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AP Biology Chapter 13 Flashcards

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252891830evolutionDescent with modification; the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from present-day ones; also, the genetic changes in a population from generation to generation.
252891831fossilA preserved remnant or impression of an organism that lived in the past.
252891832adaptionsAn inherited characteristic that enhances an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.
252891833artificial selectionThe selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits.
252891834natural selectionA process in which individuals with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than are individuals that do not have those traits.
252891835paleontologistsA scientist who studies fossils.
252891836fossil recordThe chronicle of evolution over millions of years of geologic time engraved in the order in which fossils appear in rockstrata.
252891837strataRock layers formed when new layers of sediment cover older ones and compress them.
252891838biogeographyThe study of the past and present distribution of organisms.
252891839homologySimilarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry.
252891840homologous structuresStructures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.
252891841vestigal structuresA feature of an organism that is a historical remnant of a structure that served a function in the organism's ancestors.
252891842molecular biologyThe study of the molecular basis of genes and gene expression; molecular genetics.
254833231evolutionary treeA branching diagram that reflects a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms.
254833232populationA group of individuals belonging to one species and living in the same geographic area.
254833233gene poolAll the alleles for all the genes in a population.
254833234microevolutionA change in a population's gene pool over generations.
254833235Hardy-Weinberg principleThe principle that frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work.
258770712genetic driftA change in the gene pool of a population due to chance. Effects of genetic drift are most pronounced in small populations.
258770713bottleneck effectGenetic drift resulting from a drastic reduction in population size. Typically, the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population.
258770714founder effectGenetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and form a new population whose gene pool is not reflective of that of the original population.
258770715relative fitnessThe contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals in the population.
258770716stabalizing selectionNatural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes.
258770717directional selectionNatural selection in which individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive and reproduce more successfully than do other individuals.
258770718disruptive selectionNatural selection in which individuals on both extremes of a phenotypic range are favored over intermediate phenotypes.
258770719sexual selectionA form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited traits are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates.
258770720sexual dimorphismMarked differences between the secondary sex characteristics of males and females.
258770721balancing selectionNatural selection that maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population.
258770722heterozygous advantageGreater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared to homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in gene pools.
258770723frequency-dependent selectionSelection in which the fitness of aphenotype depends on how common the phenotype is in a population.
258782197gene flowThe transfer of alleles from one population to another as a result of the movement of individuals or their gametes.
260663231Carlos LinnaeusDeveloped taxonomy and binomial nomenclature
260663232Georges CuvierAdvocated catastrophism
260663233Jean-Baptiste Lemarkdeveloped an early theory on evolution based on two principles: Use and Disuse, and Inheritance of acquired characteristics
260663234Embryonic homologiescomparison of early stages of animal development reveals many anatomical homologies in embryos that are not visible in adult organisms
260663235Convergent evolutionexplains why distantly related species can resemble one another. the likenesses that result from this are called analogous
260663236endemic speciesspecies found at a certain geographic area and nowhere else
2606632371) No mutations 2) Random mating 3) No natural selection 4) No genetic drift 5) No gene flow5 principles of Hardy-Weinberg principle
260663238diploidybecause most eukaryotes are diploid, they are capable of hiding genetic variation (recessive alleles) from selection
260663239macroevolutionevolutionary change above the species level, such as the appearance of feathers and other such novelties
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AP Bio Chapter 13 Flashcards

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97043113hereditycontinually of biological traits from 1 generation to the next
97043114variationinherited difference among individuals of the same species
97043115geneticsscientific study of heredity
97043116geneunit of heredity; located on chromosomes; programs cells to produce specific proteins
97043117asexual reproductionall genes passed on from one parent, produces genetically identical offspring
97043118clonea group of genetically identical cells or organisms derived from a single cell or individual by some kind of asexual reproduction
97043119sexual reproduction2 parents used, both genes used from both parents, or a combination; has a unique combo of genes
97043120life cyclethe course of developmental changes in an organism from fertilized zygote to maturity when another zygote can be produced
97043121somatic cellbody cells
97043122karyotypepicture of chromosomes; somatic cell metaphase chromosomes
97043123homologous chromosomessame size and centromeres position, same gene loci
97043124sex chromosomesdetermines sex of the individual; xx or xy
97043125autosomenon sex chromosomes; different sizes and centromere location
97043126haploid cellhalf set of chromosomes; gametes
97043127fertilizationunion of 2 gametes to produce a zygote
97043128syngamyThe process of cellular union during fertilization
97043129zygotediploid cell that results from fertilization
97043130diploid cellsfull set of chromosomes; somatic cell
