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Ch. 13 The Presidency (RG) Flashcards

From Magruders American Government

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351133040Chief of StateThe ceremonial head of government, symbol of the people
351133041Chief ExecutiveBroad power in domestic and foreign affairs.
351133042Chief CitizenWorks for and represents the public interest.
351133043Chief AdministratorDirector of the Federal Government, in which he directs the large government bureaucracy
351133044Chief DiplomatArchitect of foreign policy
351133045Commander in ChiefHead of the country's armed forces
351133046Chief LegislatorShapes the congressional agenda, architect of public policy.
351133047Chief of PartyLeader of the political party that controls the executive branch.
351133048National ConventionThe meeting at which delegates cast their votes to select a candidate for President.
35113304914One must have been a resident of the U.S. for how many years to run for President?
351133050Native BornA person has to be a ____ _____ citizen to run for President
3511330514The President's term is how many years?
3511330522The President can be elected for how many terms?
35113305310What is the maximum number of years a President can serve?
351133054Ordinance Powerexecutive orders, have the power of law
351133055Appointment powerpresidential assignment of many top-ranked offices in the government
351133056Removal powerThe President's power to remove appointed positions. .
351133057Power to make treatiespresident's power to make international agreements that must be confirmed by 2/3 of Senate.
351133058Executive agreementsRoutine international Agreements that do not need senate approval
351133059Power of recognitionPresidential acknowledgement of a country and its government
351133060Line-item vetoPresident can veto individual lines or items within a piece of legislation without vetoing the entire bill. (declared unconstitutional)
351133061Reprievepostpone the punishment of a convicted criminal, such as an execution
351133062Pardonlegal forgiveness of a crime
351133063ClemencyMercy or leniency only in cases involving federal crimes
351133064commutationreduce the length of a sentence or a fine
351133065amnestyblanket pardon offered to a group of law violators
351133066electoral collegethe body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice-president
351133067Presidential primaryan election in which a party's voters select a candidate to run for president
351133068winner-take-allthe candidate who wins the popular vote in a state recieves all of the state's electoral votes
351133069proportional representationrepresentation of all parties in proportion to their popular vote
351133070presidential successionscheme by which a presidential vacancy is filled
351133071top 4 people in line to be Presidentvice president, speaker of the house, president pro tempore of the Senate, secretary of state
3511330723 roles of vice presidentPresident in waiting, President of the Senate, helps decide question of presidential disability
3511330733 options for President when given a billsign it, veto it, do nothing
351133074Congressdecides President's annual salary
351133075House of RepresentativesChooses President if no candidate receives enough electoral votes to win an election
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APUSH U5: Jeffersonian Era Flashcards

1800-1815

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492790170Election of 1800This election, in which Jefferson (Dem-Rep) defeated Adams (Federalist) is known as "the Revolution of 1800" because it was the first transfer of power between rival political parties
492790171Marbury v. MadisonIn this 1803 Supreme Court case Federalist Chief Justice Marshall established the power of judicial review (the power of federal courts to interpret constitution); angers states' rights Democratic-Republican Party
492790172Lousiana PurchaseIn this transaction in 1803, Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million (Napoleon needed the cash!). Jefferson worried about constitutionality but too good a deal to pass up.
492790173Lewis & ClarkThese intrepid explorers were the first Americans to cross the American continent, reaching Oregon coast in 1805.
492790174Chesapeake-Leopard AffairThis naval confrontation between Britain and America in 1807 was over the issue of impressment and American efforts to remain neutral in the Napoleonic Wars. Caused anger against British leading up to War of 1812
492790175Embargo ActThis was Jefferson's first policy (in 1807) to maintain neutrality in the Napoleonic Wars; it banned all trade with Europe and was incredibly unpopular
492790176Non-Intercourse ActThis was Jefferson's second policy (in 1809) to maintain neutrality in the Napoleonic Wars; it repealed the Embargo Act and only banned trade with French and the British (unenforceable)
492790177Macon's Bill No. 2This was Madison's first (and only) policy in 1809 to maintain neutrality in the Napoleonic Wars. It amended the Non-Intercourse Act by promising to resume trade with either Britain or France if they would respect American neutrality
492790178War HawksThese were militant politicians (Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun) who lobbied for war against the British before the War of 1812. Motivated by hatred of Federalists and desire for land (looking to annex Canada, expand westward)
492790179War of 1812Causes of this war include (1) impressment & interference with shipping, (2) desire for western expansion, and (3) Dem-Rep dislike of the British. It was strongly opposed by Federalists. Also known as the 2nd War of Independence.
492790180Hartford ConventionThis Federalist Party meeting in 1814 to oppose the War of 1812 included talk of NE secession. It was a major cause of the death of the Federalist Party
492790181TecumsehThis Shawnee chief fought against the United States expansion into the Midwest. He led a failed attempt to form independent United States of American Indians, and was killed during the War of 1812.
492790182Treaty of GhentThis peace treaty ended the War of 1812; It restored the status quo ante but psychological victory for Americans (2nd War of Independence)
492790183Battle of New OrleansThis was the last major battle of War of 1812 (actually fought after peace treaty signed in Europe). It was a huge victory for Americans and turned General Andrew Jackson into national hero (and eventually president)
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US History- Chapter 16 Flashcards

