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| 41434104 | Joan of Arc | Peasant girl who talked to God and said that the French should save Orleans; burned at the stake as a heretic in 1431 | |
| 41434105 | John Wycliffe | (1330-1384) He attacked the Church's wealth and the crown supported him; believed that the Church should have less of a role in temporal affairs | |
| 41434106 | Emperor Charles IV | (1347-1378) Emperor of the HRE; issued the Golden Bull in 1356; founded a university, authored religious texts, and built up Prague | |
| 41434107 | William of Ockham | A Franciscan monk that defended radical poverty and developed nominalism | |
| 41434108 | Jacquerie | The revolt of French peasants against the aristocracy and crown in 1358; it was part of the struggle for labor rights after the Black Death | |
| 41434109 | "The Divine Comedy" | Written by Alighieri; a poem that is a summary of philosophical and theological thought and political commentary on what is good and bad during medieval times | |
| 41434110 | Avignon | Pope Clement made this the papal city for the next 70 years; traditional Enemies of France were upset | |
| 41434111 | Christine de Pisan | (1364-1430) A French poet that at first wrote conventional love poems that were popular with the French aristocracy, then she wrote autobiographical poetry in which she described how fortune changed her life; she also fought the stereotypical medieval image of women | |
| 41434112 | Great Schism | (1378-1415) The conflict between two sets of rival popes based in Rome and Avignon that divided the loyalties of states and individuals across Europe | |
| 41434113 | Holy Roman Empire | loose federation of mostly German states and principalities headed by the Holy Roman Emperor, elected by the princes | |
| 41434114 | "Witches' Hammer" | A book published in the fifteenth century that caused the European witch craze to begin in earnest | |
| 41434115 | Black Death | The virulent combination of bubonic, septicemic, and pnuemon plagues that destroyed between one third and one half the population of Europe between 1347 and 1352 | |
| 41434116 | Jan Hus | (1373-1415) Leader of a movement in Bohemia based on Wycliffe's ideas; was burned at the stake at the Council of Constance | |
| 41434117 | Hanseatic League | During the second half of the 1300s, Northern German towns that controlled the grain trade | |
| 41434118 | Dante Alighieri | (1265-1321) A Tuscan poet born into a Florentine family. Wrote "The Divine Comedy," which is a view of the whole Christian universe | |
| 41434119 | Benefices | The sale of Church offices that encouraged pluralism | |
| 41434120 | "The Canterbury Tales" | Written by Chaucer; poem that has pilgrims representing the different types of people during medieval times | |
| 41434121 | Council of Constance | Under support of Emeperor Sigismund, cardinal, bishops, abbots, and theologians from across Europe came to solve the Great Schism; its goal was to reform the church in hopes of never seeing a second schism occur; elected an Italian pope, Martin V and ended the schism | |
| 41434122 | Wars of the Roses | (1455-1485) An English Civil war; aristocratic families (York vs. Lancaster) fought for power while the king was away; Henry Tudor won | |
| 41434123 | Lollards | Followers of Wycliffe | |
| 41434124 | Golden Bull | 1356 An edict that recognized that the German princes and kings were autonomous rulers; changed the election of the emperor by stating that only the seven great princes elected the next emperor; lessened the significance of the pope | |
| 41434125 | Nominalism | The doctrine of William of Ockham that argued that human reason could not aspire to certain truth; conclusions can not be deduced from specific cases | |
| 41434126 | Etienne Marcel | (1316-1358) A wealthy Parisian cloth merchant that led an uprising of merchants who sought to take control of royal finances | |
| 41434127 | Geoffrey Chaucer | (1343-1400) Born into London merchant family and was a courtier; wrote "Canterbury Tales" | |
| 41434128 | Indulgences | Remission of temporal punishment in Purgatory due to one's sins; originally granted for performing pious acts, but later acquired through a grant to the Church treasury | |
| 41434129 | Conciliarism | The movement proposed by Church lawyers in which only a general council of bishops could end the Great Schism; lessened the power of the pope because it gave an assembly power over the pope | |
| 41434130 | Hundred Years' War | (1337-1452) A series of military engagements between England and France over territorial and dynastic rivalries; causes were who should have Gascony, the relationship between English and Flemish cloth towns, and royal succession in France | |
| 44844092 | Francesco Petrarch | one of the first humanists, lived from 1304 to 1374, famous scholar/teacher/poet, believed that classical writings (Greek and Roman) should be studied and imitated |