97043131meiosisCell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
97043132meiosis IThe first division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the chromosome number of the original cell
97043133meiosis IIthe second phase of meiosis consisting of chromatids separating, along with the two diploid cells splitting in two
97043134synapsisthe pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis
97043135tetradstructure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis
97043136chiasmaan intersection or crossing of two tracts in the form of the letter X
97043137crossing overprocess in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis
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AP Bio Chapter 13 Flashcards

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246130773artificial selectionThe selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to encourage the occurrence of desirable traits
246130774biogeographyThe study of the past and present distribution of species
246130775clineGraded variation in some traits of individuals that parallels a gradient in the environment
246130776comparative embryologyThe study of structures that appear during the development of different organisms
246130777descent with modificationDarwin's initial phrase for the general process of evolution
246130778directional selectionNatural selection that favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic range
246130779disruptive selectionNatural selection that favors extreme over intermediate phenotypes
246130780evolutionAll the changes that have transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity that characterizes it today
246130781evolutionary adaptationAn inherited characteristic that enhances an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment
246130782fossil recordThe chronicle of evolution over millions of years of geologic time engraved in rock strata
246130783fossilA preserved remnant or impression of an organism that lived in the past
246130784founder effectGenetic drift attributable to colonization by a limited number of individuals from a parent population
246130785gene flowThe loss or gain of alleles in a population due to the migration of fertile individuals or gametes between populations
246130786gene poolThe total aggregate of genes in a population at any one time
246130787genetic driftChanges in the gene pool of a small population due to chance
246130788Hardy-Weinberg equilibriumThe condition describing a non-evolving population (one that is in genetic equilibrium)
246130789heterozygote advantageGreater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared to homozygotes
246130790homologous structuresStructures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry
246130791microevolutionA change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation
246130792modern synthesisA theory of evolution emphasizing natural selection, gradualism, and populations as the units of evolutionary change
246130793molecular biologyThe study of genes and gene expression
246130794mutationA rare change in the DNA of a gene ultimately creating genetic diversity
246130795natural selectionDifferential success in reproduction resulting from the interaction of organisms with their environment
246130796neutral variationGenetic diversity that confers no apparent selective advantage
246130797polymorphicReferring to a population in which two or more physical forms are present in readily noticeable frequencies
246130798populationA group of individuals of one species that live in a particular geographic area
246130799population geneticsThe science of microevolutionary changes in populations
246130800sexual dimorphismA special case of polymorphism based on the distinction between the secondary sex characteristics of males and females
246130801stabilizing selectionNatural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes
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Chapters 7-8 The American Pagent Flashcards

The Road to Revolution and Amereica Succeding from Britain

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220075373Sons of LibertyOne of the groups that ardently fought against the stamp acts, ransacking houses of stamp act officials, taking their money and hanging effigies of them on liberty poles. They were one of the many to oppose the nonimportant agreements
220075374Townshend ActsPassed by Parliament in 1767. Taxed imports of glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea. It was another point of issue for the colonists. It indirectly caused the Boston Massacre.
220075375Boston Tea PartyDecember 16, 1773. Sons of Liberty disguised themselves as Indians then threw incoming tea imports into Boston Harbour to protest the tax on tea. They also did it to get rid of the temptation for the protesting colonists to buy tea. It was looked down upon by many.
220075376Repressive/Coercive ActsPassed in 1744 as a reaction to the Boston Tea party. The Boston port act closed Boston Harbor until the tea was paid for. Called the Intolerable Act by Americans.
220075377Stamp ActsCreated to raise revenues for redcoats in America. A Stamp was attatched to things to let people kow the tax had been paid. Americans resented this immensley and It was one of the primary inflamitories for the American Revoution.
220075378Sugar ActsPut in place in 1764. Increased taxes on imported West Indies sugar. It was the first Parliament induced tax to raise revenue for the crown. It was reduced after much arguing from the colonists.
220075379Salutary NeglectWhen britain left the colonies to their own devices on how to create their own goernment and taxes.
220075380Declaratory ActThe law Parliament passed in 1766. It said that they could bind the colonies in any way they wanted.
220075381Crispus AtticusOne of the first killed in the Boston Massacre. He was black and called on of the leaders of the mob.
220075382Samuel AdamsOrgonized local commities of correspondance. They exchanged propoganda and information that kept the opposition to British policy alive.
220075383Comitties of CorrespondanceCreated by Samuel Adams. People exchanded letters containing anti-British propoganda and other information that kept the British opposition alive.
220075384First Continental CongressSeptember 5 to October 27, 1774. 35 representatives from all o the colonies except for Georgia met in Philidelphia to discuss how to resolve colonial grievances. Discussed home rule, wrote the Declaration of Rights, and The Association, which called for complete boycott of British goods.
