| CourseNotes

Photoshop CS5 Full List Flashcards

415722611	Adobe Bridge	A standalone application for opening and managing files that ships with all versions of Photoshop CS5.
415722612	Content Browser	The portion of the Bridge that contains thumbnail previews.
415722613	Favorites	Drag a folder that you use on a regular basis to this panel, and you'll never have to burrow through folders and subfolders to find your pictures again.
415722614	New Workspace	A command that saves the size of thumbnails, the position and visibility of panels, and the size of the Bridge window itself.
415722615	Cache	By default centralized and sequestered - deep in the system level of your hard drive - this file stores transient information from the Bridge, such as sort order and high-resolution thumbnails.
415722616	Rotate clockwise/Rotate counterclockwise	A Bridge operation that stands portrait-style photographs upright and writes the results to metadata. You can perform the operation from the keyboard by pressing Ctrl and a bracket key [ ] .
415722617	Loupe function	Click inside the Preview panel to access this feature, which allows you to zoom an image's detail from 100 to 800 percent.
415722618	Slide Show	Availabe exclusively inside the Bridge, this command lets you expand one or more images to fill the entire screen as well as zoom and navigate from the keyboard.
415722619	Metadata	Any information above and beyond the core image data, including the date the image was last saved, the copyright holder, and how the image was captured.
415722620	EXIF	A specific kind of metadata saved by most modern digitial cameras that records the time and date a photograph was captured as well as various camera settings.
415722621	File Info	A command that lets you examine and save the descriptions, credits, and keywords assigned to one image so that you can apply them to others.
415722622	Batch Rename	A command used to assign document names, sequence numbers, and more to multiple image files at a time.
415722623	Cropping	A means of cutting away the extraneous portions of an image to focus the viewer's attention on the subject of the photo.
415722624	Whole-image transformations	Operations such as Image Size and the Rotate Canvas commands that affect an entire image, including any and all layers
415722625	Ruler tool	This tool lets you measure angles and distances in Photoshop, as well as gives you access to the Straighten button.
415722626	Straighten button	New to CS5, this tool lets you quickly confirm a line that you want to designate as the new vertical or horizontal basis of your image.
415722627	Canvas	The boundaries of an image, as measured independently of the contents of the image itself.
415722628	Rotate view	This tool lets you preview the proper angle for a crooked image before you crop it.
415722629	Origin point	The center of a rotation or another transformation.
415722630	Content-aware fill	A new feature in CS5 that fills in selections automatically based on what Photoshop understands about surrounding pixels.
415722631	Print resolution	The number of pixels that will print in a linear inch or millimeter of page space.
415722632	Downsampling	To change the physical dimensions of an image by reducing the number of pixels.
415722633	Bicubic Sharper	An interpolation setting that results in crisp edge transitions, perfect when the details in your image are impeccable and you want to preserve every nuance.
415722634	Aspect ratio	The relationship between the width and the height of an image.
415722635	Selection outline	A set of dotted lines that indicate the borders of a selected region, also known as "marching ants".
415722636	Marquee	A set of selection tools that allow you to draw simple geometric shapes.
415722637	Polygonal lasso	Use this tool to select free-form, straight-sided areas in an image.
415722638	Move tool	Accessible by pressing Ctrl, this tool permits you to move selected pixels, even between images.
415722639	Magic wand	Click with this tool to select regions of color inside an image.
415722640	Tolerance	A setting in the options bar that determines how many colors the magic wand selects at a time, as measured in luminosity values.
415722641	Antialiasing	A slight softening effect applied most commonly to selection outlines to simulate smooth transitions.
415722642	Grow	This command expands a selection to include additional contiguous colors that fall inside the magic wand's Tolerance range.
415722643	Magnetic lasso	This selection tool can actually sense the edge of an object and automatically trace it.
415722644	Snapshot	This feature of the History panel lets you bookmark a specific state in your work, allowing you to restore it later.
415722645	Quick mask	This viewing mode allows you to quickly see the mask created by a selection and assess the edges automatically.
415722646	Refine edge	An intricate command that lets you edit a selection using a series of slider bars and preview the results of those edits as you work.
415722647	Editing tools	A loose collection of features that modify the existing color or luminosity of a pixel without replacing its content.
415722648	Painting tools	Brush-based tools that allow you to paint lines and fill shapes with the foreground color.
415722649	Healing tools	A set of tools that permit you to clone elements from one portion or state of an image to another.
415722650	Dodge tool	This tool lightens portions of an image as you paint, which makes it great for bringing out naturally shaded areas such as eyes.
415722651	Burn tool	This tool darkens pixels as you paint over them.
415722652	Sponge tool	Decreases or increases the saturation of an image, depending on the Mode setting in the options bar.
415722653	History brush	This tool allows you to paint back information from a previous state saved in the History panel.
415722654	Snapshot	A special kind of state in the History panel that remains available well after twenty operations.
415722655	Source point	The spot from which the healing brush samples information when repairing a dlaw in an image.
415722656	Clone source	This panel lets you scale, rotate, and even flip the source image as you paint it onto the destination, as well as preview the source as a translucent overlay.
415722657	Filter	A Photoshop effect applied directly to an entire image or a selection.
415722658	Destructive edits	A modification to an image that permenantly changes the pixels to which it's applied.
415722659	Layered composition	An image that is made up of composite pieces that can be manipulated independently.
415722660	Stacking order	The arrangement of layers in a composition, from front to back, which you can adjust by pressing Ctrl with the bracket keys [ ].
415722661	Merge down	Choose this command to combine the contents of the active layer with the layer below it.
415722662	Big layer	This phenomenon refers to the existence of extra information on layers that extend beyond the visible part of the document.
415722663	Layer mask	When working with this function, painting with black temporarily erases the pixels on a layer, painting with white makes the pixels visible again.
415722664	Layer group	Created by pressing Ctrl+G, this collection of layers appears as a folder icon in the Layers panel.
415722665	Layer effects	Effects like drop shadows and strokes that can be applied to specific parts of an image only.
415722666	Clipping mask	A means for cropping the contents of a group of layers to the boundaries of a layer beneath them.
415722667	Stop	Indicators along a gradient preview that designate the colors at either end.
415722668	Luminance blending	The name given to a pair of slider bars in the Layer Style dialog box that let you hide or reveal colors based on their luminosity levels.
415722669	Knockout	An option that uses the contents of the active layer to cut holes in the layers beneath it.
415722670	Layer comp	The state of a layered composition at a certain point in time, replete with visibility, vertical and horizontal positioning, blending options, and layer styles.
415722671	Hue and Saturation	The two ingredients in color: The first is the tint, from red to magenta, and the second is the purity, from gray to vivid.
415722672	Brightness	The lightness or darkness of a group of colors.
415722673	Contrast	The difference between light and dark colors.
415722674	Highlights, Shadows, and Midtones	The three brightness ranges that you can edit independently using the Color Balance adn Levels commands.
415722675	Color cast	When one color pervades an image to a degree that is unpleasant or unrealistic.
415722676	Color channel	An independent grayscale image that Photoshop colorizes and mixes with other such images to produce a full-color composite.
415722677	Auto Tone	A command that automaticallly corrects the shadows and highlights of each color channel independently.
415722678	Histogram	A bar graph representation of all brightness values and their distribution in an image.
415722679	Levels	The best tool for manually adjusting the brightness and increasing the contrast of an image on a color-by-color basis.
415722680	Gamma value	Expressed as an exponent, this value multiplies the brightness of an image to lighten or darken midtones.
415722681	Curves	The one command that lets you pinpoint a specific color in an image and make it lighter or darker; best suited to reducing contrast.
415722682	Shadows/Highlights	This command lets you darken highlights and lighten shadows, just what you need when correcting flash photos.
