AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

The Life of George Washington Carver

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132538377suppliesmaterials and equipment needed to do the job
132538378committeea group of people working on a project
132538379cropa large planting of one kind of plant
132538380earnto make money or other kind of reward for doing something
132538381ediblesomething you can eat
132538382experimentstests to try out an idea
132538383innovationto think of a new idea or product
132538384providegive something to someone
132538385snugto fit very close to you
132538386brewto make a drink by pouring very hot water over tea and then cooling it.
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Ecology Terms

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469471225BioticLiving components (biota) NOT viruses!
469471226Abioticnonliving components of an ecosystem temperature, water, sunlight, wind, rocks, soil
469471227Levels of OrganizationCell > Tissue > Organ > Organ system > Organism > Population > Community > Ecosystem > Biome > Biosphere
469471228EcosystemLiving + Nonliving
469471229PopulationOrganisms of same species living together (no abiotic factors)
469471230CommunityOrganisms of different species living together (no abiotic factors)
469471231Principle of AllocationOrganisms have limited amount of energy to spend on certain tasks and your body will divide energy up according to what is most important at the time
469471232Physiological responseChanging the function of your body ex: athletes acclimating to higher elevations
469471233Morphological ResponseChanging the anatomy of your body ex: a dog's fur preparing for the winter
469471234Behavioral ResponseChanging behavior to adapt ex: penguins huddling together to keep warm
469471235Lakes...
469471236Wetlands...
469471237Streams and Rivers...
469471238Estuaries...
469471239Intertidal Zones...
469471240Ocean Pelagic Biome...
469471241Coral Reefs...
469471242Marine Benthic Zone...
469471243Tropical ForestAbundant rainfall, close to equator Most diversity of species anywhere on earth Many levels of plants
469471244DesertVery little rainfall Very little plant life Extreme temperature fluctuations Mostly nocturnal animals
469471245Savanna...
469471246Chaparral...
469471247Temperate GrasslandFound in temperate and tropical regions Low total annual rainfall - inhospitable for forests Grazing mammals
469471248Coniferous Forest (taiga)Conifer trees Very cold winters Heavy snowfall
469471249Temperate Broadleaf ForestShows vertical stratification Rich soil due to decomposition of leaf litter Seasonal, mild conditions Trees drop leaves in winter
469471250TundraPermafrost "Frozen desert" - very little rainfall
469471251Vertical StratificationThere are species that live in all layers of the biome (floor, low branches, treetops)
469471252Nitrogen CycleNitrogen in the atmosphere is converted into ammonium by nitrogen-fixing bacteria Ammonium is converted into nitrates by nitrifying bacteria ~some is absorbed by plants Nitrates are converted into free nitrogen by denitrifying bacteria
469471253Nitrogen-fixing bacteriaConvert free nitrogen into ammonium (NH4+)
469471254Nitrifying bacteriaConvert ammonium into nitrites then into nitrates
469471255Denitrifying bacteriaConverts nitrates (NO3-) into nitrogen
469471256Carbon CycleCO2 is added to the air by the burning of fossil fuels, cellular respiration of plants and animals, and bacterial decomposers O2 is removed from the air by cellular respiration O2 is added to the air by photosynthesis CO2 is removed from the air by photosynthesis
469471257Water CycleEvaporation & Transpiration > Accumulation > Condensation > Precipitation *Some water percolates through the soil *Most water is evaporated through transpiration
469471258Fixed Action PatternAn innate behavior that is continued to completion once begun Initiated by sign stimuli
469471259Sign stimuliExternal stimuli that trigger fixed action patterns
469471260HabituationAn organism learns to ignore a stimuli after repeated exposure
469471261Associative LearningA type of learning in which one stimulus has become linked to another through experience
469471262Classical conditioningA type of associative learning involving an external stimuli
469471263Operant conditioningLearning behaviors without an external stimuli - "trial and error" learning
469471264ImprintingLearning that occurs during a sensitive period; it is irreversible
469471265Agonistic behaviorAggressive behavior; disputes commonly held over access to food, mating, or shelter
469471266Territorialitydefending territory through agonistic behavior
469471267Spatial Learningthe modification of behavior based on experience with the spatial structure of the environment ex: digger wasp