220075385Intolerable ActsAlso known as the Repressive Acts. Included Boston Port Act. Set mostly on Massachucessts.
220240620Lexington and Concord1775 British troops marched to Lexingtion to confisticate gunpowder from the colonists and capture john Hancock and Samuel Adams. After firing shots, they continued on to Concord before being forced to retreat back to Boston.
220240621Second Continental CongressThe Congress focused on creating and developing an army to go against the British.
220240622Social Contracta voluntary agreement among individuals by which organized society is brought into being, and has the right to secure mutual protection and welfare, or to regulate the relations among its members.
220240623Loyalists and ToriesLoyalists supported King George III in the issues between the colonies and Britain and Tories were the rebels that wanted home rule.
220240624Patriots/WhigsThey were the rebels against Britain. They saw any colonist not loyal to their cause as a traitor.
220240625YorktownWashington and Rochambeau attacked Cornwalis on land while Admiral de Grasse blockaded the harbor. Cornwallis surrendered his 7,000 troops on October 19, 1781. Many British was thought they were done for after that fight.
220363227Patrick HenryAmerican patriot, orator and statesman.
220363228George WashingtonUS general andd poitical leader. He was the first president of the United States.
220440154Thomas PaineThe author of the Common Sense newspaper. He got the idea of a democratic republic into everyones head.
220440155Thomas JeffersonWriter of the Declaration of Independance. Part of the Second Continental Congress. Originally a successful lawyer.
220440156Benedict ArnoldAn American General. He was part of the two pronged attack on Quebeck and was very helpful in many other battles. He eventually betrayed them and was planning on returning to the British but was caught before he could do so.
220440157John JayOne of the three negotiators sent to Paris. He did not like the way the France was trying to control America's outcome so he went and discussed with the British seperately.
220440158Tea ActWas rather ineffectual. Part of the Twonshend Acts, the three pence tax on tea prompted some of the largest revolts agaist the British pre-Revolution.
220440159Common SenseA newspaper written by Thomas Paine in Boston. It was one of the main revolutionary pieces that also prompted them to look at a democratic republic.
220440160MercenariesWere sent over by George III. The Husseans were German and many of them left the army to get land of their own. Their involvement was a major issue between the colonies and Britain.
220440161John AdamsWas part of the Continental Congress. The United States second president. He was sent to Paris for the Peace negotiations.
220440162Marquis de LafayetteWas the primary French general that assisted the Americans. He was excellent, despite his youth and he brough revolutionary ideals back with him to France.
220440163Natural RightsBasic rights within a government that cannot be denied. They were a primary rallying and arguing point for the Continental Congress and in the Declaration of Independance.
220440164John LockeAn Englishman whose views profoundly influence Thomas Jefferson and prompted his use of "life, love, and the pursuit of happiness." His views were a rallying point for many rebels.
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Articles of Confederations -vocabulary Flashcards

vocabulary for Articles of Confederation

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110484623Depreciatelose in value
110484624Depressiona long-term economic state characterized by unemployment and low prices and low levels of trade and investment
110484625Manumissionthe formal act of freeing from slavery
110484626Proportionalto be the same as or corresponding to
110484627Compromiseto settle a dispute by terms agreeable to both sides
110484628Constitutiona written plan of government
110484629Bicameralcomposed of two legislative bodies
110484630Republica political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
110484631Petitonto make a request of the government.
110488492Ordinancea law or regulation
110488493Federalisma form of government in which power is divided between the federal, or national, government and the states
111064175Articlea part of a document, such as the Constitution, that deals with a single subject
111064176Legislative Branchthe branch of government that makes laws
111064177Executive Branchthe branch of the United States government that is responsible for carrying out the laws
111064178Elector CollegeThis system which had electors pick the president was originally government by the will of the state legislatures, but by 1832 it was governed by the popular vote in all states but SC
111064179Weaknesses of the articles of confederationOverall, very weak central government and no executive branch. 1. The central government had no power to tax. 2. The central government could not print or coin money. 3. No central court system 4. Passage of any bill required 9 out of 13 states. 5. Each state had one vote. 6. An amendment required unanimous support. 7. Congress had no power to raise an army.
111064180Amendmentan addition to a formal document such as the constitution
111064181Judicial Branchthe branch of government, including the federal court system, that interprets the nation's laws
111064182Checks and Balanceseach branch of the national government can check the actions of the oter two branches
111064183Federalismsupporters of the constitution
111064184RatifyTo give official approval
111064185Anti Federalistthose who opposed reatifiacation of the constitution
111064186EnlightenmentAn intellectual movement concentrated in France during the 1700's developed rational laws to describe social behavior and applied their findings in support of human rights and liberal economic theories.