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305042034Who were the "Go-Getters"?They were Americans of all races who found new opportunities, saw new ways to making a living for themselves and helped others as well. They brought the entire nation together.
305042035What exploded in the 1880's?Railways
305042036How did the railroads get the land to build the tracks on?The government gave it to them- LAND GRANTS.
305042037What is "standard time"?A system of time zones.
305042038Why was standard time started?Because the railroads had difficulty keeping up with all of the time zones. It was confusing and dangerous because trains could collide if they didn't know when other trains were on their rail.
305042039What is "standard gauge"?The distance between train tracks was eventually the same so all trains could go on all railways. Otherwise, freight had to be moved to different trains during its journey because the tracks were not all the same.
305042040Who invented standard gauge?George Stephenson- an English railroad inventor.
305042041What distance is standard gauge?4 feet 8 1/2 inches- the same as the distance between the wheels on a wagon.
305042042Competition in what industries was fierce?oil, steel, and railroads
305042043Who made a fortune in the oil business?John D. Rockefeller
305042044What did Rockefeller do to improve profits made by companies?He came up with ways to limit competition. "Pools" of companies agreed to keep their prices the same.
305042045Were "pooling" prices legal?No, they were considered conspiracy.
305042046What did Rockefeller come up with to limit competition after the "pools" fell apart?Trusts- companies handed over their stock to "trustees". The trustees controled the companies, but the owners got all the profits.
305042047What was Standard Oil and Trust?Rockefeller's first and most famous trust.
305042048In 1890 Congress did what to stop trusts?Passed anti-trust laws to eliminate illegal limits on competition. This did not stop all of them though.
305042049Who was J.P. Morgan?From London and grew up wealthy and trained in his father's bank. People called him a pirate.
305042050What was the Corsair?J.P. Morgan's yacht.
305042051What industry did J.P. Morgan save many times?The railroad industry. He reorganized bankrupt ones multiple times and merged many small failing ones into large successful companies.
305042052What large company did Morgan take over to help reorganize the railways?Carnegie Steel
305042053Who originally owned Carnegie Steel?Andrew Carnegie- a poor man from Scotland, he built Carnegie Steel and became one of the richest men in America. In the year 1900 he made $25 million (no income tax, so he kept it all).
305042054What did Carnegie fund with much of his fortune?Libraries- free public libraries.
305042055Carnegie Steel was bought by who?J.P. Morgan- it was merged with several other steel companies and formed the Uniteds States Steel Corporation. Produced 60% of the nations steel.
305042056What other industry was J.P. Morgan involved in (and the company still is today).Banking- J.P. Morgan Chase (mortgages, credit cards etc...)
305042057What did most people think about these large and powerful corporations?They were very concerned because they were impersonal. They were also more powerful and richer than any state government.
305042058What good did the large corporations do for Americans?They brought products to people and created jobs and salaries for them.
305042059How did the public benefit from railroad land grants?Railroads were built all over the country. This quickly transported people and products.
305042060How did the public benefit from the switch to standard gauge tracks?Goods were shipped more quickly because they didn't have to be moved from one train to another with the correct gauge for that train track.
305042061How did the railroads benefit from the land grants?They did not have to buy the land on which they built the railroads. This meant that they could built a transportation empire with only the cost of building the tracks.
305042062How did the railroads benefit from the switch to standard time?Everyone, everywhere knew what time it was. This made the train tracks much safer. There was also no question about what time a train would arrive.
305042063How did the railraods benefit from the change to standard gauge?Goods were shipped faster because they could be loaded onto one train that could make the entire trip.
305042064Why would a group of 12 big sugar companies form a trust?Because they could agree to keep their prices the same, which limits competition and keeps prices up. A trust lets "trustees" make the decisions for them, but allows the owners to keep all of the profits. Their hands don't get dirty...
305042065Why was rock oil so important?There was no electricity, so people had to use oil lamps to have light. The oil was expensive, dangerous, dirty and smelly. People went to bed when it was dark because it was expensive to keep the lamps on.
305042066Who was George H. Bissell?He formed the Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company to buy lands where oil was floating in ponds.
305042067What was rock oil (our modern day oil) originally used for?Medicine
305042068Who did George Bissell hire to find out what else rock oil could be used for?Benjamin Silliman, Jr.- a famous Yale professor of chemistry.
305042069What other name was given to rock oil?Petroleum
305042070What were Silliman Jr.'s new uses for rock oil?Safer and cheaper lamp oil (new kerosene), lubrication for machines
305042071How did Bissell get the rock oil in large quantities?He sent Edwin Drake to the oil fields to drill (or bore) for oil.
305042072Who helped Edwin Drake drill for oil?"Uncle Billy" Smith- an old salt driller who was a skilled blacksmith and could make drilling tools.
305042073The newly drilled oil caused what?Oil mania- towns sprung up everywhere because people were trying to get rich from drilling and finding oil.
305042074Who was know as an "organizer"?Rockefeller
305042075What city was Rockefeller determined to make the center of the big oil business?Cleveland
305042076How did he make Cleveland the center of oil business?He bought up many oil refineries and oil wells in Pennsylvania. The railways needed Rockefeller's frieght business and he made them compete for it, causing them to lower their prices.
305042077What secret arrangement did Rockefeller have with the railroads?He pretended to pay the regular rates, but then the railroads gave him back a "rebate," which was a refund on each barrel of oil they had hauled. They even gave him rebates on what opposing companies shipped.
305126994Eventually Rockefeller did what to all the smaller refineries?Bought them or drove them out of business.
305126995Eventually the world used what American product as a result of Rockefeller's Go-Getting business?Oil lamps
305126996What was Titusville?The town closest to the biggest finds of oil.
305126997During the colonial years, how did American farm families get what they needed to live?They made it for themselves.
305126998Eventually, things were mannufactured and sold where for the farm families?General stores.
305126999What were the prices like at general stores?High becuase the storekeeper could only buy a little bit before it went bad or was out of date. There was no wholesale pricing... It was also very expensive to get items to the general store because it had to be hauled by wagon.
305127000Who decided to change who people bought things?Montgomery Ward
305127001How did Montgomery Ward want to sell things to people?Mail order
305127002What was the advantage of mail order (for Ward)?He could sell to millions of people. This meant that he could order large quantities from the manufacturer and get better pricing.
305127003Did mail order mean higher or lower prices for customers?Lower, because the mail order company would make a lower profit on each person, but sell more items total. This = bigger profit for company and lower prices for customers.
305127004Montgomery Ward's big secret to success was what?To be honest, give good value and always let the customer be the judge. 100% money back guarantee...
305127005What were the risks for Montgomery Ward?Cashing customers' checks (were they good?), believing their complaints and replacing damaged goods without a lot of investigating.
305187214What other mail order store was started?Sears
305187215Who started Sears?Richard Sears and Alvah Curtis Roebuck
305187216What was Sears clever with in regards to advertising?He developed a quick-dry ink that was printed on thinner paper (thus cheaper) and with color pictures. He found that 4 color pages of advertisements would sell as many goods as 12 pages of black and white ink pages.
305187217Mail order companies brought what to farm families?big-city goods; new machines, new gadgets and new fashions
305187218What were buyers palaces?department stores
305187219How were department stores in America different from the stores in England?In London, only wealthy people could enter the shops. You had to be a "person of quality" to see "goods of quality". In America, the new department stores allowed anyone to enter and shop.
305187220What was one of first department stores called?Stewart's Cast Iron Palace (built in New York City).
305187221Who built the Cast Iron Palace?A.T. Stewart- a merchant from Ireland. He got James Bogardus, a famous inventor, to build a cast-iron building.
305187222What else was made a new way in the cast-iron buildings?Windows- large glass sheets of glass were made.
305191923What was the Centennial Exposition?The US' hundred year birthday celebration in Philadelphia. It showcased new products (bicycles, the telephone made by Alexander Graham Bell etc...)
305191924Visitors to the Centennial Exposition came from where?From all over Europe.
305248305What did Europeans think about the Centennial Exposition?They couldn't believe how Americans could make so many things and cheaply!
305248306What part of the Centennial Exposition drew the biggest crowds?The Machinery Hall- it had the Corliss steam engine which was 40 feet high, weighed 700 tons and produced over 2000 horsepower.
305248307Europeans were convinced that Americans would now do what?Change the world!
305248308With the new advances in machinery, what had to be invented?Machine tools- mostly metal cutting tools.
305248309Who was William Sellers of Philadephia?A famous machine-tool maker that standardized bolts and screws.
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Ch.7 AP Macroeconomics (Measuring Domestic Output and National Income) Flashcards