469471268KinesisSimple, random change in activity in response to a stimulus
469471269TaxisAutomatic, oriented movement toward or away from some stimulus
469471270AltruismReducing an individual's reproductive fitness while increasing the fitness of the group or family
469471271SemelparityOrganisms spend most of their life growing, then have one big episode of reproduction
469471272IteroparityOrganisms have repeated reproduction but with a much smaller clutch size -- parental care is much higher
469471273K-selectedlive close to carrying capacity, logistic growth
469471274r-selecteddensity independent, exponential growth
469471275exponential growthabundant resources, free to reproduce at physiological capacity
469471276logistic growthpopulation size nears carrying capacity
469471277densitythe number of individuals per unit area
469471278dispersionthe pattern of spacing among individuals population boundaries
469471279boom-and-bust curvepredator/prey relationship ex: lynx and hare
469471280density-dependent factorsex: food, shelter
469471281density independent factorsex: temperature, natural disasters, climate
469471282interspecific interactionsinteractions between species ex: competition, predation, disease, symbiosis
469471283dominant speciesmost abundant or highest biomass
469471284keystone speciesexerts strong control on community structure through niche, not population
469471285primary successionbegins in a virtually lifeless area, without soil starts with autotrophic prokaryotes ex: glacial retreat, volcano
469471286secondary successionbegins in an area similar to before, with soil starts with pioneer organisms
469471287pyramid of numbersAs you go higher, there are fewer organisms b/c there is less energy to go around due to the ten percent law
469471288Phosphorous cycleATP
469471289biological magnificationharmful substances are magnified as you go higher up the food chain since they are being consumed in larger quantities
469471290eutrophicationincreased nutrients in lakes due to human activities algae blooms causes low dissolved oxygen, everything dies
469471291critical loadamount of added nutrient that can be absorbed without damaging ecosystem integrity
469471292combustion of fossil fuelsfalls as acid rain, changes pH of soil, plants die
469471293CO2 concentration in atmosphereGreenhouse effect: CO2 and H2O in atmosphere retain heat, cause air temp to rise
469471294Biodiversity crisisalarming rate of extinction due to human activity genetic diversity species diversity ecosystem diversity
469471295Regulatorsmaintain nearly constant internal temperature
469471296ConformersAllow internal temperature to vary
469471297proximate questionsfocus on environmental stimuli that trigger a behavior and genetic, physiological, and anatomical mechanisms underlying HOW? do they do it
469471298ultimate questionsevolutionary significance of a behavior WHY?
469471299Signala behavior that causes a change in another animal's behavior
469471300Promiscuousno strong pair-bonds or relationships little care for offspring
469471301Monogamousone male mating with one female more care for offspring
469471302PolygynyOne male mating with many females
469471303PolyandryOne female mating with many males
469471304Carrying capacitythe maximum population size that a particular environment can support; determined by limiting factors
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American Pageant Key Terms & People to Know Chapter 2

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442109183Protestant ReformationReligious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England. (p. 446)
442109184Roanoke IslandEnglish colony that Raleigh planted on an island off North Carolina in 1585; the colonists who did not return to England disappeared without a trace in 1590
442109185Spanish Armadathe Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England, ending in disaster, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spains Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power.
442109186primogenitureright of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son
442109187joint-stock companyA company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.
442109188chartera document incorporating an institution and specifying its rights
442109189JamestownThe first successful settlement in the Virginia colony founded in May, 1607. Harsh conditions nearly destroyed the colony but in 1610 supplies arrived with a new wave of settlers. The settlement became part of the Virginia Company of London in 1620. The population remained low due to lack of supplies until agriculture was solidly established. Jamestown grew to be a prosperous shipping port when John Rolfe introduced tobacco as a major export and cash crop.
