Italian artist and architect during 1300s-1400s • First to use perspective • Created/fixed Duomo (which is what he's famous for) that had brought shame to the golden city when original planner had been too ambitious • Learned much from techniques of ancient Romans | |
| 179276264 | Henry VIII | • Early 1500s-King of England • Desire to annul marriage led to conflict with pope and England's break with Roman Catholic Church and embrace of Protestantism • Established Church of England and named himself head of church and state (Act of Supremacy) | |
| 179276265 | Humanism | intellectual movement focused on study of worldly subjects, humanities | |
| 179276266 | Martin Luther | • German monk • Ninety Five Theses protests against Catholic Church • Led to calls for reform and Reformation • Translated Bible into German, allowing more people to read and interpret on their own | |
| 179276267 | Machiavelli | • Insisted that rulers must do whatever is necessary to stay in political power (regardless of morals) or serve your own purposes • Theorized that "the end justifies the means" • Wrote "The Prince" to explain how to attain/hold on to power | |
| 179276268 | Medici Family | • Family in Florence who ruled the city • Supported the arts • Banking business, most profitable in Europe • With nepotism, Giovanni de Medici became Pope Leo 10th • Sold indulgences and emptied papal coiffers with lavish living | |
| 179276269 | Protestant Reformation | • Early 1500s, movement from people who thought the Church had strayed too far from its spiritual roots • Split the Christian church in western Europe and led to establishment of many new churches | |
| 179276270 | *Raphael (famous for and ID) | • Famous for School of Athens a fresco and paintings of Madonna • Painter and architect • Known for vibrant colors • One of three main artists of High Renaissance | |
| 179276271 | Secularism | focus is worldly, not spiritual | |
| 179276272 | Realism | movement in art that sought to depict details of everyday life | |
| 179276273 | Individualism | theory stressing interests of individual | |
| 179276274 | Perspective | process of representing spatial relation of objects | |
| 179276275 | Renaissance Man | someone interested in variety of subjects | |
| 179276276 | Sfumato | blending one tone into another | |
| 179276277 | Chiarascuro | arrangement of light and dark parts | |
| 179276278 | Contrapposto | relaxed pose | |
| 179276279 | Fresco | applying paint on fresh coat of plaster | |
| 179276280 | Republic | political system in which citizens elect representatives to run government | |
| 179276281 | Counter-Reformation | • Catholic Church's series of reforms in response to spread of Protestantism • Inquisitions were set up also, which tried to stamp out Protestantism, abuse of power • Political power became separated from churches in result (rulers and merchants wanted church to be less involved in state and business) | |
| 179281948 | Ignatius of Loyola | Founded the Jesuits | |
| 179281949 | Teresa of Avila | Nun who reformed Carmelite order | |
| 179281950 | Sir Thomas More | Wrote Utopia | |
| 179281951 | Vernacular | everyday language of the people | |
| 179281952 | Jan Van Eyck (famous for) | Perfecting technique of oil painting, landscapes and domestic life | |
| 179281953 | Hans Holbein (famous for) | symbolism | |
| 179281954 | Pieter Brueghel the Elder (famous for) | using Italian techniques in work while focusing on peasant life | |
| 179281955 | Baldassare Castiglione | wrote The Courtier, how Renaissance men/women should act | |
| 179281956 | Christine de Pisan | Italian writer, talked about women's importance in society | |
| 179281957 | Francis of Sales | Worked to convert district of Savoy (france) back to Catholicism during Counter-Ref |
Christians Who Influenced Our World - Pre-Reformation: Expanded Quiz Flashcards
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Ms. Harris's AP Euro Reformation Terms Flashcards
Reformation terms for the ID terms Quiz
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| 197837639 | Protestant | word arose as an incident in struggle denoting Lutherans who "protested" action of diet of empire in 1529. Gradually came to be used by groups of anti-Roman reformers. By 1560s reality was a protestant N. Euro, cath. S. Euro- but fought for almost 100 yrs. more to affirm this. Frontier lasts. | |
| 197837641 | "Justifcation by faith" | ML determined from Romans 1:17 - "the just shall live by faith" gave him new sense of peace since been obsessed with achieving salvation and not feeling secure in traditional rout i.e. prayer, alms, sacrament and holy living. This would become one of basic tenets of Lutheranism. | |