111064187`...
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Paynter's AP Biology Unit 1 Flashcards

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62862199evolutiondescent with modification; idea that living species are descendants of ancestors that were different from present-day organisms; change in genetic composition of a population from generation to generation
62862200biologyscientific study of life
62862201emergent propertiesnew properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases
62862202reductionismreduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study
62862203systems biologyan approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems; allows for predictions when one variable of a component changes
62862204eukaryotica type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; organisms with these cells include protists, plants, fungi, and animals
62862205prokaryotica type of cell lacking both a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; bacteria and archaea
62862206DNAdouble-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule, consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine
62862207genomeentire "library" of genetic instructions that an organism inherits
62862208bioinformaticsthe use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyze the huge volume of data that result from high-throughput methods
62862209negative feedbackthe most common form of regulation; accumulation of an end product slows its own processing
62862210positive feedbackprocess in which an end product speeds up its own production
62862211animalia, fungi, plantae, protista, monerafive kingdoms
62862212archaea, bacteria, eukaryathree domains
62862213Charles Darwinperson who believed in 1) descent with modification--captures unity and diversity, and 2) natural selection--causes evolution as the unequal reproductive successes of individuals adapts the population to its environment
62862214datarecorded observations; can be quantitative or qualitative
62862215inductive reasoninga type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations (specific >>> general)
62862216deductive reasoninga type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise (general >>> specific)
62862217controlled experimentan experiment that is designed to compare an experimental group with a control group; ideally, the only difference between the groups is part of what is being tested
62862218modela representation of a theory or process; may take form of a graph, diagram, 3D object, computer program, or mathematical equation
62862219adaptationany structure, behavior, or internal process that helps an individual to better survive and/or reproduce
62862220altruismthe assistance given to one organism by another, even if the act of giving puts the survival of the assisting organism at risk
62862221Sir Richard Dawkinsthe person who believed in altruism as the illustration of "the selfish gene"
62862222atoms, biomolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, population, community, ecosystem, biospherelevels of biological organization (from simple to complex)
62862223energy processing, evolutionary adaptation, growth and development, order, regulation, reproduction, response to environmentcharacteristics of life (7, in alphabetical order)
62862224ordera characteristic of life; highly detailed and organized structure
62862225regulationa characteristic of life; maintenance of homeostasis
62862226energy processinga characteristic of life; consuming matter, storing energy, using energy
62862227evolutionary adaptationa characteristic of life; natural selection/descent with modification
62862228growth and developmenta characteristic of life; genes control life patterns
62862229response to environmenta characteristic of life; an organism's interaction with its surroundings
62862230reproductiona characteristic of life; the creation of new life from pre-existing life
62862231atomthe smallest unit of matter on Earth
62862232biomoleculescombinations of atoms; examples include lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, ATP
62862233organellescombinations of biomolecules; nucleus, cytoplasm, membrane
62862234cellscombinations of organelles; the first unit of life
62862235tissuescombinations of cells; types include nervous, muscular, fat, blood
62862236organscombinations of more than one type of tissue
62862237organ systemsgroup of organs that work together
62862238organismthe simultaneous and interdependent functioning of various organ systems
62862239populationgroup of organisms of a single specie in a localized area
62862240communityall populations of all species in a localized area
62862241ecosystemthe community plus abiotic factors; also includes interactions between biotic and abiotic components
62862242biospherewherever on Earth that there is life
62862243abiotic factorscomponents that affect an ecosystem; examples include temperature, rainfall, sunlight, wind, and soil
62862244symbiosiswhen two organisms live in close/tight relationships with each other
62862245parasitisma type of symbiosis in which one organism acts as a parasite and the other as a host
62862246mutualisma type of symbiosis in which both organisms benefit from the relationship
62862247commensualisma type of symbiosis in which one organism benefits from the relationship while the other is neither helped nor harmed
62862248cell theoryproponents include 1) all living things are made of cells; 2) cells are the basic unit of life; 3) cells only come from other cells; established by Schleiden and Schwann
62862249energythe ability to do work; all life needs a constant supply of this
62862250sunlight, producers, consumerspattern of energy flow
62862251autotrophsorganisms that create their own food
62862252heterotrophsorganisms that eat other organisms for energy
62862253kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, specietraditional taxonomy
62862254animaliacharacteristics of this kingdom: heterotrophic, eukaryotic, multicellular, no cell walls
62862255fungicharacteristics of this kingdom: heterotroph, eukaryotic, multicellular, cell walls (chitin)
62862256plantaecharacteristics of this kingdom: autotroph, eukaryotic, multicellular, cell walls (cellulose)
62862257protistacharacteristics of this kingdom: both autotrophic and heterotrophic, eukaryotic, unicellular but with some multicellular, some have cell walls while some do not
62862258moneracharacteristics of this kingdom: both autotrophic and heterotrophic, prokaryotic, unicellular, cell walls (peptidoglycam or murein)
62862259extreme thermophilestype of archaea; can survive boiling water, thrive near geysers
62862260extreme halophilestype of archaea; loves high salt concentrations
62862261methanogenstype of archaea; poisoned by oxygen, live in waterlogged soils, swamps, produce methane gas
62862262prokaryotic1) contains ribosomes >> proteins; 2) no endoplasmic reticulum; 3) no membrane-bound organelles; 4) one circular chromosome; 5) bacteria; 6) about 10 times smaller; 7) no nucleus (DNA floats around)
62862263eukaryotic1) contains ribosomes >> proteins; 2) contains endoplasmic reticulum; 3) all organelles are membrane-bound; 4) multiple, linear chromosomes; 5) everything besides bacteria; 6) about 10 times larger; 7) membrane-enclosed nucleus
62862264Agnostic behaviorA type of behavior involving a contest of some kind that determines which competitor gains access to some resource, such as food or mates.