442109190First Anglo- Powhatan War1610- Lord De La Warr of the Virginia Company initiated war with the Indians, ended with the marriage of John Rolfe to Pocahontas
442109191Second Anglo-Powhatan WarIndians last effort to dislodge Virginians, they were defeated. Peace treaty of 1646 stopped any hope of creating native peoples into Virginia society or peace with coexisting.
442109192Act of TolerationA legal document that allowed all Christian religions in Maryland: Protestants invaded the Catholics in 1649 around Maryland: protected the Catholics religion from Protestant rage of sharing the land: Maryland became the #1 colony to shelter Catholics in the New World.
442109193barbados slave codeEstablished in 1661, it gave masters virtually complete control over their slaves including the right to inflict vicious punishments for even slight infractions.
442109194squattersPoor farmers in North Carolina and elsewhere who occupied land and raised crops without gaining legal title to the soil
442109195Tuscarora War1711, Carolinas, Tuscarora Indians tire of British abuse and rise up but are put down by the British (with the help of the Cherokee Indians). Many of the Tuscarora are later used as slaves.
442109196Yamasee IndiansDefeated by the south Carolinans in the war of 1715-1716. The Yamasee defeat devastated the last of the coastal Indian tribes in the Southern colonies. (40)
442109197Georgia BufferGeorgia was started as a barrier to keep out, French, Spanish and Indians from the other colonies
442109198Iroquois ConfederacyAn alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England. (488)
442109199Henry VIII(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.
442109200Elizabeth Iruled from 1558-1603; followed a policy that was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes. She sets up a national Church, is declared head of the Anglican Church, establishes a state Church that moderates Catholics and Protestants, allowed priests to marry, allowed sermons to be delivered in English, and made the Book of Common Prayer more acceptable to Catholics.
442109201Sir Francis DrakeEnglish explorer/pirate who circumnavigated the globe from 1577 to 1580 and was sent by Queen Elizabeth I to raid Spanish ships/settlements for gold
442109202Sir Walter RaleighAn English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, and became an explorer of the Americas. In 1585, Raleigh sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony."
442109203James Ithe first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1625 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625; he was the son of Mary Queen of Scots and he succeeded Elizabeth I; he alienated the British Parliament by claiming the divine right of kings (1566-1625)
442109204captain John SmithOrganized Jamestown and imposed a harsh law "He who will not work shall not eat".
442109205PowhatanChief of the Powhatan Confederacy and father to Pocahontas. At the time of the English settlement of Jamestown in 1607, he was a friend to John Smith and John Rolfe. When Smith was captured by Indians, Powhatan left Smith's fate in the hands of his warriors. His daughter saved John Smith, and the Jamestown colony. Pocahontas and John Rolfe were wed, and there was a time of peace between the Indians and English until Powhatan's death.
442109206PocahontasA native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; Pocahontas' brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive English and Native relations.
442109207Lord De La WarrNew governor of Jamestown who arrived in 1610, immediately imposing a military regime in Jamestown and declaring war against the Powhatan Confederacy. Employed "Irish tactics" in which his troops burned houses and cornfields.
442109208John RolfeHe was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.
442109209Lord BaltimoreFounded the colony of Maryland and offered religious freedom to all Christian colonists. He did so because he knew that members of his own religion (Catholicism) would be a minority in the colony.
442109210Oliver CromwellEnglish military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.
442109211James OglethorpeFounder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.
442109212HiawathaA Mohawk leader who called members of five groups together forming the Iroquis Confederacy around 1570.