415722683	Filters	A varied set of Photoshop commands that apply effects to an entire image.
415722684	Smart object	A special variety of layer that wraps the original content of an image inside a protective container, allowing pixel modifications to be made without damaging or changing the original contents.
415722685	Focus	The clarity of the image formed by the lens element and captured by the camera, whether digital or film.
415722686	Sharpening	Removing softness in a photograph by increasing edge contrast.
415722687	Radius	The thickness of the effect applied by a filter, often expressed as a softly tapering halo.
415722688	Warp	A method of layer transformation that allows you to move points on a mesh to reshape and stretch an image.
415722689	Liquify	A filter with a massive dialog box that allows you to warp, bloat, pinch, stretch, and generally swirl around pixels.
415722690	Smart filter	Commands from the Filter menu or the Adjustments panel that can be applied nondestructively to a smart object.
415722691	High Pass	A filter that mimics the functionality of Unsharp Mask by retaining areas of high contrast and sending low-contrast areas to gray.
415722692	Median	A simple filter that averages the colors of neighboring pixels in sweeps defined by the radius value.
415722693	Luminance mask	A mask created by selecting just the lightest areas of an image.
415722694	Gradient map	An effect that applies a range of colors based on the lightest and darkest areas of an image.
415722695	Free Transform	A command that allows you to rotate, resizem and rescale one layer independently of the rest of a composition.
415722696	Convert to Shape	A command that allows you to turn text into a vector-based shape.
415722697	Clipping mask	A mask created by attaching one layer to another to limit the effects of the first layer to just the layer beneath.
415722698	Liquify filter	An independent environment in Photoshop where you can squish and stretch pixels.
415722699	Pucker	A tool in Liquify that you use to suck the edges of an area inward.
415722700	Bloat	A tool in Liquify that puffs out areas of an image.
415722701	Freeze mask	A mask applied to protect parts of an image that you want to remain unaffected by the Liquify tools.
415722702	Twirl clockwise tool	A tool in Liquify that allows you to spin an area around a center point.
415722703	Load mesh	A command that allows you to reinstate a previous Liquify modification.
415722704	Puppet warp	A tool that allows you to distort a subject by changing the relationship between set points.
415722705	Pins	Set points in the puppet warp that serve as fixed points and points of stretching.
415722706	Content-Aware Scale	This advanced compositing funtion is capable of stretching low-contrast areas of an image without affecting high-contrast areas.
415722707	Camera Raw	A Photoshop plug-in that allows for the development of unprocessed native image files. Also known as Digital Negative
415722708	Raw format	A camera's native format for which no on-board camera processing has occurred.
415722709	Sidecar file	A file that contains the instructions for modifications made to a raw file.
415722710	White balance	Adjusting for the predominant color of neutral white, usually off as the result of an uncorrected light source.
415722711	Bit depth	The number of digits required to express a single pixel, which in turn determines the number of colors in an image.
415722712	Exposure	Measured in f-stops, this Camera Raw option corrects the brightness of highlights.
415722713	Gradient filter	A tool that lets you adjust one region of an image independently of another inside Camera Raw.
415722714	Panorama	A single image that represents a view wider than a traditional camera lens can capture.
415722715	Photomerge	Photoshop's tool that allows you to align and blend multiple frames.
415722716	Mini Bridge	A new feature in CS5 that allows you to access the Bridge's photo organizing features.
415722717	HDR (High Dynamic Range)	A photographic compilation that allows for the combination of luminance data from different exposure values.
415722718	Ghosting	The appearance of luminance aberrations, caused in HDR photos by an element moving or changing apperance between individual frames.
415722719	Alpha channel	Also known as a mask, this special channel selects white pixels and deselects black ones, allowing you to hide or reveal corresponding parts of your image.
415722720	Color range	This advancement on the magic wand tool allows you to select given colors in your image and turn them into a selection outline.
415722721	Fuzziness	Analogous to the magic wand's Tolerance setting, this feature spreads a Color Range selection out to neighboring color values beyond those specifically chosen.
415722722	Smudge tool	This otherwise fairly useless tool is handy for finessing mask edges by smushing edge pixels in one direction or another.
415722723	Calculations	A Photoshop command that allows you to create masks based on a mathematical comparison of the luminance values in two of the color channels.
415722724	Paths	Outlines described by vectors that contain no pixel information by can be used to control the pixels within their boundaries.
415722725	Smooth point	An anchor point along a path that has two control handles to allow for creating a continuous, even arc.
415722726	Control handle	A lever-like device that allowed you to control the curve of a path through a smooth point.
415722727	Cusp point	A point along a path that joins two segments at a corner.
415722728	Straight segment	Part of a path that is unaffected by control handles and is thus a direct path between two points.
415722729	Refine mask	A new feature in Photoshop CS5 that allows you to fine-tune your mask by setting a prescribe radius for edge calculation.
415722730	Smart radius	A feature of the Refine Edge command that tells Photoshop to adjust the radius based on the smooth or jagged nature of your mask.
415722731	Raster art	Digital photographs and scanned artwork composed exclusively of colored pixels.
415722732	Vector-based objects	Mathematically defined text and shapes that can be scaled or otherwise transformed without any degradation in quality.
415722733	Formatting attributes	Font family, type style, size, leading, alignment, and a wealth of other options for modifying the appearance of live text.
415722734	Point text	A text layer that has no maximum column width and aligns to the point at which you clicked with the type tool.
415722735	Area text	A column of type created by dragging with the type tool, useful for setting long sentences or entire paragraphs.
415722736	Fractional character widths	The best means for calculating text spacing, which permits Photoshop to move a character by a fraction of a pixel.
415722737	Every-line composer	An option that spaces all lines of type in a selected layer by similar amounts to give the layer a more even, pleasing appearance.
415722738	Pair kerning	The adjusted amount of horizontal space between two neighboring characters of type.
415722739	Indent Sides By	This numerical value lets you adjust the sharpness of points in a star drawn with the polygon tool.
415722740	Series duplication	A succession of duplicated objects, scaled, rotated, and otherwise transformed in equal increments.
415722741	Text on a path	A special kind of text layer in which text is attached to a path outline to create a line of type that flows along a curve.
415722742	Warp Text	This dialog box bends and distorts live text to create wavy, bulging, and perspective effects.
415722743	Output	The act of preparing and rendering an image for mass reproduction, usually as a CMYK document.
415722744	Subtractive primaries	Cyan, magenta, and yellow, each of which absorbs light when printed on paper and mixes to form progressively darker colors.
415722745	Color separation	A printing process that outputs each of the CMYK color channels to independent plates so that they can be loaded with different inks.
415722746	Print	This command lets you scale an image on the page, determine the paper orientation, and adjust the color management settings before printing an image.
415722747	Photo-grade paper	A variety of glossy or matte-finished paper that holds lots of ink, allowing you to print extremely high-resolution images.
415722748	Commercial prepress	The output that occurs before a document is loaded onto a professional printing press for mass reproduction.
415722749	Color profile	A loadable file that describes a specific flavor of RGB or CMYK that is uniquely applicable to a display or print environment.
415722750	Color settings	The command that defines the RGB or CMYK color spaces employed by Photoshop.
415722751	Dot gain	The degree to which professionally output halftone dots grow when they are absorbed by a sheet of printed paper.
415722752	Gray component replacement	The most popular method for transferring dark pixels from the Cyan, Magenta, and Yellow channels to the Black channel, thus producing rich, volumetric shadows.
415722753	Output Preview	A new panel in the Bridge that permits you to see a multi-image PDF document or Web gallery before saving it.
415722754	Open in Full Screen Mode	An option that turns a PDF document into an all-consuming slide show the moment you open it in the Adobe Reader utility.
415723257	Vectorize	The process of converting raster graphics into vector graphics.