62862265AltruismBehavior that reduces an individual's fitness while increasing the fitness of another individual.
62862266Associative LearningThe acquired ability to associate one stimulus with another; also called classical conditioning.
62862267BehaviorEverything an animal does and how it does it, including muscular activities such as chasing prey, certain nonmuscular processes such as secreting a hormone that attracts a mate, and learning.
62862268Behavioral EcologyThe scientific study of animal behavior, including how it is controlled ad how it develops, evolves, and contributes to survival and reproductive success.
62862269Classical ConditioningA type of associative learning; the association of a normally irrelevant stimulus with a fixed behavioral response.
62862270Coefficient of relatednessThe probability that a particular gene present in one individual will also be inherited from a common parent or ancestor in a second individual.
62862271CognitionThe ability of an animal's nervous system to perceive, store, process, and use information obtained by its sensory receptors.
62862272Cognitive EthologyThe scientific study of cognition; the study of the connection between data processing by nervous systems and animal behavior.
62862273Cognitive Mapthe representation within the nervous system of spatial relations between objects in an animal's environment.
62862274CommunicationAnimal behavior involving transmission of, reception of, and response to signals.
62862275CultureThe ideas, customs, skills, rituals, and similar activities of a people or group that are passed along to succeeding generations.
62862276EthologyThe study of animal behavior in natural conditions.
62862277Fixed Action pattern (FAP)A sequence of behavioral acts that is essentially unchangeable and usually carried to completion once initiated.
62862278ForagingBehavior necessary to recognize, search for, capture, and consume food.
62862279Game theoryAn approach the evaluation alternative strategies in situations where the outcome depends not only on each individual's strategy but also on the strategies of other individuals; a way of thinking about behavioral evolution in situations where the fitness of a particular behavioral phenotype is influences by other behavioral phenotypes in the population.
62862280HabituationA very simple type of learning that involves a loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no information.
62862281Hamilton's ruleThe principle that for natural selection to favor an altruistic act, the benefit to the recipient, devalued by the coefficient of relatedness, must exceed the cost to the altruist.
62862282ImprintingA type of learned behavior with a significant innate component, acquired during a limited critical period.
62862283Inclusive fitnessThe total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing its own offspring and by providing aid that enables other close relatives to increase the production of their offspring.
62862284Innate BehaviorBehavior that is developmentally fixed and under strong genetic control. Innate behavior is exhibited in virtually the same form by all individuals in a population despite internal and external environmental differences during development and throughout their lifetimes.
62862285Kin SelectionA phenomenon of inclusive fitness, used to explain altruistic behavior between related individuals.
62862286KinesisA change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus.
62862287LandmarkA point of reference for orientation during navigation.
62862288LearningA behavioral change resulting from experience
62862289Mate choice copyingBehavior in which individuals in a population copy the mate choice of others, apparently as a result of social learning.
62862290MonogamousA type of relationship in which one male mates with just one female.
62862291Operant conditioningA type of associative learning in which an animal learns to associate one o its own behaviors with a reward or punishment and then tends to repeat or avoid that behavior; also called trial-and-error learning.
62862292Optimal foraging theoryThe basis for analyzing behavior as a compromise of feeding costs versus feeding benefits.
62862293PheromoneIn animals and fungi, a small, volatile chemical that functions in communication and that in animals acts much like a hormone in influencing physiology and behavior.
62862294PolyandryA polygamous mating system involving one female and many males.