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256673215BEAAlso known as the Bureau of Economic Affairs in the Commerce Department. Is an agency that compiles National income and product accounts (NIPA) and publishes National income accounting values every quarter.
256673216Final GoodsInclude consumption goods, capital goods and services that are purchased by the final consumer, Included In GDP.
256673220GDPThe total market value of all final goods and services produced annually in the boundaries of a country. Monetary measure. Excludes intermediate goods and non-production transactions.
256673217National income accountingThe measurement of the national economy's performance, dealing with the overall economy's income and output usually done at regular intervals(quarters). In the U.S., this is done by the BEA (Bureau of Economic Affairs, part of Commerce Dept.)
256673224value addedThe total market value of a firms output minus the value of the inputs the firm has bought from others.
256673218NIPA(National income and product accounts) Measures economic activity, produces GDP, compiled by BEA (Bureau of Economic Affairs)
256673223Multiple counting__________ ___________ would distort the GDP measure for a nation, and that is why intermediate goods are not included in GDP. Can also be avoided by calculating value added at each stage.
256673219aggregate outputThe economy's total production of final goods and services for a given time period in dollars. Real GDP is the numerical measure of __________ _________ typically used by economists
256673222Intermediate goodsGoods that are purchased for resale of for other further processing or manufacturing - NOT included in any GDP figuring.
256673221Monetary measureGDP is useful because it is a __________ ________ , which allows us to compare the relative values of the goods and services produced in different years.
256673226Public transfer paymentsAre the social security payments, welfare payments, and veterans' payments that the government makes directly to households.
256673225Nonproduction transactionsTransactions of goods and servies that have nothing to do in the generation of a final good, 3 types : Public transfer payments, private transfer payments, and stock market transaction.
256673227private transfer paymentsGifts, inheritances, charitable contributions that are not included in GDP.
256673228stock market transactionThe Buying and selling of stocks is analagous to swapping paper, making this a nonproduction transactions Not included in GDP.
256856642Residential constructionApparently this is very important to note. The building of houses or ________________ ________________ is an investment NOT consumption because the houses can earn income when rented or leased.
256673230Expenditure approachAlso known as the output approach(One of 2 ways to look at GDP). GDP viewed as the sum of all money spent. Calculated by taking Consumption (C) + Gross Private Domestic Investment(Ig) + (Net Exports - Net Imports), symbolically C + G + I + (X-M)
256673229Secondhand salesSales of used goods; category of activity not included in GDP computation
256673231Income approachAlso known as the earnings/allocations approach(One of 2 ways to look at GDP). GDP viewed as the sum of the income derived or created. Includes Wages+Salaries +Rents + Interest + Proprietors Income + Corporate Profits + Taxes on Production and Imports.
256856643personal consumption expendituresA major component of GDP(from expenditure point of view): expenditures by consumers on goods and services consist of three things: durable goods, nondurable goods, and services, symbolized by C
256856644Gross private domestic investmentA major component of GDP from expenditure POV. Includes all final purchases of machinery, equipment, tools, construction and change in inventories. Symbolized by Ig.
256856645DisinvestingWhen the economy uses more capital than it's producing, in other words gross investment is less than depreciation. Happened during Great Depression.
256856646net private domestic investmentThis ncludes only investment in the form of ADDED capital (gross investment minus depreciation)
256856647depreciationIn the context of net private domestic investment, this is the amount of capital used up in the course of a year.
256856648Government PurchasesSpending by federal, state, and local governments on goods and services. Includes goods and services bought and expenditures for publicly owned capital (schools,highways, roads, etc,). An important component of GDP from expenditure POV.
256856649Net ExportsThe value of a nation's exports minus the value of its imports; also called the trade balance, important component of GDP from expenditure POV. Symbolized by Xn or (X-M) where X are exports and M is imports.
256856650Compensation of EmployeesIncludes wages, salaries, and various supplements—employer contributions to social insurance and pension funds, for example—paid to households by firms and by the government. Largest part of GDP from income POV.
256856651RentsConsists of income received by households and business that supply PROPERTY resources. Examples include monthly payments made to landlords or leases. We use the net ______ in national income accounts
256856652InterestThe money paid by private businesses to the suppliers of loans used to purchase capital. Also includes ________ on savings deposits, certificates of deposits(CD's) and corporate bonds.
256856653Proprietors IncomeMoney earned by sole proprietors or partners in unincorporated businesses. Income flows to the proprietors.
256856654Corporate ProfitsDivided into 3 categories: corporate income taxes, Dividends, and Undistributed corporate profits. Simply it is the earnings of corporations.
256856655Corporate Income taxesTaxes that are levied on corporations net earnings and flow to the government.
256856656DividendsDistribution of the net profit of a corporation that is paid to stockholders AFTER taxes.
256856657Undistributed Corporate profitsAny after-tax profits that are not distributed to shareholders are saved, or retains, by corporations to be invested later in new plants and equipment. Also called retained earnings.
256856658taxes on production and importsa national income accounting category that includes such taxes as sales, excise, business property taxes, and tariffs which firms treat as costs of producing a product and pass on (in whole or in part) to buyers by charging a higher price
256856659national incomeTotal income earned by resource suppliers for Contributions to gross domestic product plus taxes on production and imports; the sum of wages and salaries, rent, interest, profit, proprietors' income, and such taxes. Should be less than GDP, Distinguish between national and domestic(Pg.133 bottom right). Can also be derived from NDP by subtracting statistical discrepancy and adding net foreign factor income.
256856660Net Foreign Factor IncomeThe income from foreign domestic factor sources minus foreign factor incomes earned domestically. This is subtracted from National Income because it must be converted into a domestic figure for GDP calculations. See Pg. 134(I have the book, just ask if you want to borrow it, I am happy to give it).
256856661statistical discrepancythe discrepancy between calculations of GDP using the spending(expenditure) approach and the income approach due to unreported data or errors in data collection.
256856662consumption of fixed capitalIs the huge depreciation charge made against Private and publicly owned capital each year. It is the allowance for capital that has been "consumed" in producing the year's GDP. It does not add to income etc, so it can't be included in national income or GDP and is just ADDED to National Income (... ask me if you need help understanding this).
256856663net domestic productthe value of a nation's total output (GDP) minus the total value lost through wear and tear on machines and equipment(depreciation), this measure makes up for the allowances for replacing capital goods. Abbreviated NDP
256856664personal incomeAbbreviated PI, Includes ALL income received, differs from national income because of taxes, transfer payments. To get this you must subtract income that is earned but not received but add the income that is received but not earned. READ this CAREFULLY. This includes statistical discrepancy
256856665Disposable incomeAbbreviated DI, this is personal income minus personal income taxes. The amount that households have to spend or save.
256856666Price IndexAn index that traces the relative changes in the price of an individual good (or a market basket of goods) over time, example is consumer ______ ________.
256856668nonmarket activitiesServices that have potential economic value but are performed without charge, understates GDP becaue it does not account for unpaid work, only exception is food farmers produce and eat themselves.
256856669LeisureThe general decrease in the workweek(in the West) from an average of 54 hours a week to 35 hours from 1900 has increased this, something that GDP does not account for.
256856670Underground economyBuying and selling of goods and services that is concealed from the government to avoid taxes or regulations or because the goods and services are illegal or because you are a bum who doesn't want to pay taxes but still lives in the country. Understates GDP by around an estimated 8%.
256856671Census BureauThe bureau of the Commerce Department responsible for taking the census, is where the Bureau of Economic Affairs(BEA) actually gets most of its data to compile the NIPA (National income and product accounts) and carry out national accounting.
256856672EnvironmentThe social costs on the ___________ (pollution, toxic waste, noise, congestion) reduce our economic well being. GDP does not account for these negative social costs and the money actually taken to fix these problems further overstates GDP.
256856673net rentIs gross rental income - depreciation of rental property, the value that is used in national accounts.
257022951nominal GDPGDP that is based on prices that prevailed when the output was produced, also called unadjusted GDP because it is does not account for changes in relative pricing. This must be inflated when prices fall and deflated when prices rise.
257022952market basketrepresentative collection of goods and services used to compile a price index
257022953consumer price indexAbbreviated CPI, measures the change in price over a period of time of some 400 specific retail goods and services used by the average urban household.
257022954DistributedGDP does not account for the composition of goods produced or how they are ___________. Another way GDP does not fully account for economic well being.
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AP Biology Chapter 5 Flashcards