| 197837643 | Indulgences | Jesus' and saints' merits built up and in care of church which could sell a portion of them to help relieve souls from purgatory. Sold by R. C. Ch. - especially when having building drive. People bought them for forgiveness of their sins or those of deceased relatives. ML opposed these --> 95 theses. | |
| 197837645 | Ninety-Five Theses | Martin Luther writes these to oppose selling of indulgences by Tetzel. Gives reasons why they are not justified. Supposedly nails to door of castle church in Wittenburg where he is professor of theology. This action cited as start of Protestant Reformation-1517. Expressed that forgiveness is by God- not dependent on priest's absolution after sacrament of penance. ML appeals to Leo X to end indulgences. In arguing his case against Johann Eck at Leipzig Debate, ML says neither pope nor council can define true Christian belief. Bible is source and man must make own interpretations per conscience. | |
| 197837647 | Leipzig Debate | ML debates with papal representative and famous theologian, Johann Eck, at University of Leipzig. ML, in attacking the doctrine of indulgences, challenges the Pope's supremacy. Eck accuses him of being another Huss. ML unable to deny this. | |
| 197837649 | Johann Eck | Catholic theologian with whom ML debated at Leipzig in 1519. | |
| 197837651 | An Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation | Pubd. in 1520 by ML- a pamphlet which was a patriotic appeal to his fellow Germans to reject the foreign pope's authority. Gave new significance to lay leaders- on par with clergy in leadership of church. Stressed need for reform. | |
| 197837653 | The Babylonian Captivity | Most radical of ML's pamphlets published in 1520. Attacked the system of seven sacraments that was basis of the RC Church's authority, on the ground that only two are mentioned in scripture. Taught that only Baptism and Communion should be observed in sacramental way. | |
| 197837655 | The Liberty of the Christian Man | Published by ML in 1520 and explaining his doctrine of faith and justification by stressing that, although he did not reject good works, only the faith of the individual believer could bring salvation from an all powerful, just, and merciful God. Indulgences were certainly not sufficient. | |
| 197837657 | transubstantiation | Doctrine dating from 1200s that priest had power to change bread and wine into body and blood of Christ. ML repudiated this yet, somehow said God mysteriously still present or con-substantiation. (Calvinists would say communion only symbolic/commemorative act) | |
| 197837659 | Peasant's Revolt | 1524 in upheaval of times, peasants revolted. Aims social and economic against manorial overlords. ML sided with princes of day. Owed much to them. Peasants turned to anabaptism, felt ML betrayed them. ML shocked by their behavior and Lutheranism became more conservative and submissive to state. ML advised princes to suppress harshly the revolt-75,000 peasants killed. | |
| 197837661 | Anabaptists | Leaders of Peasant Revolt acquired religious followings- variety of beliefs including that infant baptism was wrong. Number of obscure zealots. More moderate ones in time give rise to Mennonites and Amish sects-many of which would end up in America and Canada. The Peasant Revolt and activites led ML towards more conservative approach. They represented unrest in lower classes. For ML Reformation was a religious revolution- NOT social/economic one. | |
| 197837662 | Augsburg Confession | Codification in 1530 of Luther's doctrines as established since time of Diet of Worms and subsequent confinement at Wartburg, 1521-22. Included priesthood of all believers, two sacraments, authority of the bible, justification by faith alone, end to monasticism and celibacy, consubstantiation. Luther's friend, Philip Melancthon, worked on this codification with him. | |
| 197837664 | Philip Melancthon | Melancthon also a big supporter/promoter of education. Literacy very important to individual interpretation of Bible. | |
| 197837666 | Schmalkaldic War | 1531 following Diet of Augsburg at which ML had laid out this theology before Charles V and been told unacceptable. German Lutheran Princes established. Schmalkaldic League vs. Catholic Hapsburgs. From 1546-1555 Schamlkal War- Civil/Religious war. | |