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Realidades 1 1A

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33506049bailarto dance
33506050cantarto sing
33506051correrto run
33506052dibujarto draw
33506053escribir cuentosto write stories
33506054escuchar músicato listen to music
33506055esquiarto ski
33506056hablar por teléfonoto talk on the phone
33506057ir a la escuelato go to school
33506058jugar videojuegosto play videogames
33506059leer revistasto read magazines
33506060montar en bicicletato ride a bicycle
33506061montar en monopatínto ride a skateboard
33506062nadarto swim
33506063pasar tiempo con amigosto spend time with friends
33506064patinarto skate
33506065practicar deportesto practice sports
33506066tocar la guitarrato play the guitar
33506067trabajarto work
33506068usar la computadorato use the computer
33506069ver la teleto watch television
33506070oor
33506071pueswell
33506072síyes
33506073tambiénalso
33506074yand
33506075tampocoeither
83949345cocinarto cook
83949346estudiarto study
83949347ir al cineto go to the movie theater
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Realidades 1 Capitulo 2B

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45653921(la) banderaflag
45653922(el) computadoracomputer
45653923(el) cartelposter
45653924(el) disquetediskette
45653925(la) mochilabackpack
45653926(la) pantalla(computer) screen
45653927(la) papelerawastepaper basket
45653928(el) ratón(computer) mouse
45653929(el) relojclock
45653930(el) sacapuntaspencil sharpener
45653931(el) teclado(computer) keyboard
45653932(el) escritoriodesk
45653933(la) mesatable
45653934(la) sillachair
45653935(la) puertadoor
45653936(la) ventanawindow
45653937al lado denext to
45653938allíthere
45653939debajo deunderneath
45653940delante dein front of
45653941detrás debehind
45653942¿dónde?Where?
45653943Enin
45653944Encima deon topo f
45653945Deof
45653946Mimy
45653947Tuyour
45653948Es unit's a
45653949Haythere is(are)
45653950Unos(as)some
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DTP II Unit 1

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64065396black and whiteComplete contrast with black representing the negation of color and white representing the absence of color.
64065397brightnessThe overall percentage of lightness in an image; from very dim to very bright.
64065398CMYKCyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black; the four ink colors used to create most process color printing.
64065399color modeThe separation of color into channels.
64065400contrastThe relationship between the light and dark areas of an image.
64065401digital imageAn analog image converted to numerical form so that it can be stored and used in a computer.
64065402dots per inch(DPI) Unit of measurement for the number of dots that create an image; determines the resolution of an image.
64065403featheringA graphic enhancement that blurs the edges of an image.
64065404grayscaleColor created by dots and shades of white to black to form images.
64065405maskingFeature that lets you protect or modify a particular area.
64065406opacityThe ability to see through one object or layer to another below it.
64065407photoA picture, recorded by a camera, of a person or scene in the form of a print or transparency.
64065408photo editingTo prepare a photo for publication or presentation, as by correcting, revising, cutting, cropping, or adapting.
64065409proportionThe arrangement of elements on a page making more important elements larger than less important elements.
64065410resizeTo change the size of something.
64065411resolutionThe number of vertical and horizontal pixels in an image.
64065412retouchingTo add new details or touches to for correction or improvement.
64065413RGBRed, Green, Blue; the colors used to produce an image on a computer monitor or television.
64065414rotateTo change the position of an object or text by a specific amount of degrees.
64065415special effectsThe effect or impression used to produce materials that cannot be achieved by normal techniques.