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Arthropods, echinoderms, vertebrates, and crayfish TEST Flashcards

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379439760	what are examples of arthropods?	flies, ants, beetles, crabs, and shrimp
379439761	what is unique about the animal group of arthropods?	they are the most successful animal group (>1million species)
379439762	arthropods have an exoskeleton made of ______?	chitin
379439763	the exoskeleton of arthropods cannot grow, so they undergo ________ to form a new one. (form of molting)	ecdysis
379439764	what does the word "arthropod" literally mean?	jointed appendages
379439765	who were the first (simplest) animals to have a brain?	arthropods
379439766	what 3 classes are arthropods divided into?	crustaceans, arachnids, and insects
379439767	what kind of circulatory system do arthropods have?	an open circulatory system through which HEMOLYMPH flows
379439768	what are some examples of crustaceans?	lobsters, crabs, barnacles, and shrimp
379439769	CORAL is a _______ and BARNACLES are ______.	cnidarian, crustaceans
379901489	how many legs do crustaceans have?	10 legs
379439770	where do most crustaceans live?	saltwater
379439771	how many TOTAL antennae do crustaceans have?	4 TOTAL antennae
379439772	what are the BIGGEST kind of arthropods?	Deccapodia (lobsters)
379439773	ticks and mites are examples of what?	arachnids
379439774	how many TOTAL legs do arachnids have?	8 TOTAL legs
379439775	what is the only class of arthropods that can have either 2 OR 3 body sections?	crustaceans
379439778	what do arachnids use to breath?	book lungs
379439779	what group of arthropods can ONLY have 2 body sections?	arachnids
379439780	what class of arthropods produces silk?	arachnids
379439781	what subclass are horseshoe crabs in?	chelicerata
379582796	whats another name for "fangs"	chelicerae
379582797	in an arachnid, all legs come off of the __________.	abdomen
379439776	what 3 body parts do insects have?	head, thorax, and abdomen
379439777	insects are what percent of all animals?	73%
379582798	what animals have the greatest impact on the planet?	insects
379582799	what class of arthropods have ONLY 3 body sections?	insects
379582800	the wings on an insect are connected to the ________?	thorax
379582801	insects have 6 TOTAL legs connected to the ________?	thorax
379582802	what kind of metamorphosis is this: egg----> larvae----> pupa---->adult	complete
379582803	what kind of symmetry do echinoderms have?	pentamerous radial symmetry
379582804	what do echinoderms use to move?	tube feet
379582805	how do echinoderms deliver food and oxygen throughout their body?	a water vascular system
379582806	what are 2 characteristics that echinoderms lack?	segmentation and chaphalization
379582807	in a vertebrate, the notochord becomes ______?	disks
379582808	ectothermy	body temperature is controlled be environment
379582809	what is an advantage of ECTOthermic vertebrates?	they don't have to eat as much
379582810	what is a disadvantage of ECTOthermic vertebrates?	their habitats are limited
379582811	what are the 5 classes of vertebrates?	amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, and fish
379582812	what vertebrates are ECTOthermic?	amphibians, reptiles, and fish
379582813	what vertebrate lives in water as larvae and land as an adult?	amphibians
379582814	reptiles lay eggs on _____ and amphibians lay eggs in ______.	land, water
379582815	what has dry, scaly skin and lays eggs on land?	reptiles
379582816	what is the class of cartilaginous fish?	chondrichthyes
379901490	what are 3 types of cartilaginous fish?	sharks, rays, and skates
379901491	what is is a specific trait of cartilaginous fish's gills?	they are exposed
379901492	what is squamous?	a liver oil produced by cartilaginous fish to help with buoyancy
379901493	what is the class of bony fish?	osteichthyes
379901494	what covers the gills of a bony fish?	operculum
379901495	what structure helps bony fish with buoyancy?	a swim bladder (pouch of air under spine)
379901496	perch, bass, and seahorse are all examples of _______.	bony fish
379901497	what does tetropod mean	4 legged
379901498	endothermy	generate and retain heat inside bodies
379901499	how do animals with ENDOthermy maintain homeostasis?	panting, sweating, shivering etc.
379901500	what class are birds in?	aves
379901501	what feature accommodates birds?	strong, light bones with air spaces
379901502	ENDOTHERYMY SHOWED UP TWICE IN EVOLUTION!!!	...
379901503	since birds have no bladder, how do they excrete wastes?	uric acids
379901504	female birds only have 1 ovary	...
379901505	monogamous	having one mate for life (birds)
379901506	birds can breathe in the same time they breath out	...
379901507	mammals	mammary glands to nourish young and care for them; 4 chambered heart
379901508	what are examples of mammals	whales, horses, platipus (lays eggs)
379901509	3 orders of mammalia	monotremes, marsupials, eutherians**
379901510	monotremes	lays eggs, platypus, anteater
379901511	marsupials	puch (marsupium which holds mammary glands) womb #2, koala, kangaroo, flying squirrel, opossum
379901512	eutherians	most animals, placental, fully developed when born, [dolphins have whiskers when first born to find mammary glands]
379984865	what animals have open circulatory systems?	arthropods and mollusks
379984866	what animals have closed circulatory systems?	annelids, some mollusks, and all vertebrates
379984867	how do earthworms respire?	through skin
379984868	how do snails respire?	mantle cavity
379984869	how do insects breath?	tracheal tubes
379984870	how do spiders breath?	book lungs
379984871	how do aquatic reptiles and mammals breath?	lungs
379984872	how do aquatic invertebrates breath?	gills
379984873	a sac with ridges	amphibian lung
379984874	reptilian lung	chambers that increase surface area for gas exchange
379984875	branched and filled with bubble like structures called alveoli (give enormous surface area for gas exchange)	mammal lungs
379984876	mammal lung characteristics:	2 way air flow through one tube----traps oxygen poor air
379984877	bird lung characteristics:	one way air flow----helps get oxygen for flight muscles
379984878	who has a single-loop circulatory system?	animals with gills
379984879	who has a double-loop circulatory system?	animals with lungs
379984880	atrium	receives blood
379984881	ventricle	pumps blood
379984882	how many chambers do mammalian hearts have?	4
379984883	how many chambers amphibian hearts have?	3 (2 atria, 1 ventricle)
379984884	how many chambers do reptile hearts have?	3 (but < mixing of O2 poor blood and O2 rich blood)
379984885	what animals convert wastes into uric acid?	reptiles, birds, insects,arachnids
379984886	what animals convert wastes into urea?	mammals and amphibians
379984887	what animals produces urine in nephridia?	annelids and mollusks