62862295PromiscuousA type of relationship in which mating occurs with no strong pair-bonds or lasting relationship.
62862296Proximate QuestionIn animal behavior, an inquiry that focuses on the environmental stimuli, if any, that trigger a particular behavioral act, as well as the genetic, physiological and anatomical mechanisms under lying it.
62862297Reciprocal AltruismAltruistic behavior between unrelated individuals, whereby the current altruistic individual benefits in the future when the current beneficiary reciprocates.
62862298Sensitive PeriodA limited phase in an individual animal's development when learning of particular behaviors can take place.
62862299Sign StimulusAn external sensory stimulus that triggers a FAP.
62862300SignalA behavior that causes a change in behavior in another animal.
62862301Social LearningModification of behavior through the observation of other individuals.
62862302SociobiologyThe study of social behavior based on evolutionary theory.
62862303Spatial LearningModification of behavior based on experience of the spatial structure of the environment.
62862304TaxisMovement toward or away from a stimulus.
62862305Ultimate QuestionIn animal behavior, an inquire that focuses on the evolutionary significance of a behavioral act.
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Mr. Campbell's AP Bio Flashcards

Chapter 25,26,27,28,31
Few of the words on the test

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307321229PrecambrianBeginning of Earth until 550 m.y.a.
307321230Paleozoic550 m.y.a. to 250 m.y.a.
307321231Mesozoic250 m.y.a. to 65 m.y.a.
307321232Cenozoic65 m.y.a. to Present
307321233Miller/Urey Experiementproved chem. rctns. in Earth's early atmosphere could produce organic cmpds.
307321234ProtobiontsPrecursor to a cell
307321235Phylogenyevolution's history
307321236Phylogenetic Treediagram showing evolution's history
307321237Archeaunicellular; similar to bacteria; extremeophiles; prokaryotes
307321238Eubacteriaunicellular; prokaryotes; TRUE bacteria
307321239Eukaryauni/multi; Eukaryotes; Protists/Fungi/Plants/Animals
307321240Diplopairs
307321241Streptochain
307321242Staphloclumps
307321243Saprobefeeds on dead stuff
307321244hyphaethin filament-structures
307321245mycelliumbody of fungues (all of the hyphae)
307321246Septate Hyphaeseparated Hyphae
307321247Coenocyctic HyphaeA long multi-nucleated cell
307321248Haustoriaspecialized hyphae in parasitic fungi
307321249sporangiaspore-producing structure
307321250Zygomycotaconjugated molds EX: Rhizopus
307321251Ascomycotasac fungi EX: Morels/ Truffles
307321252BasidiomycotaClub fungi EX: Mushrooms/ Bracket Fungi
307321253DeutermycotaFungi w/o a sexual partner EX: Penicillium
307321254YeastsA variety of diff. single-celled fungi
307321255Lichensa single organism made up of Algae & Fungus. Some are decomposers, parasites, pathogens
307321256Mychorrhizaefungus that grows on plants' roots and benefit the plant
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Chapter 10: Launching the New Ship of State Flashcards

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2846019191789Constitution formally put into effect; Judiciary Act; Washington elected prez; French revolution begins
2846019201790First official census
2846019211791Bill of Rights adopted; Vermont becomes 14th state; Bank of the United States created; Excise tax passed
2846019221792Washington reelected president
2846019231792-1793Federalist and DR parties formed
2846019241793Louis XVI beheaded; radical phase of French Revolution; France declares war on Britain and Spain; Washington's Neutrality Proclamation; Citizen Genet affair
2846019251794Whiskey Rebellion; Battle of Fallen Timbers; Jay's Treaty with Britain
2846019261795Treaty of Greenville; Indians cede Ohio; Pinckney's Treaty with Spain
2846019271796Washington's Farewell Address
2846019281797Adams becomes president; XYZ affair
2846019291798Alien and Sedition Acts
2846019301798-1799Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
2846019311798-1800undeclared war with France
2846019321800Convention of 1800; peace with France
284601933Thomas JeffersonSecretary of State under Washington
284601934Alexander HamiltonSecretary of Treasury under Washington
284601935Henry KnoxSecretary of War under Washington
284601936James Madisondrafted the amendments to the Constitution known as the Bill of Rights
284601937freedom of religion, press, speech, right to bear arms, be tried by a jury; assemble and petition the gov; no cruel and unusual punishments; no gov seizure of private propertyfirst ten amendments to the Constitution
284601938Ninth Amendmentjust because rights weren't in the Bill of Rights does not mean they are not a right
284601939Tenth Amendmentreserves all rights not delegated or prohibited by the Constitution to the States or to the people
284601940Judiciary Act of 1789organized the Supreme Court with a chief justice and 5 associates as well as federal district and circuit courts; established office of the attorney general
284601941John Jayfirst chief justice of the US
284601942Hamiltonurged Congress to pay debt at par and for the states to assume the other states' debt
284601943dutiable imports, whiskeythings taxed under Hamilton; to produce revenue and protect infant industries