| 197837668 | Peace of Augsburg | 1555 compromise of Schmalk War. Gave each German Prince right to determine religion of his state- RC/Lutheran. Divided Germany fairly equally: N & E-> Lutheran; S & Rhine > Roman Catholic. Therefore, really a victory for Protestants. Christendom now being split up. Charles V agreed to this because under pressure from France in west and Turks in east. | |
| 197837670 | cuis regio eius religio | Latin for "Whose the region, his the religion." Principle that Peace of Augsburg based on. | |
| 197837672 | Ecclesiastical Reservation | part of P of A. Any Catholic who turned Lutheran would move away and could not take land an peasants with him. This clause often disregarded. RC obviously trying to hold on to what they had. | |
| 197837674 | Ulrich Zwingli | 1484-1531. Swiss humanist, priest and disciple of Erasmus. Founded the reform church in Switzerland. Much like Luther's but differed over nature of Communion. Believed it to be purely a symbolic act-commemorating the last supper and Christ's sacrifice for mankind. Luther, on the other hand, believed there was a spiritual presence in the bread and wine at the time of communion. This difference became apparent at the time of the Marburg Colloquy in 1529. Zwingli tried to simplify the Christian belief and practice even more than Luther. | |
| 197837676 | Marburg Colloquy | 1529. Called by Philip of Hesse in attempt to bring German and Swiss reformers, Luther and Zwingli. | |
| 197837678 | Institutes of the Christian Religion | Pubd. in 1536 by John Calvin. Written in Latin and had universal appeal. Single MOST IMPORTANT RELIGIOUS WORK of the 16th century. Addressed to world and included his theory of predestination. Detailed foundation of Calvinism. Tied together mny ideas of reformation. | |
| 197837680 | John Calvin | French humanist with law background. Influence by ML. Exiled from France and established in Geneva the Calvinist Church. From Calvinism would spring Puritan Church, Dutch Reform Church, Swiss Reform Church, Huguenot Church and others. Calvinism would become influential in spreading Protestantism further even than Lutheranism. Some even theorize that Calvinism would have an indirect effect in promoting both capitalism and democracy. | |
| 197837682 | Michael Servetus | Spanish refugee. Significant because under Calvin's strict theocracy he established in Geneva, persecution of dissenters every bit as intense as Catholic inquisition. | |
| 197837684 | Predestination | Doctrine expoused by Calvin in Instituties of Christian Religion- salvation by election. Based on contrast between overwhelming power and majesty of God and insignificance and depravity of man. Notion that in beginning God had planned universe- from beginning to end. Already determined who were the elect and who were the damned. Elect had faith and lived according to Christian moral values. | |
| 197837686 | Henry VIII | 1509-1547r. 2nd son of HVII succeeded to throne because of death of Arthur. Defender of Faith. Desire for divorce from Catherine of Aragon and marry Ann Boleyn---> problems with RC Church. Clement VII would not grant divorce because would be reversing decision of former pope and therefore admitting fallibility of a pope and also C of A was aunt of Chas V who was dominating Italy at the time. 1529 HVIII dismissed Lord Chancellor Wolsey and replaced him with friend Thomas More. Made CRANMER archbishop- he granted him an annulment and suggested separation of England from papal authority. Fate of HVIII wives: C of A Divorced (daughter Mary); Ann Boleyn beheaded (daughter Elizabeth); Jane Seymour died (son Edward VI); Ann of Cleves divorced; Katherine Howard beheaded; Catherine Parr survived. | |
| 197837688 | Act of Supremacy | 1534 Parliament passed.- declared King rather than pope as head of the English Church. While papacy rejected, practices fundamentally Catholic in doctrine and practice. Still rejected Protestants. When Thomas More would not accept HVIII as head of church, King had More executed. | |
| 197837690 | Anglican Church | King kept a lot of Catholic features in church. But could not please all parties and definition of English church uncertain. Under Ed. VI and influence of CRANMER it became more Protestant but under Mary there was an attempt to bring back RC. Failed and E I seeks via media or middle way. She keeps a lot of Catholic elements in services to satisfy Catholics but allows priests to marry to satisfy Protestants. Prayer book very "loose/fluid" to allow different worshippers or congregations to pick and choose. England becomes more Protestant under E I. closer to Geneva than Rome. Structure and organization - medieval. Those of Clavinist persuasion would find it too catholic-like. | |