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Chapter 12-The European Empires Flashcards

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41469550	Prince Henry the Navigator	(1394-1460) Portuguese prince that studied navigational techniques, accumulated detailed accounts of voyages, and encouraged the creation of accurate maps of the African coastline
41469551	Alfonso de Albuquerque	(1453-1515) A Portuguese general that conquered the vital ports of the Middle East and India
41469552	Vasco Nunez de Balboa	(1475-1517) was the first to see the Pacific Ocean in 1513
41469553	Muscovy	A Russian principality
41469554	boyars	Hereditary nobility
41469555	Jagiellon dynasty	Family of monarchs of Poland-Lithuania, Bohemia, and Hungary that became one of the most powerful in east central Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries
41469556	Louis XI	(1461-1483) "The Spider; added new territory to the royal domain through strategic marriages and by conquering part of Burgundy
41469557	aide	A royal taxation in France on commodities
41469558	reconquista	The Christian reonquest of the Iberian Peninsula from the Spanish Muslims or Moors; completed in 1492 under Ferdinand and Isabella
41469559	Francis I of France	(1515-1547) A Renaissance king, gained control of the French clergy by agreement with the pope
41469560	Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis	1559, concluded at Le Cateau, France, by representatives of Henry II of France, Philip II of Spain, and Elizabeth I of England; it put an end to the 60-year conflict between France and Spain
41469561	Columbian Exchange	The transfer of microbes, animals, and plants n the encounters between Europeans during the age of exploration
41469562	Bartolomeu Dias	(ca. 1450-1500) Portuguese navigator that rounded the tip of Africa and opened the eastern shores of Africa to Portuguese traders
41469563	Christopher Columbus	(1446-1506) Genoese adventurer that accidentally discovered the New World in 1492
41469564	Hernando Cortes	(1485-1547) Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico
41469565	Ivan III, the Great	(1462-1505) drove out the Mogols, claimed Moscow as the "Third Rome" by marrying niece of lasy Byzantine emperor, and created the streltsy, a military service class
41469566	Michael Romanov	(1613-1645) After the Time of Troubles, he was chosen to be tsar by an assembly of landholders called the Zemsky Sobor
41469567	Henry VII Tudor	(1485-1509) Tamed the nobles, reduced the number of dukes, and created a new aristocracy
41469568	taille	A royal tax on property
41469569	Ferdinand of Aragon	(1479-1504) Made alliances with towns called hermandades, personally visited each area of the country, completed a reconquista, and established strict religious orthodoxy
41469570	conversos	Spanish Jewish converts
41469571	Valois dynasty	The royal house of France that ruled from 1328 to 1589; created by Philip IV
41469572	Bartolome de las Casas	(1474-1566) A Dominican priest that championed the cause of the native inhabitants at the court of Spanish kings
41469573	Spanish Inquisition	An ecclesiastical tribunal utilized to combat heresy and non-Christians; used by Ferdinand and Isabella against the conversos
41469574	Vasco da Gama	(ca. 1460-1524) Portuguese navigator, the first European to journey by sea to India
41469575	Francisco Pizarro	(1475-1541) Spanish conquistador that conquered the Incas (modern-day Peru)
41469576	Ivan IV, the Terrible	(1547-1584) His nickname derives from his hatred of the boyars; he continued Russian expansion
41469577	Poland-Lithuania	Ruled by Casimir IV and eventually his son Vladislav II
41469578	Thomas Cromwell	(1485-1540) King Henry III's Chief Minister; he confiscated the wealth of the Catholic church and divided administration according to its functions by creating seperate departments of state
41469579	gabelle	A French royal tax on salt
41469580	Isabella of Castile	(1479-1504) Wife of Ferdinand of Aragon; their marriage united the two largest kingdoms on the Spanish peninsula
41469581	Emperor Charles V	(1516-1556) Heir not only to the Spanish crown, but the Hapsburg estates that included Austria; competed with Francis I
41469582	Habsburg Empire	A noble family of Swiss origin; came to power in 1273; expanded dramatically over continental Europe not only through military conquest but also through carefully chosen marriage alliances
41469583	Luis de Camoes	(ca. 1524-1580) Portuguese writer; wrote the "Lusiads" in 1572 to celebrate the new age of conquest
41469584	Treaty of Tordesillas	In 1494, it confirmed Portugal's right to have the eastern route to the Indies as well as any undiscovered lands to the east of an imaginary line west of the Cape Verde Islands
41469585	Ferdinand Magellan	(1480-1521) A Portuguese mariner that was the first to circumnavigate the world for Spain; carried back spices that were worth a lot more than the overall trip had cost; Magellan was killed in the Philippines
65126813	Henry II	(ruled 1556-59) As king of France, he succeeded his father, Francis I, and began a religious repression that created Calvinist martyrs, perhaps further encouraging Protestant dissent. The spread of Calvinism led him to sign the Treaty of Canteau-Cambresis in 1559. After decades of reckless invasions, he agreed to respect Hapsburg dominance in Italy and control over Flanders. In 1559, he was accidentally killed by an errant lance during a jousting tournament celebrating peace with Spain, and so his son, Francis II, succeeded him.