Chapter 5 of Campbell AP Biology 9th Edition Textbook.

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457377113polymerslong molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks lined by covalent bonds
457377114monomersthe repeating units that serve as the building blocks of polymer
457377115dehydration reactionsynthesizing a polymer; REMOVES a water molecule
457377116hydrolysisbreaking down a polymer; ADDS a water molecule
457377117monosaccharidesthe simplest carbohydrates (simple sugars)
457377118three hexose monosaccharidesglucose, galactose, and fructose (energy sources for organisms)
457377119glycosidic linkagea covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a DEHYDRATION REACTION
457377120polysaccharidespolymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGES
457377121two STORAGE polysaccharidesstarch (PLANTS store starch, a polymer of glucose monomers) and glycogen (HUMANS store glycogen, mainly in liver and muscle cells)
457377122two STRUCTURAL polysaccharidescellulose (major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells) and chitin (the carbohydrate used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons)
457377123lipidsa diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
457377124why are lipids grouped together?they mix poorly, if at all, with water
457377125what are the building blocks of fats?GLYCEROL and FATTY ACIDS
457377126saturated fatsno double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain
457377127unsaturated fatsone or more double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain
457377128how would you recognize a basic steroid molecule?they are LIPIDS that are characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of FOUR fused rings
457377129polypeptidespolymers of amino acids
457377130proteinmolecule that consists of one or more POLYPEPTIDES
457377131enzymatic proteins (1st type or protein)selective acceleration of chemical reactions
457377132storage proteins (2nd type of protein)storage of amino acids
457377133hormonal proteins (3rd type of protein)coordination of an organism's activities
457377134contractile and motor proteins (4th type of protein)movement
457377135defensive proteins (5th type of protein)protection against disease
457377136transport proteins (6th type of protein)transport of substances
457377137receptor proteins (7th type of protein)response of cell to chemical stimuli
457377138structural proteins (8th type of protein)structural support
457377139polymers of proteinsPEPTIDE BONDS
457377140monomers of proteinsAMINO ACIDS
457377141Primary level (1st level of protein structure)linked series of amino acids with a unique sequence
457377142Secondary level (2nd level of protein structure)segments of a protein's POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS repeatedly coiled or folded in patters that contribute to the protein's overall shape
457377143Tertiary level (3rd level of protein structure)overall shape of a POLYPEPTIDE resulting from interactions between the side chains of various amino acids
457377144Quaternary level (4th level of protein structure)overall PROTEIN STRUCTURE that results from the aggregation of these POLYPEPTIDE SUBUNITS
457377145denaturationwhen a protein loses its native shape from unraveling, making it biologically INACTIVE
457377146chaperoninsprotein molecules that assist in proper FOLDING of other proteins
457377147nucleic acidsDNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
457377148what are the roles of nucleic acids?they enable living organisms to reproduce their complex components from one generation to the next
457377149nucleotidescomposed of three parts: a nitrogen-containing (NITROGENOUS) base, a five-carbon sugar (PENTOSE), and one or more PHOSPHATE GROUPS
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Modern Chemistry Chapter 7 Flashcards

Chemical Names & Formulas, Oxidation Numbers, Using Chemical Formulas, & Determining Chemical Formulas Terms