| 197837692 | Thirty-Nine Articles | 1563 under E I bishops and parliament defined creed of Angl. Church. Closer to Geneva than Rome but broad and ambiguous enough to accommodate many shades. Opposition from RC Duke of Norfolk and Mary Queen of Scots as well as Philip II of Spain but E I gets support of England adn by time of her death, England, is definitely a Protestant nation. | |
| 197837694 | "Episcopal" Movement | at Council of Trent- 1545-1563. Poor attendance. Raised old conciliar movement issue. If councils from all over Catholic world assembled- would they have more authority than pope? Popes resisted idea of conciliar movement. Indeed, after Trent no councils met again until Vatican Council of 1870. Cardinal legates appointed by pope worked vs. episcopal movement. | |
| 197837696 | Justification by works of faith | Council of Trent did make this much of a compromise. Confirmed importance of faith but still kept "works." Restated many of its established doctrines - 7 sacraments, Priesthood, confession, transubstantiation. Rejected Bible supremacy. Scripture and tradition on equal footing. | |
| 197837699 | Paul III | 1534-9. Roman aristocrat, humanist and astrologer. First of reforming popes. Appointed several reform-minded cardinals. Believed in Papal primacy but took office v. seriously - moral and religious force. Authorized Ursuline order of nuns- girls education and Jesuits. | |
| 197837701 | St. Vincent de Paul | Catholic missionary among poor in Paris, 1500s. Significant as an example of RC Missionary spirit. More so than among Protestants. Part of big RC drive to reconvert Protestants. | |
| 197837703 | St. Ignatius Loyola | Religious experience in 1521. Became soldier of churhc. Established Society of Jesus/Jesuits. Authorized by Paul III in 1540- active in world/politics/colonies etc. rather than cloistered. Spiritual Exercies outline rigorous spiritual training of members. Role in education. Pro Renaissance and Humanist education. Schools for boys. Strict buy included deportment, dancing etc. Organized on almost military lines. Rigid rules of command. As international missonary force was effective in gaining new converts and reconverts. | |
| 197837705 | "ultramontanism" | High papalism of Jesuits- devotion to pope and church. At C of T upheld the interests of pope over national bishops. This aspect of Jesuits made them as obnoxious to Catholics as to Protestants. | |
| 197837707 | Index of Prohibited Books | Authorized by Holy Office of Roman Inquisition. List of books prohibited to Catholics. | |
| 197837709 | Vulgate | translation of Bible into Latin made by St. Jerome in 4th century. Was declared by C of T to be only version on which teaching could be based. | |
| 197837711 | Pluralism | pluralities- church abuse whereby one man held several different church offices. Many of which he could not possibly attend to. C of T tried to suppress this abuse along with absenteeism, indulgences, worldly behavior, etc. Significant attempt to reform the abuses that had given such fule to the Protestant movement. | |
| 197837713 | Society of Jesus | Jesuits established by Loyola | |
| 197837716 | Spiritual Exercises | Written by Loyola. Handbook for Jesuits. These were a series of exercises to be done by novitiates on a four week retreat- helped them direct their will to a new spiritual piety. | |
| 197837718 | Spanish Inquisition | established under Ferdinand and Isabella in 1480 to root out Moslems and Jews. Was a religious tribunal. Used very brutal methods. Aim to achieve religious conformity. Ferdinand used it for political purposes also. helped ensure reconquista and expulsion of Jews. Those who converted and stayed were still often subjected to it. Later used in countries ruled by Spain to fight Protestantism. Ex. Netherlands where Calvinism active | |
| 197837720 | Roman Inquisition | Papal Inquisition. Established in Rome 1542 under permanent committee of cardinals called Holy Office. Goal to fight Protestantism/heresy. Both Spain and Roman Inqu. employed: torture, secret witnesses, heresy and rumor as evidence- all to get conviction. Most severe penalty was burning at stake. Sp Inqu. more severe. There was national resistance of Catholic countries outside Italy to the R. I. and no form of Inqu. ever allowed in Fr. But both Inquisitions did help stop spread of Prot. in Sp. and Italy. |
Christians Who Influenced Our World - Pre-Reformation: Expanded Quiz Flashcards
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