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Chapter 11-The Italian Renaissance Flashcards

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41447249	Renaissance	A period of re-birth of classical society from 1350-1550
41447250	"The Prince"	An explanation of how an ideal leader should act; dedicated to the Medicis and written by Machiavelli
41447251	Donatello	(1386-1466) He translated the classical styles into more naturalistic forms, revived the free-standing statue, and used linear perspective
41447252	Linear Perspective	The use of geometry to create an illusion of depth and dimension on a flat surface
41447253	Florence	One of the five Italian powers; its prosperity was built on wool and banking; was in debt after the plague, so it turned to the wealthiest banking family (the Medicis) for help
41447254	Sandro Botticelli	(1444-1510) Mixed Gothic grace with fleshy classicism; his figures have a pure, direct, yet dreamy quality
41447255	Doge	Chief magistrate of the Venetian Republic who served for life
41447256	Michelangelo Buonarroti	(1475-1564) Was considered to be the greatest sculptor of his day; painted the Sistine Chapel; the Church was his main patron
41447257	Peace of Lodi	1454 Was established in order to balance the alliances between Florence and Milan and the other alliance between Venice and Naples; it only held off the decline of the Italian city-states for 40 years
41447258	Pico della Mirandola	(1463 - 1494) Wrote "Oration on the Dignity of Man" in 1486; believed that people could perfect their existence on earth because humans were divinely endowed with the capacity to determine their own fate
41447259	Cosimo de' Medici	(1389-1464) Florentine banker that built his party carefully and ensured that he was supported well
41447260	Philology	A humanistic study of of the origins of words, their meanings, and their proper grammatical usage
41447261	City-states	Self-governing political units centered upon an urban area; during the 15th and 16th centuries, they took on various forms of government, including republics such as Venice and oligarchies such as Milan
41447262	"The Courtier"	1528 Explains how the perfect courtier is just as much born as made and is a book on etiquette
41447263	Brunelleschi	(1377-1446) An architect that by basing his ideas on geometric principles, he reinroduced planes and spheres as dominant motifs
41447264	Milan	One of the five Italian powers; under the Visconti family and later the Sforza dukes, this Italian city-state prospered from trade and an efficient tax system
41447265	Leon Battista Alberti	(1404-1472) He was the outsanding Florentine architect and writer; he demonstrated how classical forms could be applied to traditional living space and compared a building to a body
41447266	Papal States	One of the five Italian powers; these territories under the nominal control of the Church were largely independent
41447267	Leonardo da Vinci	(1452-1519) He typifies the well-rounded "Renaissance man;" he was a painter, sculptor, engineer, musician, and scientist; used the laws of perspective in paintings
41447268	Condottieri	A mercenary military leader who sold his services and that of hs private army to the highest bidder; used in the wars between the Italian city-states
41447269	Humanism	The study of classical texts
41447270	Signoria	The Signoria of Venice was the supreme body of government of the Republic of Venice
41447271	Leonardo Bruni	(1370-1444) He translated Plato and Aristotle and did much to advance mastery of classical Greek and foster the ideas of Plato in the late fifteenth century
41447272	Wars of Italy	(1494-1529) Began when Naples, Florence, and the Papal States united against Milan; Milan had France intervene, Papal States & Venice asked King Ferdinand and HRE for help
41447273	Niccolo Machiavelli	(1469-1527) Wrote "The Prince;" was a statesman in Florence
41447274	Petrarch	(1304-1374) A Tuscan poet known as the "father of humanism" because he inspired other humanists with his love of classical texts and criticism of the intellect of the times he lived in
41447275	Naples	One of the five Italian powers; small ports and farming; hereditary monarchy
41447276	Masaccio Leon	(1401-1428) Used light and shadow to depict depth and drama, portrayed objects receding into the distance
41447277	Venice	One of the five Italian powers; had one of the most effective governments in Europe, oligarchy; located on the Adriatic sea
41447278	Lorenzo de' Medici	(1449-1492) grandson of Cosmo de Medici; helped in the development of the Florentine Renaissance culture; was a great diplomat
41447279	Francesco Sforza	(1401-1466) He conquered the city of Milan and became its new Duke after the last Visconti ruler of Milan died
41447280	Lorenzo Valla	(1407-1457) He proved that the Donation of Constatine was false with his philological knowledge; was in the service of Alfonso I, the King of Naples
41447281	Oligarchy	government by an elite few; ex. the Republic of Venice
41447282	Baldesar Castiglione	(1478-1529) Directed his writing to the public life of the aspiring elite; wrote "The Courtier"
41447283	Mehmed II	(1451-1481) Seized Constantinople; Byzantine Emperor
65097169	Despot	A ruler with absolute power or tyrannical control over a group of people
65111362	Northern Renaissance	More concerned with theology and personal morality, Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance c. 1450; centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance
65111363	Italian Renaissance	A new era of thought and feeling, by which Europe and its institutions were changed from their forms in the Middle Ages. 15th Century Italy is where the era rose from, and eventhough it pertained to high culture, the changes in literature, the arts, education, and morals spread across a whole area, influenced by the Italians.
65111364	Civic Humanism	humanism with the added belief that one must be an active and contributing member to one's society
65111365	High Renaissance	Centered in Rome and the Popes provided tremendous patronage to the arts. It featured classical balance, harmony, and restraint

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Chapter 10-The Later Middle Ages Flashcards

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41434104	Joan of Arc	Peasant girl who talked to God and said that the French should save Orleans; burned at the stake as a heretic in 1431
41434105	John Wycliffe	(1330-1384) He attacked the Church's wealth and the crown supported him; believed that the Church should have less of a role in temporal affairs
41434106	Emperor Charles IV	(1347-1378) Emperor of the HRE; issued the Golden Bull in 1356; founded a university, authored religious texts, and built up Prague
41434107	William of Ockham	A Franciscan monk that defended radical poverty and developed nominalism
41434108	Jacquerie	The revolt of French peasants against the aristocracy and crown in 1358; it was part of the struggle for labor rights after the Black Death
41434109	"The Divine Comedy"	Written by Alighieri; a poem that is a summary of philosophical and theological thought and political commentary on what is good and bad during medieval times
41434110	Avignon	Pope Clement made this the papal city for the next 70 years; traditional Enemies of France were upset
41434111	Christine de Pisan	(1364-1430) A French poet that at first wrote conventional love poems that were popular with the French aristocracy, then she wrote autobiographical poetry in which she described how fortune changed her life; she also fought the stereotypical medieval image of women
41434112	Great Schism	(1378-1415) The conflict between two sets of rival popes based in Rome and Avignon that divided the loyalties of states and individuals across Europe
41434113	Holy Roman Empire	loose federation of mostly German states and principalities headed by the Holy Roman Emperor, elected by the princes
41434114	"Witches' Hammer"	A book published in the fifteenth century that caused the European witch craze to begin in earnest
41434115	Black Death	The virulent combination of bubonic, septicemic, and pnuemon plagues that destroyed between one third and one half the population of Europe between 1347 and 1352
41434116	Jan Hus	(1373-1415) Leader of a movement in Bohemia based on Wycliffe's ideas; was burned at the stake at the Council of Constance
41434117	Hanseatic League	During the second half of the 1300s, Northern German towns that controlled the grain trade
41434118	Dante Alighieri	(1265-1321) A Tuscan poet born into a Florentine family. Wrote "The Divine Comedy," which is a view of the whole Christian universe
41434119	Benefices	The sale of Church offices that encouraged pluralism
41434120	"The Canterbury Tales"	Written by Chaucer; poem that has pilgrims representing the different types of people during medieval times
41434121	Council of Constance	Under support of Emeperor Sigismund, cardinal, bishops, abbots, and theologians from across Europe came to solve the Great Schism; its goal was to reform the church in hopes of never seeing a second schism occur; elected an Italian pope, Martin V and ended the schism
41434122	Wars of the Roses	(1455-1485) An English Civil war; aristocratic families (York vs. Lancaster) fought for power while the king was away; Henry Tudor won
41434123	Lollards	Followers of Wycliffe
41434124	Golden Bull	1356 An edict that recognized that the German princes and kings were autonomous rulers; changed the election of the emperor by stating that only the seven great princes elected the next emperor; lessened the significance of the pope
41434125	Nominalism	The doctrine of William of Ockham that argued that human reason could not aspire to certain truth; conclusions can not be deduced from specific cases
41434126	Etienne Marcel	(1316-1358) A wealthy Parisian cloth merchant that led an uprising of merchants who sought to take control of royal finances
41434127	Geoffrey Chaucer	(1343-1400) Born into London merchant family and was a courtier; wrote "Canterbury Tales"
41434128	Indulgences	Remission of temporal punishment in Purgatory due to one's sins; originally granted for performing pious acts, but later acquired through a grant to the Church treasury
41434129	Conciliarism	The movement proposed by Church lawyers in which only a general council of bishops could end the Great Schism; lessened the power of the pope because it gave an assembly power over the pope
41434130	Hundred Years' War	(1337-1452) A series of military engagements between England and France over territorial and dynastic rivalries; causes were who should have Gascony, the relationship between English and Flemish cloth towns, and royal succession in France
44844092	Francesco Petrarch	one of the first humanists, lived from 1304 to 1374, famous scholar/teacher/poet, believed that classical writings (Greek and Roman) should be studied and imitated