284601944necessary and proper clauseGovernment can make any laws necessary and proper to carry out power
284601945Neutrality Proclamation of 1793§ Proclaimed government's official neutrality in the widening conflict of the French Revolution § Urged Americans to be impartial § Major prop of isolationist tradition § Very controversial
284601946Edmond Genetattempted to take advantage of the French-US alliance; did not believe that the Proclamation demonstrated the will of the people; attempted to recruit armies to invade Canada, Florida, and Louisiana
284601947Battle of Fallen TimbersUS vs. Indian battle; US victory under general "Mad Anthony" Wayne; British refused to shelter the Native Americans
284601948Treaty of Greenville□ Indians gave up much of the Old Northwest in return for ® 20,000 and an annuity of 9,000 ® The right to hunt the lands they ceded ® Recognition of their sovereign status
284601949Jay's TreatyBritish promised to evacuate their US posts and pay damages for ship seizures (didn't actually do anything); Jay promised to pay debts of American merchants to the British
284601950Pinckney's TreatySpain granted the Americans everything they wanted in fear of an Anglo-American alliance; Free navigation of the Mississippi + disputed territory north of Florida
284601951Alien and Sedition Acts○ 1: raised residence requirements for aliens who decided to become citizens from five years to fourteen § Violated open door hospitality and speedy assimilation ○ 2: president could deport aliens in times of peace ○ 3: president could deport or imprison aliens in times of hostility § Arbitrary grant of executive power contrary to American tradition § Anyone who impeded the policies of the govt or falsely defamed its officials could be fined or imprisoned
284601952Compact Theorystates had entered a compact when they created the federal government regarding its jurisdiction § The states were the judge of whether the federal government had broken the compact by overstepping the authority they had been granted violates THE SOCIAL CONTRACT
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Key Terms - Political Beliefs/Political Behaviors Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
161411701Attentive publicThose who follow politics and public affairs carefully.
161411702Australian ballotSecret ballot printed at the expense of the state.
161411703Balancing the ticketOccurs when a presidential nominee chooses a vice presidential running mate who has different qualities in order to attract more votes for the ticket.
161411704Blanket primaryElection to choose candidate that is open to independent and that allows voters to choose candidates from all the parties.
161411705CaucusLocal party meetings.
161411706Closed primaryParty election to choose candidates that is closed to independents. Voters may not cross party lines.
161411707Coattail effectThe influence of a popular presidential candidate on the election on congressional candidates of the same party.
161411708DemographicsCharacteristics of populations, e.g. race, sex, income.
161411709Direct electionElection of an official directly by the people rather than by an intermediary group such as the Electoral College.
161411710Direct primaryElection in which the people choose candidates for office.
161411711Fixed termsTerms of office that have a definite length of time, e.g., two years for a member of the House.
161411712Front loadingScheduling presidential primary elections early (e.g., February or March) in an election year.
161411713Gender gapDifference in voting patterns for men and women, particularly in the greater tendency of the latter to vote for Democratic presidential candidates.
161411714General electionElection in which the officeholders are chosen. Contrast with the primary election in which only the candidates are chosen.
161411715Hard moneyCampaign contributions donated directly to candidates.
161411716IdeologySet of beliefs about political values and the role of government.
161411717IncumbentAn officeholder who is seeking reelection.
161411718IndependentOne who is not registered with a political party. INDEPENDENT LEANERS tend to vote for candidates of one political party, whereas PURE INDEPENDENTS have no consistent pattern of party voting.
161411719Issue advocacy adsAds that focus on issues and do not explicitly encourage citizens to vote for a certain candidate.
161411720Open primaryElection to choose candidates that is open to independents, and in which voters may choose candidates from any one party.
161411721Party identificationA sense of affiliation that a person has with a particular political party.
161411722Party platformA list of positions and programs that the party adopts at the national convention. Each position is called a plank.
161411723Political cultureThe widely shared beliefs, values, and norms that citizens share about their government.
161411724PluralityMore votes that anyone else, but less than half, e.g. Clinton won a plurality (43%) of popular votes in 1992, but not the majority. PLURALITY ELECTIONS such as those for Congress are won by the person with the most votes, regardless if he/she has a majority.
161411725Political efficacyCapacity to understand and influence political events.
161411726Political socializationProcess in which one acquires his/her political beliefs.