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AP US Chapter 4 Terms

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33156876Lexington & ConcordOn the way to Concord, where colonists had been accumulating arms, the Redcoats lead by General Thomas Gage, reached Lexington where they fought with 70 Minute Men, 8 Minute Men died in the fight, the Redcoats then destroyed the supplies left in Concord. On the way back to Boston the Redcoats were attacked by irregulars and sustained 273 casualties while the Americans less then 100
33156877Second Continental CongressA gathering of American patriots in May 1775 that organized the Continental Army, requisitioned soldiers and supplies, and commissioned George Washington to lead it
33156878Continental ArmyThe regular army authorized by the Second Continental Army, mostly under the command of Washington during the Revolutionary War
33156879George WashingtonA member of the Second Continental Congress and later led the Americans to victory over the British, our first President
33156880Common SensePublished by Thomas Paine in January 1776, calling for American independence from Great Britain and establishment of a republican government
33156881Thomas PainePublished Common Sense, a one-time corset maker and civil servant had been in America for less then a year
33156882Declaration of IndependenceMade up of two parts. The first part justified the right for to revolt and described the theory which the American based their creation of a new, republican government. The second part why the colonists felt the need to revolt: the king's interference of representative government in America, the harsh administration of colonial affairs, the restrictions on civil rights, and the presence of troops in the colonies without their consent. Jefferson made George III the villain rather than Parliament
33156883LoyalistsAlso known as Tories, the term for American colonists who refused to take up arms against England
33156884American weaknessesThe weaknesses of America was the lack of military experience and money was constantly in short supply
33156885SaratogaProtected by American troops under the leadership of Generals Gates and Arnold. General Burgoyne attacked the Americans twice and both times retreated with heavy losses soon the British were under attacked so much that they couldn't bury their dead. Burgoyne could have been saved had General Clinton not turned back to New York for reinforcements. On October 17th Burgoyne surrendered with 5,700 Redcoats
33156886Benedict ArnoldAn American general who was responsible with General Horatio Gates defended Saratoga, he later switched sides to the British because he felt he was receiving unjust criticisms of his generalship. He was going to betray West Point but the plan was foiled when Major John Andre was captured with the plans
33156887Francis MarionNicknamed the Swamp Fox provided a nucleus of resistance in areas in the South that had supposedly subdued
33156888YorktownWhere the final battle of the American Revolution happened. General Cornwallis was surrounded by 17,000 American and French troops and also surrounded by French ships commanded by General de Grasse
33156889General CornwallisA British General who surrended at Yorktown
33156890John TrumballServed as Washington's aid who in 1790 went to London to study painting with Benjamin West and he was arrested as an American spy but was saved from death because West had connections with George III. Painted the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1820
33156891Abigail AdamsWanted fairer treatment for women within in the family
33156892Deborah SampsonIn 1782 she enlisted in the Massachusetts Militia under the name of Timothy Thayer she was later kicked out when she was discovered to be a woman. She then enlisted in the Continental army under the name of Robert Shurtlieff, she was wounded at the battle of Tarrytown, NY she removed the bullet herself. After the war she continued to wear men's clothes until she married
33156893NationalismA sense of national consciousness and loyalty that promotes the interests and attributes of that nation over all else
33156894Northwest Ordinance of 1787Provided governance of the region north of the Ohio River and the eventual admission of up to five territories—the eventual states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinios, Michigan, and Wisconsin, it prohibited the slavery in the region and reserved lands for Indians
33156895Land Ordinance of 1785Provided the surveying of western territories into 6-mile-square townships before sale. Every other township was to be further divided into 36 sections of 640 acres. The ordinance ensured orderly development of the West and simplified the task of defending the frontier from Indian attacks
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Amsco AP US History Chapter 4

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205096375French and Indian War(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.
205096376George WashingtonLed a small militia from Virginia to stop work on French Fort Duquesne. Was forced to surrender. (July 3rd, 1754)
205096377Edward BraddockGeneral who led an army from Virginia, but was defeated (1755)
205096378Albany Plan of Union (1754)British government called for representatives from several colonies to meet in Albany, NY, to provide for an intercolonial government to recruit troops and collect taxes. (1754) Set a precedent for other revolutionary meetings.
205096379Peace of Paris (1763)Peace treaty signed to end the French and Indian War (1763) Britain gained French Canada and Spanish Florida. France gave Spain its western territory.