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AP US History Touart- American Pageant (Chapter 6) The Duel for North America, 1608-1763 Flashcards

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243053094	Huguenots	Who were French Protestants, who were granted toleration by the Edict of Nantes in 1598 but not permitted to settle in New France?
243053089	Champlain	Who was the Father of New France, who established a crucial alliance with the Huron Indians?
249248944	Cadillac	Who was the French explorer who founded Detroit in 1701?
249248945	La Salle	Who was the French explorer who claimed the Mississippi Valley to the Gulf of Mexico for France?
243053090	coureurs de bois	What was the term for French fur trappers?
405181680	voyageur	What was the term for a trader who transported furs by canoe in New France?
243053091	Jesuits	What was the French Catholic religious order that explored the North American interior and sought to protect and convert the Indians?
405181681	King William's War (War of the League of the Augsburg)	What was the European war from 1689-1697; fueled further conflict after the Iroquois confederation attacked New France to stop French fur trading in the Ohio Valley and Illinois?
405181682	Queen Anne's War (War of the Spanish Succession)	What was the European war from 1702-1713; brought raids on the New England frontier: Canadians and Native Americans attacked Deerfield, Massachusetts, English took Port Royal?
405575013	King George's War (War of Austrian Succession)	What was the European conflict from 1743-1748, American colonists captured French town Louisbourg in June 1745. In 1748 the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was signed ending the war, and the British returned Louisbourg back to the French creating lasting tension?
249248946	Louisbourg	What French fort was returned to France under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle that ended King George's War (War of Austrian Succession) in 1748?
243053092	Salutary neglect	What became the term for the period of time in which Parliament failed to enforce the laws placed on the colonies?
249248943	George Washington, Ft. Necessity	What American colonel initiated the French and Indian War in the vicinity of the French fort, Ft. Duquesne and what was the name of his hastily erected fortification that he was forced to surrender?
243053100	Ohio River Valley	What was the territory that was the site of fierce competition between the French and land-speculating English colonists?
249248941	French and Indian War, Seven Years' War	What did Americans call the conflict that lasted in the American colonies from 1754-1763 and what was it known as in Europe?
243053096	Albany Congress	What was the unification effort that Benjamin Franklin nearly led to success by his eloquent leadership and cartoon artistry?
249248947	Braddock	Who was the British general killed outside of Ft. Duquesne in 1755 after blundering though the frontier?
243053099	William Pitt	Who was the splendid British orator and organizer of the winning strategy against the French in North America?
243053095	Acadians, cajuns	Two-part Who were the French residents of Nova Scotia that were uprooted by the British in 1755 and scattered as far south as Louisiana and what did their descendants become known as?
249248942	regulars, militia	What is the term for well trained, uniformed and disciplined soldiers and what is the term for colonial voluteers who trained periodically and wore "buckskins"?
405575014	Battle of Quebec	What was the site of the historic British victory of 1759 that marked the beginning of the end of French rule in North America?
249248948	Wolfe, Montcalm	Who was the British commander who captured Quebec on the Plains of Abraham and who was the French general he defeated?
249248949	Treaty of Paris	What was the name of the agreement that ended the French and Indian War in 1763?
243053098	Pontiac	Who was the Indian leader whose frontier uprising caused the British to attempt to limit colonial expansion?
243053097	Proclamation of 1763	What was the British document that was an attempt to stop colonial expansion west of the Appalachians?

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Literary Terms: Tier 1 Flashcards

These are terms that all high school students should master. It is not an exhaustive list, but it does include literary features that will always be relevant depending on the genre of study.