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418186672monatomic ionan ion formed from a single atom. (remember to change nonmetals to -ide ending)
418186673binary compoundscompounds composed of two different elements; (compounds of 2 elements between metal (positive, s-block and p-block) and nonmetal (negative); metal is always listed first; change nonmetal to -ide ending)
418186674nomenclaturenaming system
418186675oxyanionspolyatomic ions that contain oxygen
418186676saltAn ionic compound composed of a cation and the anion from an acid
418186677Oxidation numbersthe number assigned to an element that shows how many electrons it gains, loses, or shares
418186678oxidation statesthe condition of an atom expressed by the number of electrons that the atom needs to reach its elemental form
418186679formula massthe sum of the average atomic masses of all atoms represented in the formula of any molecule, formula unit, or ion
418186680percentage compositionthe percentage by mass of each element in a compound
418186681empirical formulaA formula showing the lowest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound; (symbols for elements combined in a compound; subscripts show smallest whole-number mole ratio of different atoms in a compound)
418186682Stock systemspecifically used for d-block elements, use Roman numeral to describe charge of metal, use periodic charge to find charge of nonmetal
418186683Greek prefixesused to name molecules with covalent bonds
418186684binary molecular compoundsnonmetal to nonmetal; covalent bonds; uses Greek prefixes
418186685CationsPositive ions
418186686AnionsNegative ions
418186687monoGreek prefix for 1 with covalent bonding
418186688diGreek prefix for 2 with covalent bonding
418186689triGreek prefix for 3 with covalent bonding
418186690tetraGreek prefix for 4 with covalent bonding
418186691pentaGreek prefix for 5 with covalent bonding
418186692hexaGreek prefix for 6 with covalent bonding
418186693heptaGreek prefix for 7 with covalent bonding
418186694octaGreek prefix for 8 with covalent bonding
418186695nonaGreek prefix for 9 with covalent bonding
418186696decaGreek prefix for 10 with covalent bonding
418186697Aciddistinct type of molecular compound; would show up on pH scale as a value below 7
418186698Binary AcidsAre acids that consist of two elements, usually hydrogen, and one of the halogens.
418186699OxyacidsAre acids that contain hydrogen, oxygen, and a third element usually a nonmetal.
418186700-ate (I ate too much; more)In oxyanions: The ion with more oxygen is given this ending: -
418186701-ite (tiny like a mite)In oxyanions: The ion with less oxygen is given the ending: -
418186702hypo-In oxyanions: The ion with one less less oxygen is given the beginning: ____-
418186703per-In oxyanions: The ion with one more more oxygen is given the beginning:
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Nervous System Exam Tranel Flashcards

A set of terms and phrases from the notes on the nervous system. Includes the spinal nerves.

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21417960astrocyteForms the blood-brain barrier, controls the flow of ions, nutrients, and wastes.
21417961MicrogliaPhagocytic cells that engulf bacteria, cell debri, and pathogens
21417962Ependymal CellProduces cerebrospinal fluid
21417963OligodendrocyteAlso known as Schwann cell or neurolemmocyte, forms the myelin sheath
21417964AfferentTowards the central nervous system
21417965Efferentaway from the central nervous system
21421104InterneuronEstablishes connections, integrates. In the central nervous system
21421105Motor neuronMultipolar neuron that forms the efferent pathway and innervates effector organs.
21421106Sensory NeuronUnipolar neuron that forms the afferent pathway, carrying sensory signals to the central nervous system
21421107Bipolar NeuronNeuron with one dendrite, one Axon, and is located in the retina, olfactory, and ear.
21421108Peripheral Nervous systemConsists of all neurons not included in the brain and spinal cord
21421109GanglionGray matter (cell bodies and/or synapses) in the peripheral nervous system
21421110Somatic Nervous SystemReceives signals from sensory organs and sends signals to somatic effectors, such as skeletal muscle. "Voluntary"
21421111Visceralinternal; that which we have no control over. Includes the brain, heart, lungs, etc., pertaining to the internal organs
21421112Autonomic Nervous SystemIncludes the PsNS and SNS; provides the dual innervation of the visceral effectors
21421113PlexusNetwork
21421114PerikaryonCell body of a neuron
21421115Gray MatterUnmyelinated nerve fibers
21421116White MatterMyelinated nerve fibers
21421117Dorsal Root GanglionContains the cell body of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves.
21421118Commissureconnection between divisions of the CNS, such as the anterior white commissure and the corpus callosum.
21421119Corpus CallosumA white commissure between the hemispheres of the cerebrum
21421120neuromuscular junctionthe synapse between a nerve fiber and the muscle it supplies
21421121Neuroglandular junctionthe synapse between a neuron and a gland.
21421122Neuro-neuronal junctionthe synapse between two neurons
21421123acetylcholinethe neurotransmitter of the preganglionic neurons in both the SNS and PsNS, also the post ganglionic neurotransmitter of the PsNS
21421124NicotinicMembrane receptor of the post ganglionic cell in the ANS.
21426360Cholinergicsynapse with Acetylcholine as it's neurotransmitter
21426361Muscarinic ExcitatoryMembrane receptor for PsNS, increases activity of effector organ when bound by acetylcholine
21426362Muscarinic inhibitoryMembrane receptor for PsNS, inhibits activity of effector organ when bound by acetylcholine
21426363Beta receptorMembrane receptor for norepinephrine, decreases activity, except in the heart.
21426364Alpha receptorMembrane receptor for norepinephrine that increases activity.
21426365NorepinephrineNeurotransmitter in the Sympathetic Nervous system.
21426366CN I OlfactoryReceives signals from the chemoreceptors of the olfactory membrane
21426367CN II OpticReceives signals from the photoreceptors of the retina
21426368CN III OculomotorInnervates superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique. Visceral effectors: ciliary muscle of the Iris, and circular muscle of the pupil
21426369CN IV TrochlearInnervates the superior oblique muscle.
21426370CN V Trigeminalreceives from the scalp, face, and mouth. Innervates the muscles of the jaw involved in mastication.
21426371CN VI Abducensinnervates the lateral rectus of the eye.
21426372CN VII Facialinnervates most facial muscles, lacrimal gland, and 2 salivary glands. Receives signals from anterior 2/3 of tongue
21426373CN VIII VestibulocochlearReceives signals from the organ of corti (cochlea) and the vestibule. Sense of hearing and balance.
21426374CN IX GlossopharyngealReceives from the taste receptors on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue; innervates the parotid salivary gland and muscles involved in swallowing
21426375CN X VagusSensory: Visceral organ sensory of heart, lungs, trachea, GI tract, pharynx, larynx (feel throat structures when swallowing). Motor: skeletal muscles of swallowing, visceral organs, muscles of vocal cords (swallowing, Gag Reflex)
21426376CN XI Spinal AccessoryInnervates the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles.
21426377CN XII HypoglossalInnervates the skeletal muscle of the tongue.
21426378FoviaThe point on the retina on which the light is focused.
21426379Optic Discthe "blind spot" at which the optic nerve exits the eye.
21426380Anterior Median Fissuredeep, wide groove on the anterior side of Spinal Cord
21426381Posterior Median Sulcusshallower, narrow groove on the posterior side of Spinal Cord
21426382Central CanalThe narrow cavity in the center of the spinal cord that is continuous with the fluid-filled ventricles of the brain.
21426383Dura Materthe outermost (and toughest) of the 3 meninges
21426384Arachnoid Matermiddle layer of the meninges
21426385Pia MaterThe protective covering adhering to the surface of the spinal cord and CNS tissue.
21426386Posterior HornThe area of the gray matter in the spinal cord in which somatic sensory neurons synapse
21426387Posterior Portion of the Lateral HornThe area of the gray matter in the spinal cord in which visceral sensory neurons synapse
21426388Anterior Portion of the Lateral HornThe area of the gray matter in the spinal cord in which visceral motor neurons synapse
21426389Anterior HornThe area of the gray matter in the spinal cord in which somatic motor neurons synapse
21426390Paravertebral ganglionSympathetic chain of neurons that run parallel to the spinal cord.
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APUSH The American Pageant 12e Ch 26 The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution Flashcards