161411727Realigning "critical" electionAn election in which there is a long term change in party alignment, e.g., 1932
161411728Safe seatAn office that is extremely likely to be won by a particular candidate or political party.
161411729Single member district systemSystem in which the people elect one representative per district. With a winner-take-all rule, this system strengthens the two major parties and weakens minor parties.
161411730Soft moneyCampaign contributions that are not donated directly to candidates, but are instead donated to parties.
161411731Solid SouthHistorically, the South voted solidly Democratic. However, the South is now strongly Republican: Bush carried every Southern state in 2000.
161411732Split ticket votingCasting votes for candidates of one's own party and for candidates of opposing parties, e.g., voting Republican presidential candidate and a Democratic congressional candidate.
161411733Straight ticket votingCasting votes only for candidates of one's party.
161411734SuffrageThe right to vote.
161411735SuperdelegateA delegate to the Democratic national convention who is there by virtue of holding an office.
161411736Super TuesdayA Tuesday in early March in which many presidential primaries, particularly in the South, are held.
161411737Swing stateA state that does not consistently vote either Democratic or Republican in presidential elections.
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key terms: political beliefs/political behaviors Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
85189598Attentive publicThose who follow politics and public affairs carefully.
85189599Australian ballotSecret ballot printed at the expense of the state.
85189600Balancing the ticketOccurs when a presidential nominee chooses a vice presidential running mate who has different qualities in order to attract more votes for the ticket.
85189601Blanket primaryElection to choose candidate that is open to independent and that allows voters to choose candidates from all the parties.
85189602CaucusLocal party meetings.
85189603Closed primaryParty election to choose candidates that is closed to independents. Voters may not cross party lines.
85189604Coattail effectThe influence of a popular presidential candidate on the election on congressional candidates of the same party.
85189605DemographicsCharacteristics of populations, e.g. race, sex, income.
85189606Direct electionElection of an official directly by the people rather than by an intermediary group such as the Electoral College.
85189607Direct primaryElection in which the people choose candidates for office.
85189608Fixed termsTerms of office that have a definite length of time, e.g., two years for a member of the House.
85189609Front loadingScheduling presidential primary elections early (e.g., February or March) in an election year.
85189610Gender gapDifference in voting patterns for men and women, particularly in the greater tendency of the latter to vote for Democratic presidential candidates.
85189611General electionElection in which the officeholders are chosen. Contrast with the primary election in which only the candidates are chosen.
85189612Hard moneyCampaign contributions donated directly to candidates.
85189613IdeologySet of beliefs about political values and the role of government.
85189614IncumbentAn officeholder who is seeking reelection.
85189615IndependentOne who is not registered with a political party. INDEPENDENT LEANERS tend to vote for candidates of one political party, whereas PURE INDEPENDENTS have no consistent pattern of party voting.
85189616Issue advocacy adsAds that focus on issues and do not explicitly encourage citizens to vote for a certain candidate.
85189617Open primaryElection to choose candidates that is open to independents, and in which voters may choose candidates from any one party.
85189618Party identificationA sense of affiliation that a person has with a particular political party.
85189619Party platformA list of positions and programs that the party adopts at the national convention. Each position is called a plank.
85189620Political cultureThe widely shared beliefs, values, and norms that citizens share about their government.
85189621PluralityMore votes that anyone else, but less than half, e.g. Clinton won a plurality (43%) of popular votes in 1992, but not the majority. PLURALITY ELECTIONS such as those for Congress are won by the person with the most votes, regardless if he/she has a majority.
85189622Political efficacyCapacity to understand and influence political events.
85189623Political socializationProcess in which one acquires his/her political beliefs.
85189624Realigning "critical" electionAn election in which there is a long term change in party alignment, e.g., 1932
85189625Safe seatAn office that is extremely likely to be won by a particular candidate or political party.
85189626Single member district systemSystem in which the people elect one representative per district. With a winner-take-all rule, this system strengthens the two major parties and weakens minor parties.
85189627Soft moneyCampaign contributions that are not donated directly to candidates, but are instead donated to parties.
85189628Solid SouthHistorically, the South voted solidly Democratic. However, the South is now strongly Republican: Bush carried every Southern state in 2000.
85189629Split ticket votingCasting votes for candidates of one's own party and for candidates of opposing parties, e.g., voting Republican presidential candidate and a Democratic congressional candidate.
85189630Straight ticket votingCasting votes only for candidates of one's party.
85189631SuffrageThe right to vote.
85189632SuperdelegateA delegate to the Democratic national convention who is there by virtue of holding an office.
85189633Super TuesdayA Tuesday in early March in which many presidential primaries, particularly in the South, are held.
85189634Swing stateA state that does not consistently vote either Democratic or Republican in presidential elections.
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