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10575213	alliteration	a series of similar sounds
10575214	allusion	a reference to another work of literature, person, or event
10575215	aside	in drama, lines spoken by a character in an undertone or aloud directly to the audience (assumed not to be heard by other actors)
10575216	blank verse	unrhymed poetry that has a regular rhythm and line length, especially iambic pentameter
10575217	characterization	achieved through description, thoughts, words, actions, and reactions of characters
10575219	conflict	opposition between or among characters or forces in a literary work that spurs or motivates the action of a plot (internal, external; person vs. person, self, nature, society)
10575220	connotation	the additional (sometimes figurative) meanings that a word may carry (e.g., gold may connote greed)
10575221	couplet	two lines of verse that form a unit alone or as part of a poem, especially two that rhyme and have the same meter
10575222	denotation	the exact/literal meaning of a word, as found in the dictionary
10575223	resolution	the final unraveling or solution of the plot
10575224	dialect	a regional variety of a language, with differences in vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation; also a form of a language spoken by members of a particular social class or profession
10575228	diction	the use and choice of words
10575229	dynamic character	one whose character changes in the course of the play or story
10575233	flashback	a scene or event from the past that appears in a narrative out of chronological order, to fill in information or explain something in the present
10575235	foil	a character, object, or scene that sets off another by contrast (e.g., Ned Flanders for Homer Simpson)
10575236	foreshadowing	events or information presented to prepare for later events
10575237	free verse	verse without a fixed metrical pattern, usually having unrhymed lines of varying length (a.k.a., vers libre)
10575241	iambic pentameter	the most common rhythm in English poetry, consisting of five iambs in each line (iamb=unit of one short/unstressed syllable followed by one long/stressed syllable)
10575242	imagery	description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)
10575244	inversion	an alteration of the normal order of words or phrases in a grammatical construction, usually for rhetorical effect
10575245	irony	when reality is different from appearance; the implied meaning of a statement is the opposite of its literal or obvious meaning
10575246	situational irony	occurs when the outcome of a work is unexpected, or events turn out to be the opposite from what one had expected
10575247	verbal irony	occurs when what is said contradicts what is meant or thought
10575248	dramatic irony	occurs when another character(s) and/or the audience know more than one or more characters on stage about what is happening
10575250	metaphor	an imaginative comparison used to enhance the meaning of what is being compared; may be direct (X is Y) or implied ("He wanted to win her heart" comparing love to a battle)
10575251	meter	an arranged pattern of rhythm in a line of verse
10575253	narrator	tells the story in a prose piece
10575254	speaker	tells the story in a poetic piece
10575255	onomatopoeia	the use of words that by their sound suggest their meaning
10575256	oxymoron	a figure of speech consisting of two apparently contradictory terms
10575259	personification	when something nonhuman is given human characteristics (must be HUMAN, or it's a metaphor)
10575260	plot	the pattern of events in a play, poem, or fictional work.
10575261	point of view	the perspective from which the writer tells the story (1st, 2nd, 3rd person; omniscient, limited omniscient)
10575263	pun	a play on words involving the use of words with similar sounds but different meanings (collar, color), words with 2+ meanings (plain), or words with the same sound but different meanings (sun/son)
10575264	repetition	repeating a word or phrase, or rewording the same idea
10575265	rhyme	similar or identical sounds near each other (usually in two or more lines of poetry)
10575266	rhyme scheme	the pattern of rhyme in a poem
10575267	rhythm	a mood or effect in a text created from repeated elements (could be euphonous, cacophanous, staccato, etc.)
10575268	setting	the time(s) and place(s) of a story
10575269	simile	a similarity between two objects or ideas, using like or as (and sometimes than)
10575270	soliloquy	in drama, a character speaks alone on stage to allow his/her thoughts and ideas to be conveyed to the audience
10575271	sonnet	a short poem with fourteen lines, usually ten-syllable rhyming lines, divided into two, three, or four sections
10575272	stanza	a group of lines in a poem or song that constitute a division (in prose: paragraph)
10575273	static character	a character who does not change at all, or who remains almost entirely the same, throughout the course of a play or story
10575277	symbol	something that stands for itself at a literal level but which also suggests something (or several things) at the same time; frequently a concrete object or animal that represents a quality or abstract idea
10575279	theme	central idea
10575281	tone	the mood of a work (often several in one work)

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American Civil War (1861-1865) Flashcards

American Civil War
Mr. Lickteig
Fort Riley Middle School, KS

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6199109	popular sovereignty	principle that would allow voters in a particular territory to decide whether they wanted to ban or permit slavery
6199110	Henry Clay	author of the Compromise of 1850 and the Missouri Compromise
6199111	Kansas-Nebraska Act	divided the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase into two territories in which slavery issues would be determined by popular sovereignty
6199112	Gettysburg	a Union victory in this battle marked the last time Confederate forces attempted a major invasion of the North
6199113	cost of producing cotton	In the 1800s, the widespread use of the cotton gin in the South decreased this
6199114	sharecropping	After the Civil war, this new form of economics kept power in the hands of wealthy land owners and hurt African Americans
6199115	increase in the price of goods	Because of a union blockade of goods to the South, less supply of goods meant an _______________
6199116	Dred Scott	Supreme Court ruling that denied that African Americans had rights as citizens
6199117	Abraham Lincoln	Republican who wanted to prevent the spread of slavery
6199118	secession	act of formally withdrawing from the Union
6199119	sectionalism	devotion to the interests of one region rather than to those of the entire country is known as
6199120	Stephen Douglas	this person set out to open Kansas and Nebraska to slavery in exchange for support of a western railroad to start in Chicago
6199121	Pottawatomie Massacre	this attack by John Brown avenged the attack on the town of Lawrence
6199122	Bleeding Kansas	the period of conflict in Kansas from 1850 to 1860 between pro and anti slavery forces in Kansas
6199123	jayhawker	an anti-slavery person living in Kansas
6199124	bushwhacker	a pro-slavery person living in Missouri
6199125	Jefferson Davis	president of the Confederate States of America
6199126	Uncle Tom's Cabin	book written by Harriett Beecher Stowe that was widely read and encouraged people to join the abolitionist cause
6199127	South Carolina	the first state to seceed from the union
6199128	Missouri Compromise	created in 1820, this created a "line" that banned slavery north in the Louisiana Purchase
6199129	border states	four slave states of strategic importance to both the North and the South
6199130	Antietam	the bloodiest single-day battle in American history
6199131	Ulysses S. Grant	leader of the Western theatre for the North until 1864
6199132	Emancipation Proclamation	declared slaves free in those areas controlled by the Confederacy
6199133	Copperheads	northern Democrats who opposed the war
6199134	total war	targeting both military and civilian resources to destroy the South's ability to fight, used by Sherman
6199135	William Tecumseh Sherman	leader of the "March to the Sea"
6199136	Atlanta	this city was burned to the ground at the beginning of the "March to the Sea"
6199137	confederate	the side that border states supported during the war
6199138	Fort Sumter	first battle of the Civil War
6199139	Gettysburg	turning point of the war
6199140	siege	the Union used this strategy to defeat the Confederates at Vicksburg
6199141	Bull Run	first MAJOR conflict of the war, showed the North that the South was not going to be defeated quickly
6199142	blockade	strategy used by the North to stop supplies from reaching the South
6199143	ironclads	new navy vessels created during the Civil War
6199144	Sherman	man who said "War is Hell"
6199145	Appomattox Courthouse	Place where the South offically surrendered in April 1865
6199146	Robert E Lee	leader of the Confederate Army
6199147	Pickett's Charge	famous attempt by the South to reclaim the advantage during the Battle of Gettysburg, thousands of men are killed trying to charge up Cemetary Ridge
6199148	23,000	the number of casualties during Antietam
6199149	score	________ is equal to 20 years
6199150	Gettysburg Address	famous speech given by Abraham Lincoln to remember those lost at the last major battle of the Civil War
6199151	Declaration of Independence	during the Gettysburg Address, Lincoln used words from this famous US document
6199152	minie ball	new bullet created before the Civil War, led to a high number of casualties during the war
6199153	morse code	form of communication used through telegrams
6199154	Gattling Gun	new technology that led to the modern machine gun
6199155	Monitor v. Merrimack	first battle between two iron clads
6199156	1861	year Kansas became a state AND the year the Civil War started
6200439	13th amendment	addition to the Constitution that offically banned slavery in the United States
6200440	15th amendment	addition to the Constitution that gave men the right to vote in elections REGARDLESS of "race"
19915726	14th amendment	addition to the Constitution that provided CITIZENSHIP to African Americans after the Civil War, overruled Dred Scott
139457669	Vicksburg	Grant won a siege here that gave the Union total control of the Mississippi River and destroyed the last major Confederate army in the West
139457670	state rights	the original cause of the war; why Confederates seceded
139457671	Antietam	bloodiest day in American history
139457672	Antietam	after this battle President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, giving a new cause to the war
139457673	sub	morpheme meaning "under"
139457674	chron	morpheme meaning "time"
139457675	im	morpheme meaning "not or into"
139457676	casualty	killed, wounded, or captured during a battle
139457677	rifling	process in which a spiral groove is added to the barrel of a gun to help the bullet spin, increasing power, range and accuracy
139457678	Richmond	capital of the Confederate States of America
139457679	Siege of Petersburg	a 9-month long siege between Lee and Grant that ultimately opened the way for Grant's capture of Richmond
139457680	Wilderness Campaign	strategy used by Grant at the beginning of 1864 to push Lee back into Virginia and to capture Richmond
139457681	Atlanta	second most important Confederate city because of its supply lines; captured by Sherman before beginning his March
139457682	fore	morpheme meaning "located in front"
139457683	resources	the major advantage of the Union over the Confederacy; had more people, supplies, money, etc.
139457684	Samuel Colt	inventor of the first six shooter; side firearm that allowed six shots before reloading
139457685	turrett	the name for a rotating cannon used on a naval vessel; the USS Monitor had the first of these used during the war
139457686	amputation	the medical technique used widely during the Civil War to help save lives; could only be used on limbs
139457687	disease	three times the number of soldiers died from this as compared to battle wounds
139457688	Charleston, SC	the city Fort Sumter is located in; start of the war
139457689	Scott	Union commander at the beginning of the war; was also in charge during the Mexican-American war fifteen years earlier
139457690	Anaconda Plan	the strategy developed by Gen. Scott at the beginning of the war; idea was to blockade the South using the Union navy
139457691	Stonewall Jackson	Lee's right hand man; killed by friendly fire at the Battle of Chancellorsville
139457692	McClellan	Union commander who took over for Scott during the first part of the war; won a major battle at Antietam but was replaced after Lincoln was unhappy with his passive strategy
139457693	McClellan	ran against Lincoln in the Election of 1864
139457694	Burnside	Union commander who took over after McClellan; resigns after a major loss at Fredericksburg; has a bridge named for him at Antietam
139457695	Hooker	Union commander who took over after Burnside; resigns after a major loss at Chancellorsville
139457696	Meade	Union commander at Gettysburg; replaced in 1864 by Grant
139457697	secede	to leave a larger group
139457698	foreign allies	Lee wanted to invade the north and capture cities because he realized to win the war the Confederates would need ______________
139457699	flank	the sides or ends of an army line
139457700	reconstruction	the period after the Civil War (1865-1877) in which the US tried to rebuild and mend the relationships between the North and the South
139457701	tele	morpheme meaning "far"
139457702	spec	morpheme meaning "look or see"
139457703	bene	morpheme meaning "good"
139457704	post	morpheme meaning "after"
139457705	auto	morpheme meaning "self"
139457706	bio	morpheme meaning "life"
139457707	Harriet Beecher Stowe	author of Uncle Tom's Cabin
139457708	Frederick Douglas	runaway slave who wrote an autobiography telling how terrible slavery was; became an important abolitionist
139457709	Republican Party	political group that formed in the mid 1850s with the main goal of stopping the spread of slavery; Lincoln was one of it's first members
139457710	Election of 1860	the final breaking point for the Civil War; Abraham Lincoln won because the Democratic Party split into a Northern and Southern canidate
139457711	abolition	the movement to end slavery
139457712	inflation	when the price of goods go up; more money and less goods; when supply is less than demand
139457713	habeas corpus	protection under the Constitution that requires a cause be given when you are put in jail; suspended during the American Civil War by Lincoln
139471598	re	morpheme meaning "again"