APUSH

Terms : Hide Images
276104361Great Sioux reservationIn the 1860s, the federal government herded the Indians into smaller confines;in Dakota Territory0
293658268Indian Territory (Oklahoma)An area to which Native Americans were moved covering what is now Oklahoma and parts of Kansas and Nebraska1
293658269"Buffalo Soldiers"Nickname for African-American soldiers who fought in the wars against Native Americans living on the Great Plains during the 1870s2
293658270Sand Creek massacre (1864)The U.S. Army convinced a group of Cheyenne to stop raiding farms and return to their Colorado reservation peacefully, where the army attacked and killed about 150 people while burning the camp.3
293658271Fetterman massacre (1866)Sioux war party attempting to block construction of the Bozeman Trail to Montana ambushed Captain Fetterman's command of 81 soldiers in Wyoming's Bighorn Mountains4
293658272Sitting Bulla chief of the Sioux -- took up arms against settlers in the northern Great Plains and against United States Army troops; he was present at the battle of Little Bighorn (1876) when the Sioux massacred General Custer's troops (1831-1890)5
293658273Custer's Last Standat the Battle of Little Bighorn: Custer and men defeated by 2500 Sioux warriors6
293658274Chief Joseph (1877)Def: an attempt by thier leader, to take the Nez Perce to Canada away from the U.S. army; it was defeated. Sig: constant pressure made tribe after tribe comply with state and federal laws.7
293658275Apache/GeronimoThe fierce Apache tribes of Arizona and New Mexico were lead by Geronimo, they were pursued into Mexico by Federal troops scattered remnants of the warriors were finally persuaded to surrender after Apache women had been exiled to Florida; the Apaches ultimately became successful farmers in Oklahoma8
293658276"Buffalo Bill" CodyThis former pony express rider and Indian fighter and hero of popular dime novels for children traveled around the U.S. and Europe and put on popular Wild West shows. The shows included re-enactments of Indian battles and displays of horsemanship and riflery9
293658277Helen Hunt Jackson (Ramona, 1884)Recorded government cruelty towards Native American Indians10
293658278Battle of Wounded Knee (1890)1890 last major clash between U.S. troops and Indians. Army sent to end sacred "Ghost Dance" by Dakota Sioux, whites fearful of the dance made it illegal. (It was supposed to wipe the white men from the earth) 200 men, women and Children were killed.11
293658279Dawes Severality Act (1887)Property divided their land and sold their land to Native Americans. No longer communal and private property couldn't be sold for 25 years. Native Americans owned less land Education was funded. Took children away from family. Took Native Americans children away from family to make them civilized. This Act impoverished them and destroyed culture. Attacked tribal organization12
293658280Carlisle Indian School (1879)taught Native American children white customs including English13
293658281Indian Reorganization Act (1934)Act which secured certain rights to Native Americans. These include a reversal of the Dawes Act's privatization of common holdings of American Indians and a return to local self-government on a tribal basis. Owing to this Act and to other actions of federal courts and the government, over two million acres of land were returned to various tribes in the first 20 years after passage of the act.14
293658282Pike's Peak Gold Rush (1858)Also known as the Colorado Gold Rush) was the boom in gold prospecting and mining in the Pike's Peak Country of western Kansas Territory and southwestern Nebraska Territory of the United States that began in July 1858 and lasted until roughly the creation of the Colorado Territory on February 28, 1861. An estimated 100,000 gold seekers took part in one of the greatest gold rushes in North American history.[1] The participants in the gold rush were known as "Fifty-Niners" after 1859, the peak year of the rush and often used the motto ****'s **** or Bust!15
293658283Comstock Lode (1859)Prospectors in Nevada discovered gold near the Carson River valley. This fabulously rich vein brought in about $340 million worth of gold and silver between 1860 and 1890.16
293658284"Long Drives" (1866-88)The gold rush in Colorado between 1858-1961 when gold mining in the Pikes Peak Country exploded. Prospector William G. Russell led an expedition to Ralston Creek in 1851 upon rumors of gold in the streams. Once gold was found in Cherry Creek near Denver, word spread, prompting 100,000 potential prospectors to make their way to the Rocky Mountains. Only half actually made it there. The phrase Pikes Peak or Bust! was painted on wagons by prospectors to let folks know they were on their way across the prairie to find gold in Colorado. If they could see Pikes Peak, they knew they were close, as the mountain famously sits high on the horizon, farther east than any other mountain in Colorado's Front Range. The gold camps that eventually formed were actually settled in places like Boulder City, Denver City, Golden City, and Idaho Springs. Gold wasn't found near Pikes Peak in Cripple Creek until the 1890's. The term was eventually changed to the Colorado Gold Rush.17
293658285Homestead Act (1862)Act that allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30 - instead of public land being sold primarily for revenue, it was now being given away to encourage a rapid filling of empty spaces and to provide a stimulus to the family farm, turned out to be a cruel hoax because the land given to the settlers usually had terrible soil and the weather included no precipitation, many farms were repo'd or failed until "dry farming" took root on the plains , then wheat, then massive irrigation projects18
293658286"Sodbusters"name given to Great Plains farmers because they had to break through so much thick soil, called sod, in order to farm19
293658287100th meridianimaginary line separating the well-watered east from the semiarid west20
293658288John Wesley Powella U.S. soldier, geologist, and explorer of the American West. He is famous for the 1869 Powell Geographic Expedition, a three-month river trip down the Green and Colorado rivers that included the first passage through the Grand Canyon.21
293658289Joseph F. Glidden1874 invented a superior type of barbed wire and in 1883 the company was producing 600 miles of the product each day; the barbed wire was used against trespassing cattle22
293658290Oklahoma "sooners" (1889)People who entered the district illegally to lay claim to lands, before the designated entry time, were called "Sooners." The name came from a section in the Indian Appropriations Act of March 2, 1889, that said that nobody would be permitted to enter upon and occupy the land before the time designated in the President's opening proclamation and that those that did would be denied rights to the land. This section became known as the "sooner clause."23
293658291YellowstoneSigned into a national park in 1871 by Ulysses S. Grant, it is the first ever national park in the world, established in Wyoming, Montana and Idaho -- Yosemite followed...24