205096380salutary neglectBritian had exercised little direct control over the colonies and did not enforce its navigation laws This changed after the French and Indian War
205096381George III; crownKing of England and member of the Whig party
205096382WhigsDominant political party in Parliament who wanted to solve England's financial problems through the colonies
205096383ParlimentLegislative house of Great Britain
205096384Pontiac's Rebellion (1763)(1763) Indian chief Pontiac led a major attack against the colonies. The British did not rely on colonial forces, but instead sent their army to deal with the rebellion
205096385Proclamation Act of 1763Prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachain Mountains. British hoped it would prevent violence between Native Americans and colonists. The colonists were angry and disobeyed the law, moving to the west of the mountains in large numbers (1763)
205096386Sugar Act (1764)Placed taxes on goods such as foreign sugar and other luxuries
205096387Quartering Act (1765)Required the colonists to provide food and living quarters for British soldiers in the colonies
205096388Stamp Act (1765)Required that revenue stamps be placed on almost all printed paper. First direct tax paid by the people. Boycotts were effective in repealing this Act.
205096389Patrick HenryYoung Virginian lawyer who coined the phrase "No taxation without representation" in his speech to the House of Burgesses
205096390Stamp Act CongressRepresentatives from nine colonies met in NY (1765), and decided that only their own elected representatives had the power to approve taxes
205096391Sons and Daughters of LibertySecret society who intimidated tax agents; tarred and feathered some tax collectors
205096392Declaratory Act (1766)Asserted that Parliament had the right to tax and make laws for the colonies in all cases whatsoever
205096393Townshend Acts (1767)Acts which enacted new taxes to be collected on imports of tea, glass, and paper. Also created the writs of assistance to help people search homes for smuggled items.
205096394writs of assistanceA general license to search anywhere; used to search private homes for smuggled goods
205096395John Dickinson: Letters from a Farmer in PennsylvaniaWork of literature in which Dickinson argued that no taxation without representation was an important principle of English law
205096396Samuel AdamsIn 1768, he wrote the Massachusetts Circular Letter with James Otis
205096397James OtisIn 1768, he wrote the Massachusetts Circular Letter with Samuel Adams
205096398Massachusetts Circular LetterLetter which urged the colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts. British officials ordered it retracted and threatened to do away with the Massachusetts legislative government and increase the number of troops in Boston
205096399Lord Frederick NorthNew prime minister of Britain, urged Parliment to repeal the Townshend Acts
205096400Boston Massacre (1770)(1770) British guards, harrassed by colonists, fire into a crowd, killing five people
205096401Crispus AttacksAn African American man who was one of the five people killed in the Boston Massacre
205096402Committees of CorrespondenceInitiated by Samuel Adams (1772), these spread news of suspicious acts by the British throughout the colonies
205096403Gaspee incidentBritish customs ship, which had caught many smugglers, ran aground and colonists dressed as Indians drove everyone off the boat, then burned it
205096404Tea Act (1773)Lowered the price of tea, but still had a very small tax on it. Colonists still refused to buy it on principle
205096405Boston Tea Party (1773)In December 1773, colonists dressed as Indians threw 342 chests of imported tea into the harbor
205096406Intolerable ActsColonist name for the Coercive Acts
205096407Coercive Acts (1774)A series of acts made to punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party
205096408Port ActAct which closed the port of Boston, prohibiting trade in and out ot the harbor until the destroyed tea was paid for
205096409Massachusetts Government ActAct which reduced the power of the Massachusetts legislature while increasing the power of the royal governor
205096410Administration of Justice ActAct which allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in England instead of the colonies
205096411Quartering ActThis expanded a previous act, allowing British soldiers to be quartered in private homes
205096412Quebec Act (1774)Established Roman Catholicism as the official religion of Quebec, set up a government for Quebec and set the border at the Ohio River
205096413EnlightenmentA European movement in literature and philosophy; used human reasoning to solve problems
205096414DeismBelieve that God established natural laws in creating the universe, but that the role of divine intervention in human affairs was minimal