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George Washington Carver Flashcards

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137919086	George Washington Carver	A scientist, artist, musician and educator.
137919087	Agriculture	The business or science of cultivating the land and producing crops
137919088	Yearning	A very strong desire.
137919089	Commemorate-	To honor the memory of somebody or something in a ceremony.
137919090	Harmony	A situation in nature or music where there is an agreement to work together
137919091	Legacy	Something that is handed down or remains from a previous generation or time
137919092	Orphan	A child whose both parents are dead.
137919093	Triplet	botanist plant doctor scientist

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George Washington Carver Flashcards | Course-Notes.Org

Vocab for the Critical Reading passage "George Washington Carver"

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98549118	botany	n. the scientific study of plants (植物学)
98549119	agriculture	n. the science or practice of farming (农业)
98549120	nourish	v. provide food necessary for growth (滋长/滋补)
98549121	restore	v. return to a former condition (还原)
98549122	deplete	v. use up (消耗)
98549123	foster	v. promote the development of (培养/培育)
98549124	enrich	v. improve or enhance the quality or value of (使丰富)
98549125	superior	adj. of high standard or quality (高强) • n. higher in rank or status (长上)
98549126	implication	n. a conclusion drawn from something (含义)
98549127	imply	v. suggest something not expressly stated (暗含)
98549128	biography	n. an account of someone's life written by someone else (传记)
98549129	profound	adj. very great or intense • having or showing great knowledge (深刻)
98549130	consequence	n. a result or effect of an action or condition (结果) • n. importance or relevance (重要)
98549131	innovate	v. introduce new ideas; be original and creative in thinking (革新)
98549132	fertilizer	n. a chemical or natural substance added to soil to increase its fertility (肥料)
98549133	resource	n. an available asset (资源)
98549134	commodity	n. a raw material or agricultural product that can be bought and sold (商品)
98549135	nutrition	n. the process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and growth (营养)
98549136	protein	n. organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of long chains of amino acids that are an essential part of all living organisms (蛋白质)
98549137	commerce	n. buying and selling on a large scale (商业)
104769312	appeal	n. be attractive or interesting (吸引力) v. make a serious or urgent request (请求)
104769313	worship	v. to revere and adore (崇拜)
104769314	lure	v. tempt someone to do something or to go somewhere (引诱)
104769315	obliterate	v. destroy or wipe out (抹杀)
104769316	proclaim	v. announce officially or publicly (声明)
104769317	accelerate	v. begin to move more quickly (加速)
104769318	fragment	n. a small piece of something v. break into small pieces
104769319	soar	fly or rise high
104769320	accompany	v. be present or occur at the same time as something
104769321	preach	v. publicly proclaim or teach. deliver a sermon or religious address (鼓吹)
104769322	cultivate	v. use land for farming (耕作). try to acquire or develop a quality, sentiment, or skill (培养)
104769323	efficiency	n. being efficient (效率)
104769324	technique	a practical method or art applied to some particular task (技术)
104769325	coin	v. to make coins v. create a new word or phrase