293658292Frederick Jackson Turner (1893)was an American historian in the early 20th century. He is best known for his essay "The Significance of the Frontier in American History", whose ideas are referred to as the Frontier Thesis. He is also known for his theories of geographical sectionalism. In recent years western history has seen pitched arguments over his Frontier Thesis, with the only point of agreement being his enormous impact on historical scholarship and the American mind.25
293658293"cash" cropscrops, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit26
293658294Montgomery Ward (1872)United States businessman who in 1872 established a successful mail-order business (1843-1913)27
293658295Deflationa contraction of economic activity resulting in a decline of prices28
293658296National Grange (1867)founded by Oliver H. Kelley ;; improve lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, fraternal activities29
293658297Greenback Labor Party (1878)Political party that farmers sought refuge in at first, combined inflationary appeal of earlier Greenbackers w/ program for improving labor. Elected 14 members to Congress.30
293658298Farmers Alliances (late 1880s)groups of farmers of those in sympathy with farming issues, whosent lectures from town to town to educate people about agriculural and rural issues,31
293658299People's Party (Populists, early 1890s)formed in 1892, the populist party was created by farmers' alliances. The peoples' party supported the abolition of national banks and the government ownership of railroads32
293658300Coin's Financial School (1894)popular pamphlet written by William Hope Harvey that portrayed pro-silver arguments triumphing over the traditional views of bankers and economics professors33
293658301Ignatius Donnelley and Mary LeaseElected to Congress three times by the Populist party. American lecturer, writer, and political activist. She was an advocate of the suffrage movement as well as temperance but she was best known for her work with the Populist party.34
293658302James B. WeaverHe was the Populist candidate for president in the election of 1892; received only 8.2% of the vote. He was from the West.35
293658303Panic of 1893Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.36
293658304Coxey's Army (1894)unemployed workers led by Jacob Coxey who marched to Washington demanding a government road-building program and currency inflation for the needy; Coxey was arrested for stepping on grass at the Capitol and the movement collapsed.37
293658305J. P. Morgan (1895)Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"38
293658306Pullman strike (1894)in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing, nonviolent strike Prez. Cleveland shut it down because it was interfering with mail delivery39
293658307Eugene V. DebsLeader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.40
293658308Gov. John AltgeldGovernor of Illinois during the Haymarket riots, he pardoned three convicted bombers in 1893, believing them victims of the "malicious ferocity" of the courts.41
293658309A. G. Richard OlneyAmerican statesman. He served as both United States Attorney General and Secretary of State under President Grover Cleveland. As attorney general, Olney used injunctions against striking workers in the Pullman strike, setting a precedent, and advised the use of federal troops, when legal means failed to control the strikers. As secretary of state, he raised the status of America in the world by elevating U.S. diplomatic posts to the status of embassy.42
293658310William McKinley25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist43
293658311Mark HannaAn industrialist and Republican politician from Ohio. The campaign manager of McKinley in the 1896, in what is considered the forerunner of the modern political campaign, and subsequently became one of the most powerful members of the U.S. Senate.44
293658312William Jennings BryanUnited States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)45
293658313"Cross of Gold" speechAn impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.46
293658314"Gold Bugs"referred to those who favored basing the US monetary system on gold to the exclusion of silver47
293658315Dingley Tariff Bill (1897)Established average rates at 46.5% after over 850 amendments were added. This was much higher than the Wilson-Gorman Act of 1894 and the McKinley Act in some categories48
293658316Gold Standard Act (1900)signed by McKinley. It stated that all paper money would be backed only by gold. This meant that the government had to hold gold in reserve in case people decided they wanted to trade in their money. Eliminated silver coins, but allowed paper Silver Certificates issued under the Bland-Allison Act to continue to circulate.49
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Chapter 27: The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution Flashcards

1865-1890

Terms : Hide Images
279231121"Indian Territory"Oklahoma
279231122SiouxNative American Expansionist Tribe
279231123Fort Laramie/Fort Atkinson TreatiesBeginning of Reservations
279231124ShermanEx-Civil War General, Fought Natives
279231125Sheridan"Only good Indian is a Dead one" Ex-Civil War General, Fought Natives
279231126Sand Creek400 Indians killed, many innocent
279231127Colonel JM ChivingtonLeader of Militia at Sand Creek
279231128WIlliam J. FettermenBig Horn Mts. 81 soldiers killed by Indians, overkill
279231129George Armstrong"boy general" turned to an Indian fighter
279231130Colonel CusterBlack Hills, Discovered Gold on Sioux Land, Suppressed Indians, Wiped Out
279231131Liltte Big HornCuster's 7th Cavalry wiped out by Sioux Indians under Sitting Bull
279231132Nez PerceGold on reservation - government shrinks reservation
279231133Chief JosephNez Perce Indian fought gov. but surrendered
279231134ApacheSouthern Trimes, surrendered, became farmers
279231135GeronimoLead Apache
279231136William Cody"Buffalo Bill" Killed animals for food
279231137Helen Hunt Jackson"A Century of Dishonor" author, "ramona" supported Indians
279231138Wounded Knee200 Indians Killed as Military puts out Ghost Dance, 29 soldiers killed
279231139Dawes Severalty Act of 1887Wiped out Tribal ownership of land
279231140Carlisle Indian SchoolNative American's Americanized
279231141Silver SenatorsPromote Silver Miners
279231142Bret HarteFolk Author
279231143Long DriveCattle Driven all over the counry
279231144Marshal James B. Hickock"Wild Bill", gunman, killed in self dense
279231145Homestead Act 1862Create a successful farm, keep it. Can't do it? We take it back
279231146John Wesley PowellExplored Grand Canyon
279231147Joseph F. GliddenBarbed Wire
279231148Frederick Johnson TurnerAmerican History = Western Colonization
279231149Montgomery WardCatalog - order ANYTHING
279231150The Grange1867 Unify and empower farmers, improvement
279231151Oliver H. KeeleyMinnesota Farmer, Started the Grange
279231152Farmers' Alliance1870s, Texas, railroads and manufacturing cooperation
279231153Colored Farmers National Alliance1880s same as Farmers' Alliance - for blacks
279231154Ignatius DonnellyPopulist Leader
279231155Mary Elizabeth Leasecalamity howlers "Kansas Pythoness"
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AP Psychology- Unit 3- Sensation & Perception Flashcards