205096415rationalismTrusted human reason to solve the many problems of life and society; emphasized reason, science, and respect for humanity
205096416John LockeEnglish philosopher who said that all people have rights, simply because they are human and that people have a right and a responsibility to revolt against any government that failed to protect their rights
205096417Jean-Jacques RousseauFrench philosopher
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Ch. 6 Rise and Spread of Islam

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228806708Bedouinsnomads; the people in which the islamic people sprang from Arabian Peninsula; early converts to Islam (p.119)
228806709Dhimmia non-Muslim subject of a state governed in accordance with sharia law (Jews, Christians & Zoroastrians) (p.131)
228806710Hijrahthe migration (flight) of Muhammad and his people in 622 BCE from Mecca to Yathrib or Medina; marks 1st year of Islamic Calendar (p.118)
228806711Shari'abody of law for Muslim life; defined among other things the patrilinear nature of Islamic inheritance (p.181)
228806712Hadithstraditions of the prophet Muhammad (p.132)
228806713Umayyadsclan of Quraysh which dominated the commercial and political economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynast5y as rulers of Islam; moved the Capital of Caliphate to Damascus (p.121)
228806714FatimaMuhammad's daughter, Fatima
228806715Sunnifollowers of Umayyad; A political and theological division within Islam; Has majoirity of followers as compared to Shi'is (p.130)
228806716Baghdadcapital when Abbasids ruled near Ancient Persian Capital of Ctesiphon (p.135)
228806717Ramadan9th month in the Muslim calender in which Muslims must fast all day
228806718Alirelative of Muhammad who is said to be the rightful leader of Muslims according to Shi'is; cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, a focus for Shi'is (.p.125)
228806719Abu-bakrOne of Muhammad's earlies converts, 1st successor to Muhammad as 1st Caliph to Islamic community (p.128)
228806720Khadijahmarried Muhammad, older and wealthy (p.124)
228806721Five pillars of Islamdeclaration of faith- "say it" pray 5 times a day- "pray it" pilgrimage to mecca- "go away" charity- "give away" Fast for Ramadan- "fast all day"
228806722Gabrieldelivers the message of Allah to Muhammad (p.124)
228806723Jizyatax on Non-Muslims in Muslim Territories(p.131)
228806724Husaynson of Ali, Muhammad's cousin, and his wife Fatimah, the daughter of Muhammad and his first wife Khadijah
228806725Muhammadlast and greatest of the prophets, created principle of islam and muslim religion
228806726YathribBy degrees, Muhammad and his followers emigrated to this city, also known as Medina
228806727people of the bookJews/Christians/Zoroastrians (Dhimmis)
228806728AbbasidsA dynasty that ruled much of the Muslim Empire from 750 to about 1250; moved capital to Baghdad, secular research, house of wisdom
228806729Abu BakrFirst caliph after death of muhammad.
228806730MuhammadThe Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)
228806731Quranthe holy book of Islam, recitations of revelations received by Muhammad (p.117)
228806732MosqueMuslim house of worship
228806733Islamthe religion practiced by Muslims; Islam means "submission" (to the will of God)
228806734AllahMuslim name for the one and only God (p.117)
228806735BaghdadCapital city of Iraq. As heart of the Arab Empire, it was second only to Constantinople in terms of size. (P.135)
228806736BedouinsNomadic herders who used camels to cross the desert.
228806737Damascusan ancient city (widely regarded as the world's oldest) and present capital and largest city of Syria
228806738MeccaLocated in Mountainous region aslong the red sea; Crossroads for merchants,site of Ka'Ba, founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh, original home of Muhammad;location of chief religious point in Islam
228806739Pillars of FaithFive Muslim duties, as described in the Quran.
228806740UmmaCommunity of the faithful with in Islam, transcended old political boundaries to creater degree of political unity (p.126)
228806741Mawalinon-Arab converts to Islam (p.131)
228806742QurayshThe Tribe of Bedouins that controlled Mecca (p.121)
228806743Ridda WarsWars that followed Muhammad's death in 632, resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity in Islam (p.128)
228806744Battle of River ZabFought in 657CE between the forces of Ali and the Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party (p.130)
228806745Ka'Bathe holiest place in Islam, a large cube building inside the al-Masjid al-Haram mosque in Mecca
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Thinking about writing for the school newspaper? Don't!
By: Course-Notes.Org
Sep 23, 2012
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