Terms from unit on sensation and perception in AP Psychology. (Chapters 5 & 6 in Myers 7e)

Terms : Hide Images
512198455Sensationthe process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.
512198456Perceptionthe process of organizing and interpreting sensory information; enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.
512198457Bottom-up processinganalysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information.
512198458Top-down processinginformation processing guided by higher-level mental process, as when we construct perceptions drawing out our experience and expectation.
512198459Absolute thresholdthe minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time.
512198460Signal detection theorya theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimuli ("signal") amid background stimulation ("noise"). Assume that there is no single absolute threshold and that focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information. (e.g. what determines a "hit", "miss," "false alarm" or "correct rejection")
512198461Difference thresholdthe minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference (also called just noticeable difference or JND.)
512198462Subliminal Sensationdetection of stimuli below absolute threshold
512198463Weber's lawthe principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount).
512198464Sensory Adaptationdiminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.
512198465Transductionconversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies into neural impulses.
512198466Wavelengththe distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission.
512198467Huethe dimension of color that is determine by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth.
512198468Pupilthe adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.
512198469Irisa ring of muscle tissue that forms the color portions of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.
512198470Lensthe transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.
512198471Accommodationthe process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.
512198472Retinathe light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.
512198473Acuitythe sharpness of vision.
512198474Nearsightednessa condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects because distant objects focus right in front of the retina.
512198475Farsightednessthe condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly that near objects because the image of near objects is focused behind the retina.
512198476Rodsretinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond.
512198477Conesreceptors cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine details and give rise to color sensation.
512198478Optic nervethe nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.
512198479Blind spotthe point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye; no receptors cells are located there. Creates a gap in our vision that is "filled" by the brain.
512198480Foveathe central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster.
512198481Feature detectorsnerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimuli, such as shape, angle, or movement.
512198482Parallel processingthe processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrast with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.
512198483Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic theorythe theory that the retina contains three different colors receptors-one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue-which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color.
512198484Opponent-Process theorythe theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision; useful for explaining the phenomenon of "after-images"
512198485Color constancyperceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the objects.
512198486Auditionthe sense of hearing
512198487Frequencythe number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time.
512198488Middle earthe chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window.
512198489Inner earthe innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs.
512198490Cochleaa coiled bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses.
512198491Place Theoryin hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated.
512198492Frequency theoryin hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch.
512198493Gate-Control theorythe theory that the spinal cord contains neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is open by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming form the brain.
512198494Kinesthesisthe system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts; enabled by feedback from proprioceptors (which provide info about the movement of muscles, tendons, joints)
512198495Vestibular sensethe sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance; enabled by feedback from semicircular canals in inner ear
512198496basilar membranearea within the cochlea where hair cells are located
512198498gestalta perceptual whole; derived from German word meaning "form" or "whole"
512198499selective attentionability to attend to only a limited amount of sensory information at one time
512198501figure-groundA gestalt perceptual phenomenon; the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings
512198502groupingthe perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
512198507depth perceptionthe ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance
512198508visual clifflaboratory device for testing depth perception among infants and young animals; its use demonstrated that, among most species, animals have the ability to perceive depth by the time they are mobile
512198509binocular cuesdepth cues that require the combined input of both eyes
512198510monocular cuesdepth cues that only require input from one eye; often used in 2D art to create illusion of depth
512198512convergencea binocular cue for perceiving depth; the more the eyes strain to turn inwards to view an object, the closer the object is (note: only a factor at close ranges)
512198515interpositionmonocular cue for depth perception; if one object partially blocks our view of another object, we perceive it as closer
512198518relative motionmonocular cue for depth perception; as we move, stationary objects seem to "move" as well. Objects above a fixation point move "with" us, objects below the fixation point move "past" us.
512198521phi phenomenonan illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in rapid succession
512198522stroboscopic movementthe brain's perception of continuous movement in a rapid series of slightly varying images; this is how we perceive motion in film and animation
512198523perceptual constancyperceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, lightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change
512198524perceptual adaptationthe ability to adjust to an altered perceptual reality; in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or inverted visual field (as when wearing visual displacement goggles).
512198525perceptual setmental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another (for example, due to suggestion or expectations based on prior learning)
512198526human factors psychologyBranch of psychology that explores how people & machines interact and how physical environment can be adapted to human behaviors
512198527extrasensory perception (ESP)the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition
512198528parapsychologythe study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis
512198532visual capturethe phenomenon that occurs when vision overtakes some other, conflicting sensory input
512296998retinal disparitya binocular cue for perceiving depth; by comparing images from the two eyeballs, the brain computes distance - the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the close the object
512296999Inattentional Blindnessfailing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
512297000cochlear implanta device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea
512297001Sensorineural Hearing Losshearing loss due to failure of the auditory nerve
512297002Conduction Hearing Losshearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
512297003Decibelsmeasure of loudness of sound
512297004Pitchthe property of sound that varies with variation in the frequency of vibration
512297005Intensitythe magnitude of sound (usually in a specified direction)
512297006Primingthe activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response
512297007Psychophysicsthe branch of psychology concerned with quantitative relations between physical stimuli and their psychological effects
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